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Table of Content
25 September 2002, Volume 53 Issue 9
    研究论文
    EFFECT OF NON-VOLATILE SOLUTES ON BOILING POINT AND VAPOR PRESSURE OF MIXED SOLVENT
    SUN Renyi;SUN Qian
    2002, 53(9):  885-891. 
    Abstract ( 1027 )   PDF (265KB) ( 616 )  
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    The effects of some non-volatile solutes on the boiling point of alcohol (methanol,ethanol,1-propanol)/water binary mixed solvent were determined by isobaric VLE experiments,with mixed solvent composition held constant.The effects of sixteen various non-volatile solutes on the boiling point of 1-propanol/water azeotrope were included.A strict thermodynamic equation on the effect of non-volatile solute on VLE of binary mixed solvent was derived.By means of theoretical analysis of the equation,two conclusions of universal significance were obtained:(1) when a little non-volatile solute dissolves in a binary mixed solvent with constant composition,boiling point will be elevated or vapor pressure will be depressed with increasing vapor composition of the less volatile component;(2) when a little non-volatile solute dissolves in azeotrope,any kind of solute always causes elevation of boiling point or depression of vapor pressure no matter how the vapor composition changes.The above conclusions were verified with the experiments of this paper and relevant experimental data in the literature,all of the experiment results were in agreement with the above conclusions without exception.
    PREDICTION OF INTERFACIAL TENSION FOR BINARY LIQUID-LIQUID SYSTEMS BASED ON DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY
    FU Dong;LU Jiufang;LIU Jinchen;LI Yigui
    2002, 53(9):  892-898. 
    Abstract ( 637 )   PDF (220KB) ( 558 )  
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    The density functional theory and statistical associating fluid theory are used to establish equation of state for binary liquid-liquid system.The parameters of segments are correlated by simultaneously fitting the saturated vapor pressure and the liquid density data.The interfacial region is divided into many extremely thin layers.In equilibrium,the chemical potentials of component i in every layer of the interface are equal to each other and lead to a constant by optimizing the interfacial thickness.The density profiles are calculated from the established EOS.The interfacial tensions of 16 binary water-organic systems are predicted satisfactorily.

    KINETICS OF METHANE HYDRATE DECOMPOSITION
    SUN Changyu;CHEN Guangjin;GUO Tianmin;LIN Wanchen;CHEN Jiang
    2002, 53(9):  899-903. 
    Abstract ( 699 )   PDF (188KB) ( 364 )  
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    The kinetics of methane hydrate decomposition was studied using Sapphire cell apparatus. Two different ways were adopted to measure the kinetic data of methane hydrate decomposition at temperatures from 269-279K and pressures from 0.1-3.0MPa.It was revealed that the decomposition rate of methane hydrate was proportional to the difference between gas fugacity at the equilibrium state and that at the actual decomposing state.A new kinetic model for methane hydrate decomposition was developed. It was shown that calculated results by the model were in good agreement with experimental data.The activation energy of decomposition reaction for methane hydrate was determined as 73.3kJ·mol -1(methane).

    NANOCOMPOSITE Ni-P BASED DEPOSIT WITH ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
    YAO Suwei;CHI Guangjun;ZHANG Weiguo;REN Guangxun;FAN Jun
    2002, 53(9):  904-906. 
    Abstract ( 613 )   PDF (134KB) ( 172 )  
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    Plated coatings with antibacterial activity can be expected to prevent contamination of bacteria in medical apparatus and instruments, food containers, metal equipment used in processing, transporting and storing of food, public facilities made of metal,and kitchen wares. Therefore this kind of deposit has important significance to diminish human diseases induced by pathogenic bacteria. However, studies on deposits with antibacterial activity have not been reported in literature. In this paper, nanocomposite Ni-P based deposit with antibacterial activity is prepared, by adding antibacterial agent containing nickel ions to electrolysis plating Ni-P bath.The antibacterial agent is prepared by adsorbing nickel ions onto porous hydrated silica (diameter:~200 nm).The antibacterial performance of deposit was tested, and the result showed that this kind of deposit has 100% bactericidal action on pseudomonas aeruginosa and also has 90% antibacterial performance on Escherichia coli.Finally,the antibacterial mechanism of deposit is discussed.
    HCFC-141b REFRIGERANT GAS HYDRATE FORMATION MORPHOLOGY
    ZHAO Yongli;GUO Kaihua;FAN Shuanshi;LIANG Dong;SHU Bifen;LIU Yong;GE Xinshi
    2002, 53(9):  907-911. 
    Abstract ( 634 )   PDF (210KB) ( 239 )  
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    Macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the formation of HCFC-141b gas hydrate were obtained by a set of low temperature experiments. The macroscopic morphology was recorded by a digital video camera, and the microscopic morphology was recorded by a microscope with a camera, magnified by 200 times. The test results indicated that the nucleation of gas hydrate had started at the two interfaces:between liquid water and liquid refrigerant or between liquid water and vapor refrigerant. The nucleation then gradually expanded to the whole boundary and formed a layer of hydrate. After that, refrigerant liquid diffused continuously into water through hydrate layer and formed new hydrate. The growth rate of gas hydrate was obtained from the microscopic photos and was compared with that in the former external cooling experiment.It was shown that disturbances could enhance the contact dimension between refrigerant and water phases.

    COLD TESTING ON TRANSPORT PROCESS OF MSW IN ROTARY KILN
    LI Aimin;LI Shuiqing;YAN Jianhua;LI Rundong;CHI Yong;CEN Kefa
    2002, 53(9):  912-917. 
    Abstract ( 568 )   PDF (262KB) ( 432 )  
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    The increasing use of rotary kilns as incinerators or pyrolyser of municipal solid wastes (MSW) has stimulated extensive research efforts to further characterize the bed dynamics of such irregular materials. Experiments concerning the influences of operational variables on the transport process of MSW as well as homogenous sand are conducted in a continuous technical--scale rotary kiln. The results indicate the residence time of particulates is not a certain value, but a function approximately subjected to normal distribution. The irregular MSW has a longer mean residence time (MRT) and a lower material volumetric flow (MVF) than sand, because of its higher θ d.The increment of both rotating rate and kiln slope monotonously reduces MRT and increases MVF.The exit dam has a significant effect on MRT, while the influence of internal structure consisting of various longitudinal ribs and circular ribs is mainly dependent on the height of circular ribs.The roughness of wall also has an effect on MRT through changing the motion regime of bed.
    HARVESTING SPIRULINA CELLS BY CONTINUOUS FOAM SEPARATION
    ZENG Wenlu;LI Baohua;LI Haoran;CONG Wei;CAI Zhaoling;OUYANG Fan
    2002, 53(9):  918-923. 
    Abstract ( 827 )   PDF (260KB) ( 429 )  
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    Experiments were carried out on continuous foam separation of Spirulina cells by use of a novel and effective bubble column, namely the incline-armed bubble column. The influences of the operation parameters such as gas flow rate, feed rate, feed concentration, solution pH value, ionic strength, ethanol concentration, feed position etc.on the enrichment ratio and recovery of Spirulina cells were investigated in detail.On the basis of the analysis of separation process, a mathematical macro-model for continuous adsorptive bubble separation was established.

    CALCIUM CARBONATE FOULING BEHAVIOR AND MORPHOLOGY
    YANG Qingfeng;GU Anzhong;DING Jie;SHEN Ziqiu
    2002, 53(9):  924-930. 
    Abstract ( 706 )   PDF (280KB) ( 397 )  
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    The CaCO 3 fouling behavior in both re-circulated cooling water and pool boiling systems have been studied.Fouling morphology was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).The fouling characteristics,as well as removal of fouling,for both induction period and post-induction period,were investigated in cooling water system.The results show that the removal performed in induction period will reduce fouling,while fouling will increase for the removal performed in post-induction period.Fouling morphology changed in the presence of inhibitor of 5mg·L -1PAA in cooling water system.For the CaCO 3 fouling formed in pool boiling system,it was found that main crystal forms changed from calcite in the absence of PAA to aragonite and vaterite in the presence of PAA.Step bunching was found by AFM on the crystal surface of CaCO 3.Fractal dimension analysis shows that in the presence of inhibitor of PAA,fractal dimension increased for CaCO 3 fouling morphologies formed in both heat transfer systems.
    DECISION METHOD AND MODELS OF THERMOECONOMIC LIFE OF ENERGY SYSTEMS
    LI Shiwu;SU Moming
    2002, 53(9):  931-936. 
    Abstract ( 650 )   PDF (228KB) ( 152 )  
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    A new concept of thermoeconomic life is put foreword in this paper,and the problem of what time to replace present energy systems so as to achieve maximal economic benefit is Studied based on the concept.The decision model suitable to unitary energy systems is presented,specifically,the idea and method of determining thermoeconomic life of compound energy systems is put foreword.The decision model of compound systems is also built,which forms the decision theory of thermoeconomic life of energy systems.Two examples of applying the theory to a unitary system and compound system show that replacing the systems at their thermoeconomic life is obviously beneficial.The theory presented in this paper can be applied generally to improving and guiding the operation and replacement of energy systems.
    OPTIMIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL PARK UNDER UNCERTAINTY
    FANG Xin;LI Yourun;SHEN Jingzhu;HU Shanying
    2002, 53(9):  937-941. 
    Abstract ( 550 )   PDF (192KB) ( 190 )  
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    The paper develops a new idea to solve optimization problems that come from coexistence of two different kinds of uncertain parameters. Industrial Ecology (IE) and Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) is a new idea to deal with environmental problems. During the study on EIP,it is important to study the optimization of an industrial park under uncertainty.In an industrial park,uncertain parameters can be divided into two kinds:parameters of one kind are varying stochastically;and those of the other kind are varying periodically.There are methods for each kind of them. However,both kinds of parameters often exist at the same time in an industrial park.In this paper,the main steps to establish a framework to optimize an industrial park are presented.A method is developed to deal with problems of coexistence of both kinds of parameters.It converts periodical parameters to stochastic parameters, so that the problems can be solved by using stochastic optimization method. Finally an example is presented to testify the feasibility of the proposed method.
    SELF-CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR PARTITIONING ANN SAMPLES
    ZHOU Xiang;HE Xiaorong;CHEN Bingzhen
    2002, 53(9):  942-945. 
    Abstract ( 616 )   PDF (163KB) ( 214 )  
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    In the modeling process of Artificial Neural Network (ANN),an appropriate partition of train samples and test samples conduces to a high modeling efficiency.In most cases,test samples are selected randomly.In this paper,a Euclidian distance based self-clustering algorithm is proposed to partition train samples and test samples automatically.All the samples are attributed to different clusters firstly; each individual sample is affiliated to the nearest cluster according to the Euclidian distance from the kernels of other clusters whereafter; and then small clusters are divided up into others;at last test samples are selected from each cluster in the same proportion.Two case studies show that this algorithm leads to a better test result in comparison with the random method,and therefore increases the modeling efficiency.

    NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FALLING FILM EVAPORATION OF BINARY MIXTURE
    WANG Yongfu;ZHOU Rongqi;DUAN Zhanting
    2002, 53(9):  946-950. 
    Abstract ( 546 )   PDF (176KB) ( 290 )  
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    A model of falling film evaporation of binary mixture on the inside wall of a vertical tube and corresponding numerical Solution are presented.Heat and mass transfer are closely conjugated in this model.The effects of mass transfer on heat transfer are taken into account.It is found that mass transfer significantly affects heat transfer.Neglecting the effects of mass transfer in heat transfer will bring great error for predicting heat transfer coefficient.
    EFFECTS OF RADIAL TRANSFERS OF HEAT AND MASS ON FREEZE-DRYING PROCESS OF MATERIALS IN VIALS
    CHEN Menglin;CHENG Jiang;TU Weiping;YANG Zhuoru;CHEN Huanqin
    2002, 53(9):  951-956. 
    Abstract ( 662 )   PDF (219KB) ( 147 )  
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    A comprehensive two-dimensional model for freeze-drying of materials in vials was presented and solved numerically by the authors,and was examined by experiments in previous works.By the use of the two-dimensional model,the numerical simulation of vial freeze-drying of skim milk is made in this paper.The effects of radial transfer of heat and mass on freeze-drying process of materials in vials are analyzed by using simulating results.The results show that the influence of side heat transfer on freeze-drying process is significant, but the effect of radial transfer of vapor can be ignored.

    EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIUM OF ACETIC ACID WITH QUATERNARY AMINE──Aliquat 336
    QIN Wei;MA Zhijun;DAI Youyuan
    2002, 53(9):  957-961. 
    Abstract ( 959 )   PDF (192KB) ( 725 )  
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    The extraction of acetic acid from an aqueous solution into solutions of quaternary amine,Aliquat 336,in different diluent,n-octanol,chloroform and kerosene,was investigated under various pH,concentration of Aliquat 336 and solute.The style of complex formation was discussed,and a model describing the equilibrium was proposed.The distribution coefficient,D,fitted the simple additive property of Aliquat 336 and the diluent.Diluent affected the D apparently; the D in chloroform and kerosene increased quicker than that in n-octanol with the Aliquat 336 concentration in organic phase.There was a maximum value for D against pH,which depended on the Aliquat 336 concentration only,and the pH value responding to the maximum D was 4.0~4.3 and 3.7~4.2 for 25% Aliquat and 50% Aliquat system,respectively.Acetic acid was bonded to Aliquat 336 by both ion exchange and chemical association,and diluent affected their parameters obviously.The apparent constant of ion exchange,K 1,increased in diluent,especially in chloroform.The apparent constant of association,K 2,increased in chloroform also,decreased in n-octanol,and kerosene affected K 2 not apparently.
    STRUCTURES AND COLOUR PROPERTIES OF POLYOXYETHYLENE AZO DISPERSE DYE
    SHEN Kaihua;LI Zongshi;WU Zuwang;ZHANG Hongbing;ZHANG Rong
    2002, 53(9):  962-966. 
    Abstract ( 599 )   PDF (181KB) ( 433 )  
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    A series of polyoxyethylene azo disperse dye and their intermediates are analyzed.Their structure and colour properties are studied with MS, 1H NMR and UV/VIS spectra.MS spectra reveal that the ethoxylated azo dyes are a mixture of compounds with similar body structure but differ in polyoxyethene chain length.The influence on the ε mol values of the polyoxyethylene dye is observed.

    DECOLORING OF DYESTUFFS AND DYING WASTE WATER WITH IMMOBILIZED MYCELIAL PELLETS OF Coriolus versicolor
    WU Mianbin;XIA Liming;CEN Peilin
    2002, 53(9):  967-971. 
    Abstract ( 752 )   PDF (207KB) ( 316 )  
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    In this work,immobilized mycelial pellets were applied to decolorize several dyestuffs.Good results were obtained indicating the high decolorization ability of the pellets.The same pellets could be repeatedly used to treat Acid Orange 7 for at least 10 times and every time over 97% color removal was obtained within 24h.Good decolorization effect was also observed with 3 other dyestuffs.The presence of a co-substrate glucose was necessary for decolorization by mycelium pellets.In the continuous reactor,both Acid Orange solution and non-sterile dying waste water were treated by immobilized mycelial pellets. With dilution rate 0.0056h -1,aeration rate 1.1L·min -1,color removal rate of Acid Orange is 97%.With dilution rate 0.014h -1,aeration rate 1.4L·min -1,93.5% color reduction of dying waste water was obtained.No loss in decolorization ability of the mycelium was noted when the reactor was operated continuously for more than 5d.

    研究简报
    LOCAL GAS HOLDUP DISTRIBUTIONS IN NON-AMBIENT STIRRED TANKS WITH MULTIPLE IMPELLERS
    GAO Zhengming;SHI Litian;ZHENG Guojun
    2002, 53(9):  972-975. 
    Abstract ( 691 )   PDF (150KB) ( 237 )  
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    Vertical gas holdup distributions in ambient gassed, hot sparged and boiling systems in stirred tanks using multiple 6 hollow blade disc turbines(CD-6)are reported.The local gas holdup in the boiling system is dramatically different from that in the ambient gassed or hot sparged system whether in terms of value or distribution.Under the same total gas flow rate and impeller speed,the local gas holdup is much smaller in the boiling system than that in the ambient gassed or hot sparged system.The hot sparged system has similar vertical gas holdup distributions,with maxima in similar locations but with smaller local gas holdup overall,to those of the ambient gassed system.The designs of existing hot sparged and boiling reactors are based on the ambient gassed system and not optimal.The results are of particular relevance to the design and operation of reactors with hot sparged or boiling liquids.

    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni EFFECT IN BINARY DIFFUSION
    SHA Yong;CHENG Hong;YUAN Xigang;YU Guocong;SUN Zhifa
    2002, 53(9):  976-979. 
    Abstract ( 610 )   PDF (159KB) ( 192 )  
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    Laser Schlieren device was established to observe Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni effect produced in thick liquid depth by the diffusion of binary liquid mixtures.A recorder and a camera separately recorded dynamic and static convective flow patterns during experiment.According to different signs of Ma number and Ra number,different binary liquid mixtures were selected to investigate the RBM effect induced by different driven mechanism including density gradient or surface tension gradient or combination of both.Qualitative analysis to experiment results was presented.

    EFFECTS OF OSCILLATORY TEMPERATURE AND SPARGING NITROGEN GAS OR CARBON DIOXIDE DURING LATER STAGE ON GLYCEROL FERMENTATION
    ZHANG Jianan;WEI Xiaoshuang;XIE Dongming;SUN Yan;LIU Dehua
    2002, 53(9):  980-983. 
    Abstract ( 721 )   PDF (141KB) ( 180 )  
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    Effects of periodic temperature variation on glycerol fermentation by osmophilic yeast was discussed.At the same time,glycerol fermentation by periodic temperature variation,constant temperature,aerating nitrogen or carbon dioxide during the later stage were compared.The result showed that glycerol yield by periodic temperature variation fermentation was higher than that by constant temperature fermentation and an appropriate temperature oscillatory range was 35-45℃.During the later stage of constant temperature fermentation,when fermentation time was 72h,glycerol yield was the highest.After that,glycerol yield began to reduce and glycerol began to be consumed.Then,nitrogen gas or carbon dioxide was sparged in fermentation medium to ferment glycerol unceasingly,which can decrease residual sugar,increase glycerol yield further and avoid glycerol being consumed.Moreover,during the later stage of glycerol fermentation,glycerol yield by sparging nitrogen gas was higher than that by sparging carbon dioxide.
    EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF NEW FLUID TO BE USED IN HEAT PUMP AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
    ZHAO Li;ZHANG Qi;TU Guangbei
    2002, 53(9):  984-988. 
    Abstract ( 760 )   PDF (188KB) ( 257 )  
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    With more and more research being carried out to replace CFC and HCFC,some new green-refrigerant fluids are obtained,but those fluids are only used in some fixed-temperature fields,it limits the used in a bigger range of variable performance.According to this situation,theory etical and experimentsal’ conclusions are drawn in order to solve this problem in the paper.Non-azeotropic mixtures have temperature-gliding in phase change.CSD equation of state is used for theoretical calculation.Some mixtures that may be used in a bigger range of variable perfomance are found.Experiments are carried out in a refrigerant system.The mixtures S3 is recommended.

    NOx EMISSION FROM INCINERATION OF ORGANIC WASTE WATER CONTAINING HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE AND DILUTE HNO3
    BIE Rushan;FAN Qingxin;LIANG Zhihua;YANG Lidan;ZHOU Ding
    2002, 53(9):  989-993. 
    Abstract ( 607 )   PDF (190KB) ( 174 )  
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    Experiments were conducted in a fluidized bed with I.D.of 81mm and height of 1600mm to investigate NO x emissions from incineration of waste water,which contains hexamethylenediamine of 4.5% and dilute HNO 3 of 1.25%.The result shows that decomposition products of dilute HNO 3 water solution are NO and NO 2.NO is the main product,which represents more than 90% of total NO x.The conversion ratio of HNO 3 converted to NO x is about 95%~96%.The results of incinerating organic waste water in a temperature range from 800℃ to 950℃ shows that,under non-staged combustion condition,the de-NO x ratio is only about 46%~61% at oxygen concentration of 11%.Staged combustion was adopted to further decrease NO x emission.The experimental data indicate that the NO x emission can be reduced very efficiently,the de-NO x ratio is increased up to 86%-93%.It was found that the presence of hexamethylenediamine is positive for reduction of NO x emission.950℃ is the optimal operation temperature for incineration of the examined waste water,concerning the NO x reduction.