Dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) is a typical non-equilibrium gas discharge with AC at low temperature and atmospheric pressure.This paper presents the characteristics of dielectric-barrier discharge plasma, mechanism of discharge, theoretical models, types of reactors and its problems.Its application in synthesis of chemical products, treatment of volatile organic compounds and car exhaust gases, material surface treatment, modification of catalyst, deposition film preparation, and the technology that DBD plasma-assisted catalysis is applied in environmental chemical engineering are summarized.The strong points and disadvantages of conventional methods used in these aspects are analyzed.The advantages of DBD plasma and catalysis can be improved through the catalysis-assisted non-thermal plasma technique.The DBD plasma technology has been considered as a potential new technology for its advantages of saving energy, reducing cost, safe operation and environmental protection.Some proposals on the development and prospect of the DBD plasma technology are provided.

The effect of frontal velocity on heat transfer characteristics of two-row staggered flat fin-and-tube heat exchanger in wet condition was studied experimentally.The latent heat transfer firstly increased with increasing frontal velocity, then it seemed that there was no relationship between them when frontal velocity exceeded 1.27 m·s^-1.The wet sensible heat transfer coefficients were slightly higher than those in dry condition.Based on the results of experiment, a “surface reaction” concept was introduced to simulate the phenomenon of heat and mass transfer during the process of vapor condensation on the cold surface, then a simplified three-dimensional numerical model was presented.The humid air temperature and vapor distribution were obtained, and then the effect of frontal velocity on heat and mass transfer was analyzed with the field synergy principle.Finally, the numerical simulation results agreed well with experimental data.

Flow boiling instabilities in a single microchannel with a low aspect ratio were studied by taking account of the effects of inlet temperature，mass flux，heat flux and inclination with methanol as the working fluid.Three types of instabilities were found over wide parameter ranges：flow excursion static instability，pressure-drop type oscillation，and superimposed instability of pressure-drop type and density wave type oscillations.Due to the large ratio of the channel length to the hydraulic diameter and the upstream compressible volume，the pressure-drop type oscillation occurred in the negative gradient region of the demand curve of pressure-drop versus mass flux.The influences of inlet temperature，inclination，mass flux and heat flux on flow instability were analyzed.It was demonstrated that whether the pressure-drop type oscillation occurred or not depended on inlet temperature，mass flux and heat flux.The range in which the pressure-drop type oscillation occurred was presented with outlet mass quality as control parameter.

Experiments were performed to evaluate the micro-scale flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of acetone flowing through triangular silicon microchannels.The liquid-vapor two-phase flow pattern was visualized，along with simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature.Periodical convective boiling heat transfer in a time scale of milliseconds was found.A full cycle can be subdivided into three sub-stages：liquid refilling stage，bubble nucleation，growth，coalescence and explosion stage，and transient liquid film evaporation stage.The flow field visualization showed that four liquid-vapor two-phase flow patterns appeared in microchannels，and the boiling incipience was identified.The effect of mass quality（x）on boiling heat transfer coefficient was analyzed.It was shown that under the conditions of the present study，when x <0.4，nucleate boiling was dominant，whereas when x >0.4，the forced convective boiling was dominant.

The rectangular channel with small-scale vortex generators of different heights was numerically simulated.The value of Reynolds number was from 4000 to 10000.The result showed that the characteristics of convective heat transfer and pressure drop changed because of the difference in heights of small-scale vortex generators.The mechanism of longitudinal vortices and spanwise vortices produced by small-scale vortex generators and their effects on heat transfer enhancement were analyzed.Meantime，the influence of vortices on the pressure in the channel was analyzed.The heat transfer and drag characteristics of small-scale vortex generators were evaluated with a comprehensive criterion that considered both convective heat transfer and flow drag.

The mechanism of direct-contact evaporation in a “wet-type dry still” was investigated, where the hold-up of the material directly heated by the immiscible heat carrier was very low.The process of direct-contact evaporation of a single bubble in continuous phase was simulated for the case of bottom feeding.The effects of initial diameter of the bubble on the depth of continuous phase, the time of complete evaporation of the bubble, the instantaneous temperature difference of heat transfer, and the instantaneous coefficient of heat transfer were investigated by simulation.Simultaneously the definition of limited depth of continuous phase was presented, and its expression was deduced.The status of a heated bubble, which was in a deeper position than the limited depth was analyzed.

The drying of paste materials was experimentally carried out in a vibrated fluidized bed with inert particles and immersed heating tubes.The effects of operating variables, such as feeding rate, vibration condition, gas temperature, gas velocity and power of heating tubes were researched.The heat transfer performance was evaluated with volumetric heat transfer coefficient, and a correlation to calculate volumetric heat transfer coefficient was established.The experimental results showed that heat transfer and mass transfer could be enhanced by vibration and internal heating.The heat efficiency could be up to 60%, with drying capacity over 300 kg·m^-3·h^-1 and volumetric heat transfer coefficient 25 kW·m^-3·K^-1.The particle size distribution of the product was narrow, which was analyzed by using a laser particle-size analyzer.A powder product with average diameter of 0.35 μm and specific surface area of 5.024 m²·g^-1 could be obtained directly by the vibrated fluidized bed.

A novel gas-liquid-solid three-phase internal air loop reactor (IALR) with forced circulation slurry phase was investigated as a new equipment for emerging chemical processes.Based on a systematic analysis of the complex geometrical structure and the variation of flow pattern in the whole reactor space, the reactor was divided into six regions, the gas distributor region, the slurry feed affected region, the draft tube region, the gas-liquid separation region, the annular and the bottom region.Experiments were conducted in order to investigate the local bubble characteristics in different flow regions.The result showed that the radial evolution of bubble size was quite different in different flow regions.The inverted cone bottom dramatically affected the number and size of the circulating bubbles.A mathematic model was established for each flow region, and the model prediction agreed well with experimental result.

The profiles of gas holdup and bubble velocity depending on superficial gas velocity were investigated in an inner airlift reactor with a down tube and an annulus gas distributor.The experimental set-up was made of plexiglass with an inner diameter of 0.286 m and a height of 3.0 m.Air and tap water were used as gas and liquid phases, respectively.The results showed that the gas holdup increased with increasing superficial gas velocity within both inner and outer loops.The gas holdup in the inner loop, however, was much higher than that in the outer loop.The bubbles entering the inner loop from the outer loop could be neglected in the ranges of the operating conditions.When an annulus gas distributor and a down tube were installed in the conventional airlift reactor, the gas holdup increased and its distribution became uniform, which enhanced the interfacial area between gas and liquid phases and the turbulent intensity of multiphase flow.Therefore, the interphase transfer would be improved in the inner loop.Then, the profiles of gas holdup and bubble velocity were simulated by using the Euler-Euler model in the platform of ANSYS CFX10.0 software package and fair agreement between numerical and experimental data was obtained. These results implied that the CFD simulation based on the Euler-Euler model, accompanied with experimental measurement, could be used to develop and scale up this new kind of loop reactor.

To investigate the friction between gas-solid suspension and the internal wall of the circulating fluidized bed（CFB）downer，the difference between apparent and actual solids holdup was studied by measuring pressure gradients and local solids concentrations in a 9.3 m high CFB downer with FCC particles.A new model to predict pressure drop due to friction between gas-solid suspension and internal wall in the fully developed region of CFB downers was developed.The results showed that the friction between gas-solid suspension and the downer internal wall caused a significant deviation of the apparent solids holdups from the actual ones，especially under higher superficial gas velocity and solids circulation rate.When superficial gas velocity was greater than 8 m·s^-1，the actual solids holdups in the fully developed region of the downer could be up to 2—3 times of the apparent values.After the frictional pressure drop was considered，the predicted actual solids holdups by the proposed model agreed well with the experimental values from this work and in the literatures.

A two-dimensional, two-phase across the channel computational model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) is established.It accounts for all major transport phenomena, including water and proton transport through the membrane, electrochemical reaction, transport of electrons, transport and phase change of water in the gas diffusion electrodes, and diffusion of multi-component gas mixtures in the electrode.The model can be used to research the effects of flow field, diffusion layer, catalyst layer and membrane on the performance of PEMFC, so the cell structure can be optimized.

The effects of channel design on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) are addressed with the mathematical model developed in part(Ⅰ).The result shows that PEMFCs with different humidities have different design strategies.For a fixed electrode width，narrower shoulders are preferred for the high humidity inlet PEMFC，whereas wider shoulders are preferred to promote slower water removal for the low humidity inlet PEMFC.

The formation of a nitrogen bubble under adiabatic condition in the electric field was visually investigated.The bubble’s dynamic growth was observed in the electric field.The bubble elongated along the direction of the electric field.With increasing electric field strength，the bubble’s aspect ratio at the departure increased while the departure volume decreased.The bubble contours were extracted from the experimental images by means of Matlab toolboxes.The electric stresses on the actual bubble surface were calculated，which indicated that the electric stress exerted on the bubble tip pulled the bubble while that exerted on the bubble sides pressed the bubble，causing the bubble elongation deformation along the electric field direction.The bubble deformation resulted primarily from the effect of the electric stresses acting on the bubble surface.It helps to analyze further the effects of electric field on nucleate boiling heat transfer.

The flow pattern of a fluidized bed is a key factor for heat transfer and new reactor design.The flow pattern of the gas-solid fluidized bed was experimentally measured by a novel acoustic emission（AE） technique.The acoustic energy generated by the collision of solids particles on the reactor wall or in the local space is a reflection of the speed and frequency of collision, and consequently the flow pattern of particles.The flow pattern of polyethylene particles with the average size 460 μm in a φ 150 mm fluidized bed in the range of superficial gas velocity from 0.3 m·s^-1 to 0.7 m·s^-1 was multi-circulation pattern with main-circulation zone, sub-circulation zone and stagnant zone.The multi-circulation flow pattern would transit to the single circulation flow pattern if superficial gas velocity exceeded 0.8 m·s^-1 or average particle size decreased to below 365 μm.The height of stagnant zone remained unchanged with the increase of static bed height.It was also found that the type of the distributor had an evident effect on flow pattern.The single circulation flow pattern in the fluidized bed with a perforated stainless steel plate distributor would change to the multi-circulation flow pattern for the same particles and the same fluidized bed with a cone-shaped distributor.An empirical equation calculating the height of stagnant zone was presented and the experimental data could be correlated with the empirical equation with fairly good accuracy.

The slotted-orifice is a new type of flow sensor for gas-liquid two-phase flow measurement, and there is no correlation of two-phase multipliers for the slotted-orifice available.Based on the air-water two-phase flow experimental data of slotted-orifice, five typical correlations of the standard throttle device were applied to the data, and the application range and the reason for error involved from these correlations were analyzed.Based on different modeling ideas, three new correlations, which include the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter, gas pressure and gas Froude number, were proposed and used in the study of metering technology of wet gas flow.The accuracy of new correlations can meet the gas industry demands for production based metering.

Palygorskite clay supported Cp₂TiCl₂ catalyst system was developed and evaluated by ethylene slurry polymerization.The inorganic carrier was thermally activated at 500℃ to generate surface Lewis acidity, which was confirmed by pyridine adsorption experiment and subsequent FTIR spectra analysis.Two types of supported catalysts were prepared: immobilizing the metallocene catalyst directly on the carrier (Cat-A) and also on the carrier with methylaluminoxane(MAO) modification (Cat-B).Polymerization was carried out in toluene at 40℃ and 60℃ with the supported Cp₂TiCl₂ catalyst and homogeneous analogue.Cat-A gave higher catalyst activity compared with Cat-B, and was even more robust than corresponding homogeneous catalyst.This specifically high activity of Cat-A was attributed to the surface Lewis acidity of the thermally activated clay.Models of active surface species were discussed in comparison with silica supported metallocene catalyst.With the directly supported catalyst, molecular weights and melting points of the polymer products were lower than those of the polymer products obtained with Cat-B, and the polymer properties were much more affected by the polymerization temperature.By analyzing the SEM photographs of polymers at different polymerization stages, morphological replication of the single fiber of palygorskite was revealed and a final polyethylene “fiber cluster” structure was formed.This interesting evolution of polymer morphology was further discussed in relation to polyethylene/clay composite and the method of improving the final polymer morphology.

Phenol aqueous solution was treated by microwave (MW)/H₂O₂ combined technology and the affecting factors were studied.Experimental results showed that the removal efficiency of phenol was low when microwave irradiation process and H₂O₂ oxidation were used separately.MW/H₂O₂ combined technology was favorable for enhancing the removal efficiency of phenol, with the enhancement factor of the first-order kinetics constant being around 5.98.The synergetic effect of MW/H₂O₂ combined technology was obvious.The co-existence of Fe²⁺ had significant influence upon MW/H₂O₂ combined technology, and Fe²⁺ increased the reaction rate.

The enzymatic resolution of 1-phenylethylamine by amidation reaction in organic medium was studied.Based upon the screening of acyl donors, enzymes and solvents, it was concluded that isopropyl acetate was the most suitable acyl donor and a small amount of NaHSO₃ can reduce side reactions.Novozym 435 showed both the highest catalytic activity and the highest enantioselectivity.Toluene was the most suitable medium for the reaction.The effects of ester concentration, amine concentration, enzyme concentration, shaking rate and temperature on the reaction were examined.The optimum ratio of amine to ester, amine concentration, enzyme concentration, shaking rate and temperature were 1∶0.6, 200 mmol·L^-1, 4 mg·ml^-1, 200 r·min^-1, 30℃, respectively.Under the optimal conditions mentioned above, E value was 89.A product enantiomeric excess (ee_p) of 96％ was achieved with conversion of 39％ after 4 h of reaction and a substrate enantiomeric excess (ee_s) of 98% was achieved with conversion of 52.4% after 10 h of reaction.

A series of catalysts were studied for the synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with phenol.It was found that V-Cu oxide was the best catalyst among the tested catalysts.The effects of V-Cu amount, molar ratio of copper to vanadium, molar ratio of dimethyl carbonate to phenol and reaction time were investigated.Under the conditions of catalyst amount 3.1% (mass ratio to phenol), molar ratio of Cu/V of 1∶4, molar ratio of DMC/phenol of 1.5∶1 and a reaction time 9 h, the maximum conversion of phenol and total yields of methyl phenyl carbonate (MPC) and DPC were 41.9% and 40.3%, respectively.Reuse of the catalyst revealed that V-Cu oxide was a relatively stable catalyst.The activity of the catalyst after being reused four times reduced from 41.9% to 29.1%.Moreover, the deactivated catalyst was easily regenerated by calcination in air, and the catalytic activity of the regenerated catalyst was almost as high as that of the fresh sample, the phenol conversion was 39.8%.

The effect of the structure of the rotors with openings in the bottom plate and without openings on the classification characteristics of a turbo air classifier was investigated.Ground calcium carbonate was used in the classification tests.The cut size of classified particles became smaller and the classification precision was reduced in the case with openings.The effect of wind speed on classification particles cut size decreased with increasing rotor speed in the classification process.On the other hand, the flow field of the annular regions in both cases was measured with laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV).The results demonstrated that the radial wind speed decreased in the case with openings due to split-flow, resulting in a smaller cut size.In the vicinity of the rotor without openings, the abrupt increase of tangential wind speed and especially intensified axial turbulence brought about adequate disagglomeration and higher classification precision.

Various polymorphs of MnO₂ were synthesized with a controlled hydrothermal method.Li-Mn-O precursor was prepared by the wet impregnation of a solution of LiOH·H₂O into MnO₂ synthesized，and the final MnO₂ ion-sieve was obtained by acid treatment.The crystalline phase structure and exchangeability of Li⁺were studied with XRD，TEM Li⁺adsorptive isotherm and kinetic measurement.The result showed that reactant concentration had different effects on the growth rate of different MnO^₂ crystal faces.The novel MnO₂ nanowires，mainly about φ 5 nm×400 nm in diameter and length，were found to have a remarkable lithium ion sieve property with monolayer saturation amount of 2.43 mmol·g^-1 and the adsorption rate constant of 2.16×10^-6s^-1 at pH=9.19.The lithium adsorption capacity of MnO₂ ion-sieve increased with the increase of pH value，up to 3.47 mmol·g^-1 at pH=12.5.

Poly（acrylic acid-co-acrylamide）（PAAAM）resin was prepared from acrylic acid（AA）and acrylamide（AM）by inverse suspension polymerization.The adsorption of metal ions on PAAAM resin differed greatly at different pH values and initial concentrations.This provided a theoretical basis for the application of PAAAM resin to separate transitional metal ions Cu²⁺，Ni²⁺，Co²⁺.The selectivity for competitive adsorption on PAAAM resin in Cu²⁺ ，Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ binary and ternary mixed ion solutions were investigated.It was found that there was higher selectivity on PAAAM resin for Cu²⁺ ions compared with other metal ions used in this study.

As one of the branches of process integration, the synthesis of mass exchange network (MEN) has attracted more and more attention in the area of process systems engineering.When synthesizing a MEN, the composition differences (ε) reflect the impetus of mass transfer between rich and lean streams and affect the operating cost and capital cost significantly, so they should be optimized in order to obtain a real optimal MEN.However, so far they are usually given arbitrary values in most literatures, which cannot guarantee an optimum MEN obviously.This paper presents a simultaneous method to solve the problem of ε in a single-contaminant or multi-contaminants system, which builds the superstructure model of the MEN first, takes total annualized cost (TAC) as an objective and considers εas a set of variables to balance operating cost and capital cost.Then the mathematical model is solved by means of an improved genetic algorithm.Finally, the minimum TAC and corresponding ε values, as well as an optimal MEN are also obtained simultaneously.

As widely used process monitoring techniques，principal component analysis（PCA）and partial least squares（PLS）are limited to the application in linear and time-invariant systems.To handle the nonlinear and time-varying characteristics of real processes，a recursive kernel PCA（RKPCA）algorithm was proposed for adaptive monitoring of nonlinear processes.By extending the incremental singular value decomposition（SVD）to the kernel space，the kernel formulation of incremental kernel PCA，which possessed much lower computational complexity and was suitable for online model updating，was obtained.Finally，the proposed algorithm was applied to the Alstom gasifier for adaptive monitoring and RKPCA could efficiently capture the time-varying and nonlinear relationship in process variables.

The data mining methods used currently are very sensitive to the data being processed, and thus are difficult to be generalized.In order to overcome the shortcomings of the present methods, the de-noise ability of wavelet analysis and the objectivity characteristics of hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA)were integrated by combining the two methods together, and thus a new method—wavelet transform-hierarchical clustering analysis (WT-HCA) was established.The information extracting ability of the new method WT-HCA was investigated.The results showed that WT-HCA could obtain information from metabolomics data effectively.Under the default distance definition, WT-HCA could distinguish the two parental lines totally while HCA could hardly do so.Under another distance definition (distance between samples is the Euclidean distance, distance between groups is the ward distance), the overall percentage of correctly clustered samples after using WT-HCA could reach 93.75%, while HCA could only reach 84.375%.

Dissolution characteristics is an important index for soluble powder, however, the experimental results are always irreproducible because of the fine powder’s lump-formation or conglutination tendency.In this work, a simple apparatus for determining the dissolution properties of soluble β-carotene powder was designed and set up to resolve these problems.Through monitoring the increase in solution chroma, the dissolution characteristics of two kinds of microencapsulated β-carotene powder in water were investigated, and a parameter for the deliquescent portion was determined as a function of time.Relative dissolution curves were plotted and dissolution kinetics as well as dissolution activation energy were analyzed.Based on the key factors for powder dispersion or dissolution obtained, this method can be used to improve the dissolution abilities.

The blended coals of anthracite and bituminous coal were pyrolyzed in a tubular electric furnace in an inert atmosphere at different final temperatures.The coal chars were tested by means of the adsorption of nitrogen at a low temperature to study the surface structure.From the analysis of isotherm adsorption, it was shown that coal chars had continuous and complete pore structures.The presence of amorphous pores perhaps led to the phenomenon of non-dosure of adsorption hysteresis loop.Bituminous coal and A1B1 blended coal char had the same rule that the specific surface area increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature up to 700℃ and then decreased.When the pyrolysis temperature was 1000℃, the micro-pore volume of blended coal chars increased with increasing blend ratio of bituminous coal; however, when the blend ratio was higher than 2/3, the micro-pore volume of blended coal chars decreased.A1B2 blended coal had the maximum micro-pore volume and specific surface area.The fractal analysis showed that micro-pore ratio had close relation to fractal dimension.The variation of surface structure revealed the independence and interaction of parent coals during the pyrolysis of blended coals.

The particle size values of three ultra-clean micronized coal water slurry, Huainan, Yanzhou, Shenhua, were measured with Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser mastersizer.Their combustion characteristics were investigated with TGA/SDTA851e/LF1 1600 thermobalance at heating rates of 12.5, 25, 33.3 and 50 ℃·min^-1.Their apparent viscosities were measured with HAAKE VT550 viscometer.The specific area and pore diameter of the ultra-clean micronized coal powder were analyzed with Autosorb-1-C physisorption analysis instrument.Experimental investigation and theoretical analysis proved that the specific area of the ultra-clean micronized coal powder increased while pore diameter and particle size decreased with increasing fractal dimension.The apparent viscosity of the ultra-clean micronized coal water slurry increased with increasing fractal dimension.The ignition temperature and apparent activation energy of the ultra-clean micronized coal water slurry decreased with increasing fractal dimension.The ignition temperature of Huainan ultra-clean micronized coal water slurry decreased by 41.36℃ and its apparent activation energy decreased by 77.71 kJ·kmol^-1.

The simultaneous SO₂/NO removal by calcium based absorbent with KMnO₄ as additive was studied in a fixed-bed reactor at a low temperature.The experimental results showed that KMnO₄ could promote NO removal by calcium hydroxide,and the efficiency of SO₂ and NO removal could reach 31.4% and 13.5％ respectively while the stoichiometric ratio of Ca/(S+0.5N) was 1.8.A higher temperature improved SO₂ capture, but had little influence on NO removal.The presence of water vapor and oxygen in the gas is necessary for NO removal by the absorbent, and SO₂ removal efficiency increased with increasing relative humidity which had an optimal value for NO removal.The results of XRD and IC analysis on the products showed the NO removal mechanism,that NO was firstly oxidized into NO₂, and then removed by reacting with calcium hydroxide or calcium sulfite into nitrate and nitrite.

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) offers a possibility of separating the greenhouse gas CO₂.An integrated gasification combined cycle based on CLC is discussed in this paper.In the system,NiO/NiAl₂O₄ is used as the CLC oxygen carrier and Texaco gasification process is selected.The system performance is simulated by using ASPEN software tool.The system efficiency is 39.61%HHV (41.55%LHV) and CO₂ emission is 126 g·kW^-1·h^-1, assuming compressor pressure ratio 17, air reactor outlet temperature 1200℃, turbine inlet temperature (TIT) 1350℃ after supplementary firing, and cooling air fraction 12%.At TIT 1350℃, CO₂ capture rate increases by about 23% and system efficiency decreases from 40.3% to 39.61% when the air reactor outlet temperature rises from 1000℃ to 1200℃.With the increase of TIT after supplementary firing from 1200℃ to 1500℃, system efficiency increases from 37.4% to 40.8% and CO₂ emission rises from 3 g·kW^-1·h^-1 to 202 g·kW^-1·h¹.At a specific TIT there exits an optimum pressure ratio and the optimum pressure ratio goes up as TIT rises.

A new kind of coal gasification based on Zn/ZnO redox pair via a two-step cycle is proposed.Firstly，coal is mainly gasified to CO by reacting with ZnO in a highly endothermic step at about 1200℃.Secondly，in an exothermic step at a lower temperature of about 500℃，hydrogen gas and solid ZnO are produced via the hydrolysis of liquefied zinc produced from the first step.The produced ZnO can be then recycled to the first step.In this paper，both the auto-thermal reactor with partial oxidation of coal and solar reactor were considered as heat supply in the first step.The theoretical energy analysis of the new system based on the 1st and the 2nd law of thermodynamics was performed.The result showed that the system could reach an ideal thermal efficiency as high as 89% when equipped with the auto-thermal reactor，and 67% when solar reactor was used considering the current thermal efficiency of solar collector.The relative exergy efficiencies were 80% and 66% respectively.The major sources of exergy losses came from the irreversibility of reaction in auto-thermal reactor，and heat losses from solar reactor.A simple environmental evaluation for the system was also performed based on the ratio of produced CO to H₂（CHR）in the system.Apparently，the solar heated system was more environmentally friendly than the auto-heated system，the CHR of the former was smaller than 1/6 of the latter.

H₂O₂was used to prepare the TS-2 gel.Peroxytitanate was formed from the reaction of tetra-n-butyl titanate(TBOT) and H₂O₂, which had the advantages of high Ti content in molecular sieve framework and preventing the formation of anatase TiO₂.In addition, TS-2 prepared at an elevated temperature still had good catalytic performance.The epoxidation of propylene was used to test the catalytic performance of TS-2.The reaction conversion based on H₂O₂ was 94% while the propylene oxide(PO) selectivity reached as high as 97%.The pH value of reaction medium influenced the composition of the product remarkably.The PO selectivity increased significantly if a small amount of base was added into the reaction medium.But a larger amount of base easily inhibited the activity of TS-2.

Lignin, a natural and degradable macromolecular material, was added into low density polyethylene-ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (LDPE-EVA) blend to prepare a lignin-based foam.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed that lignin particles were dispersed homogenously in the LDPE-EVA matrix and a transition layer was formed.Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves detected only one glass-transition temperature (T_g) of the blend existing between those of lignin and LDPE-EVA, indicating improved compatibility of the blend.100 parts 55/45 LDPE-EVA with 20 parts lignin, 10 parts compatibilizer and 0.5 part crosslink agents at 130℃ showed optimal blending properties.Also, optimal mechanical properties of the lignin-based foam could be obtained.

Firstly, the pure water flux, average pressure of bubble point minus maximum pressure of bubble point, the pure water flux plus average pressure of bubble point minus maximal pressure of bubble point were selected as the performance indices of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/cellulose acetate (CA) blend microfiltration membrane.An orthogonal table with nine factors and four levels L₃₂(4⁹) for the PVDF/CA system was designed to study the performance of PVDF/CA blend microfiltration membrane.Secondly, the linear multi-regression model with standardized coefficients matrix was used to study the effects of nine factors.The results showed that: when pure water flux was taken as the objective function, blend ratio of PVDF/CA, solid content, additive content and gelation temperature were the major influence factors; when average pressure of bubble point minus maximum pressure of bubble point was taken as the objective function, solid content was the major influence factor; when the pure water flux plus average pressure of bubble point minus maximal pressure of bubble point was taken as the objective function, solid content was the major influence factor.After analyzing the SEM photographs and experimental results, the optimum condition for preparing the PVDF/CA blend microfiltration membrane was as follows: blend ratio of PVDF/CA 4∶1，solid content 12%, additive content 2%—3%, gelation temperature 30—35℃.

The gas penetration behavior in gas-assisted injection molding(GAIM) for different process parameters was studied.The effect of several important parameters，such as delay time,melt shot size and interaction of delay time and shot pressure on gas penetration were analyzed.The time point for “no gas entry” was also discussed.

The waterborne polyurethane-acrylate hybrid emulsions modified by methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) copolymer were synthesized by using 1,4-butanediol (BDO), dimethylopropionic (DMPA) and adipic dihyrazide (ADH) as chain extenders.The effects of the amounts of BA and diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) on the properties of hybrid emulsions, films and adhesive were studied.The structure of the hybrid emulsions was characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).The experiment results showed that when the amount of BA was 4.0%—6.0%, that of DAAM was 2.0%—3.0%, the properties of the hybrid emulsion, films and adhesive were satisfactory.The adhesive which was made by polyurethane-acrylate hybrid emulsion with a better adhesive for wood.

A novel aliphatic sulfonie acid ion exchange resin was prepared from ethylenediamined polystyrene （PS-acyl-EDA）, 2-acrylamido-2-methylproanesulfonic acid （AMPS）by Michael reaction.This kind of resin has a longer chain than conventional sulphonic polystyrene resin, that is, the former is easier to react with other compound.The effect of the reaction time,reaction temperature,catalyst amount,reagent amount and the charge ration on reaction result were discussed.Under the optimum condition, the maximum loading of the sulfonie acid ion exchange resin could be up to 1.15 mmol·g^-1 resin.The product was characterized with FT-IR.The filling material of chromatographic column could be prepared by this method.

A SbSn intermetallic compound was prepared via mechanical alloying（ball milling）.The bulk phase structure, melting point and valence electron state on the surface layer were detected by XRD, DSC and XPS.Using SbSn supported on wire net as adsorbent, reducing viscosity behavior for crude oil emulsion was investigated through the static method under electric field.When the temperature was maintained at 20℃, the surfactant addition was 0.17%—0.20%, reaction time was over 8 h, voltage was assigned at 6.84 V,the viscosity of emulsion with W (10)/O (90) decrease from 8500 mPa·s to 3000 mPa·s determined with rotation viscometer.It was hypothesized there was electrochemistry reaction between polar matter in emulsion and SbSn surface under electric current induction.

Cationic copolymer acrylamide-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride ［P(AM/DMDAAC)］ was synthesized from acrylamide (AM) and dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) by dispersion polymerization.The structures of polymers synthesized in different systems of dispersion were determined with infrared spectroscopy.The results showed that ethanol-H₂O was the best system of dispersion.The characteristics of PDMDAAC-AM were studied by means of various instrumental analysis techniques, including transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Zetasizer 3000HS_A.The results showed that the particle size of cationic PDMDAAC-AM synthesized in the ethanol-H₂O system of dispersion was within the range of nanometer, and the dispersion polymerization in the emulsion state was helpful to dissipation of reaction heat.

The curing reaction of PPE/EP system with different PPE/EP ratio was studied under temperature programming curing condition.Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was the thermo-analytical technique used to determine the curing kinetics.The result showed that the curing reaction process of PPE/EP system was very complex, PPE content had an important effect on curing kinetic parameters, initial curing temperature increased and the peak temperature of maximal exothermic peak decreased with increasing PPE content.The apparent activation energy values of PPE/EP system with PPE content of 10%，20% and 40%(mass) obtained by the Kissinger treatment were equal to 63.88 kJ·mol^-1，55.37 kJ·mol^-1 and 47.31 kJ·mol^-1, respectively.PPE could accelerate the curing process of epoxy resin.The curing technique of PPE/EP system with PPE content of 20%(mass) was obtained by extrapolation of T-β figure.