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Table of Content
25 December 1958, Volume 9 Issue 2
    化工学报
    CAST-STEEL HIGH-PRESSURE VESSELS. THEIR THEORY AND PRACTICE
    DUAN CHUN-GIE, KAO CHIA-CHU, KWEI WEI-SIANG, TANG CHING-HONO (Department of Process Equipment, Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry)
    1958, 9(2):  71-88. 
    Abstract ( 455 )   PDF (1237KB) ( 154 )  
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    For the sake of fulfilling the increasing demands on high-pressure vessels, and discussing further on the techniques in their manufacture, we started the research works since the end of 1956. The first mission of our works was to use cast-steel instead of forged steel as the construction material for high-pressure vessels. To do this, we had to prove such possibility both theoretically and experimentally. The second mission was to apply the theory of plasticity of metals to autofrettage the vessels. Obviously, this process of autofrettage is a well-known means to increase the yield strength of any construction material of plastic metals. However, the application of this principle to a high-pressure vessel is a new subject. Although we knew that the technique of autofrettage has only been discussed theoretically, we did begin our experiments both in laboratorial and commercial scale in 1957. The experimental results were consistent with our mathematical deduction. The stresses along the wall thickness of the vessels were more uniformly distributed after the autofrettage treatment, and the material itself was strengthened. Obviously, there are certain deffects in the cast-steel; the small pieces into which it will break under high-pressures may have considerable killing and destroying damage. Hence in the international literatures, high-pressure vessels made of cast-steel are available only for low pressure purposes, and in some cases are even forbidden to use for pressure vessels. But disregarding the conventional rules given by the literatures, our research workers have succeeded in the manufacture of cast-steel pressure vessels. At present, the approved cast-steel high-pressure vessels are welcome everywhere in China, and in many places, these cheap, good, safe and quick-produced vessels are already put into mass production for industrial purposes.
    A UREA EXTRACTIVE CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING LOW FREEZING POINT PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND n-PARAFFINS
    LI SHU-XUN, Hu YING-JON, XuE CHENG, LIAU WEI-REN, CHENG PEI-CHANG (Research Institute of Petroleum Science, Ministry of Petroleum Industry)
    1958, 9(2):  89-94. 
    Abstract ( 623 )   PDF (402KB) ( 187 )  
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    Based on the laboratory results of the Institute of Petroleum, Academia Sinica, on urea extractive crystallization, a pilot plant with a capacity of 0.15 ton per day has been constructed & operated. With water as urea solvent and an organic chlorine compound as activator, the adducts formed into small spheres which are easily filterable. The main characteristics of the process developed was that the adduction, filtration, washing and decomposition operations were carried out in the same vessel. The design data for a commercial plant were obtained during the pilot plant run. Satisfactory dewaxing results were obtained for both light and heavy petroleum fractions with various wax contents. For light petroleum fractions, the freezing point can be lowered to below-70C. The process developed is suitable for manufacturing speciality low freezing point petroleum products, and the n-paraffins obtained after refining are good raw materials for making higher alcohols, detergents, etc.
    STUDY OF OXIDATION OF n-STRUCTURE PARAFFIN TO PRODUCE SYNTHETIC ALIPHATIC ACID
    RESEARCH SECTION ON PROCEEDING SOLID FUEL, PEKING INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY
    1958, 9(2):  95-101. 
    Abstract ( 551 )   PDF (336KB) ( 92 )  
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    Some of the hard and soft paraffin produced in China were studied and their possibility of oxidation was convinced. Two methods of accelerating the rate of oxidation have been introduced: 1) to improve the method of adding catalysts and 2) oxidation in state of forming. A new way of separating oxidative paraffin was also introduced. Here, the rule of catalysts played in the primary stage of oxidation was studied so as to control the process.
    THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS OF BOILING LIQUIDS
    LIN CHI-FANG YANG YU-CHE KOON FAN-UON (Dairen Institute of Technology)
    1958, 9(2):  102-112. 
    Abstract ( 717 )   PDF (573KB) ( 173 )  
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    In this paper, we have investigated the influences of heating surfaces, using copper, brass, stainless steel, nickel-plated, and chromium-plated heating suffaces. We found that, brass surface gave the highest a, while chromium-plated surface the lowest. This can be explained by the fact that the contact angle between liquids and metallic surfaces are different. The influences of heating surfaces are important only when the heat flow is comparatively low, such as q≤40000 kcal/m2.hr; while for higher heat flow, such as q≤1.5×105 kcal/m2.hr, the influences of heating .surfaces are not apparent. With heating surfaces of the same material, we found that aged surfaces gave lower ?than fresh surfaces, but the slopes of a - f(q) relationship are the same. For scaled surfaces, ?is not only lower than both fresh and aged surfaces, the slope of a = f(q) is also flater; this is due to the heat resistence offered by the deposited scale. For heating surfaces of the same geometrical form, the dimension is not essential for ordinary cases, but for experimental apparatus of extremely small sizes, such as single heating wires of diameter less than 0.4 mm, or small circular plate of diameter less than 10 mm, the influences of dimension are not negligible. Finally, we have investigated the heat transfer coefficient of boiling solutions (5% - 20% NaCl solutions) The result is that for dilute solutions, the decreasing rate of a is rather high, while for concentrated solutions, the decreasing rate of ?is not so apparent. When correlated with dimensionless groups, we found that the equation suggested by P. H. KPY>KHJIHH may be used for calculations of salt solutions, but the following corrected form is found to be more satisfactory, with error not greater than±7%, The experiments were carried out with boiling liquids outside horizontal tubes (of diameters 25 - 60 mm) and above horizontal circular plates (of diameters 10 and 15 mm). The heat flow range of horizontal tubes is 1300-40000 kcal/m2. hr, while that of the horizontal plates is 20,000-900,000 kcal/ m2.hr.