危化品集装箱燃爆溢流火在相邻空间内的火行为特征研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20191393

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

建立了危险化学品集装箱燃爆事故模型，针对事故形成的溢流火在相邻集装箱外立面受限空间内传播规律及温度场分布进行模拟研究。根据实地调研数据，分别设置了三种不同开口大小的危化品集装箱，同时研究了相邻间距为0.4、0.8、1.27 m等10余种不同工况的溢流火演化规律及温度场分布。研究提出了不同间距条件下发生火溢流行为的空气卷吸模型，并对溢流火焰高度进行了修正。研究结果表明，与燃爆集装箱开口相对的集装箱体对附近空气的卷吸效应具有限制作用，从而将影响开口溢流火行为的演化与发展。当相邻集装箱体间距小于一定值时，空气主要来自侧面卷吸，外部溢流火焰高度与温度均出现显著增加，此时对相邻叠加堆放的集装箱体损坏较大；随着相邻间距的增大，来自正面与侧面共同作用下的空气卷吸量增加，受限空间内的温度逐渐升高，溢流火焰高度逐渐降低，此时的破坏作用主要体现在对相邻集装箱体的热毁损破坏行为。

关键词: 危化品集装箱, 溢流火, 相邻空间, 火行为, 热灾害, 修正模型

Abstract:

In this study, a model of a container explosion accident of hazardous chemicals was established, and the simulation study was made on the propagation law and temperature field distribution of the overflow fire formed by the accident in the restricted space of the adjacent container facade. According to data collected from on-site investigation, the spill flame characteristics and temperature field distributions of the three types of container openings with different sizes were analyzed in open space. A new air entrainment model where spill fire was triggered under different spacing conditions was then proposed, and the correction factor was introduced to correct the flame height. The results showed that the container opposite to the opening of the blasting container blocked the air entrainment in the vicinity, thus affecting the evolution of spill fire behaviors. With the increase of the spacing, for the smaller spacing conditions, the air entrainment mainly came from the side; the higher flame height was, the greater damage to the superimposed container and the opposite container. For the bigger spacing conditions, the larger air volume came from the front and side, while lower flame height could be observed, indicating that less damage would be imposed on the superimposed container and opposite container, with more thermal damage and destruction seen on the adjacent container.

Key words: hazardous chemical container, spill fire, adjacent space, flame behavior, thermal hazard, modified model

中图分类号:

TQ 560.1

汪侃, 时婷婷, 汪金辉, 张雪. 危化品集装箱燃爆溢流火在相邻空间内的火行为特征研究[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(5): 2440-2454.

Kan WANG, Tingting SHI, Jinhui WANG, Xue ZHANG. Study on flame behaviors induced by spill fire deflagration in adjacent space of hazardous chemical containers[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(5): 2440-2454.

图/表 17

图1 危化品集装箱堆场内的实际堆放与物理模型示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of stacked hazardous chemical container and its physical model

图2 数值模型与模拟中各个监测点的布设位置

Fig.2 Layout of numerical model and all monitoring positions in simulation process

图3 不同集装箱开口大小工况示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of numerical model of containers with different opening sizes

表1 不同开口尺寸场景下相邻危化品集装箱箱体间距/m

Table 1 Spacing of hazardous chemical container under different opening sizes/m

开口大小(宽×高)/m²	A₁	A₂	A₃	A₄	A₅	A₆	A₇	A₈	A₉	A₁₀
1.2 m×2.4 m=2.88 m²	0.4	0.8	1.27	2.0	2.33	2.5	3.0	3.5	4.0	无遮挡
开口大小(宽×高)/ m²	B₁	B₂	B₃	B₄	B₅	B₆	B₇	B₈	B₉	B₁₀
1.8 m×2.4 m=4.32 m²	0.4	0.8	1.27	2.0	2.33	2.5	3.0	3.5	4.0	无遮挡
开口大小(宽×高)/ m²	C₁	C₂	C₃	C₄	C₅	C₆	C₇	C₈	C₉	C₁₀
2.2 m×2.4 m=5.28 m²	0.4	0.8	1.27	2.0	2.33	2.5	3.0	3.5	4.0	无遮挡

表2 数值模拟中的边界及初始条件参数

Table 2 Parameters of boundary condition and initial in numerical simulation

环境温度/℃	风速m/s	风向	大气稳定度	湿度/%	环境压力/kPa	罐内压力/kPa	可燃介质	点火源类型	点火源能量/mJ
20.0	2.0	东北	D	64.0	101.325	4245.517	丙烷	静电火花	0.26

图4 数值模拟结果与实验测试结果论证模型的有效性

Fig.4 Comparison of the simulated results and experimental data

图5 无相邻箱体堆放时的危化品集装箱燃爆溢流火的火焰云图（模拟时间为0.775 s）

Fig.5 Flame contour of spill fire deflagration without adjacent hazardous chemical containers

图6 不同相邻间距下危化品集装箱燃爆溢流火的火焰高度云图

Fig.6 Flame height contour of spill fire deflagration in hazardous chemical containers with different distances

图7 危化品集装箱燃爆溢流火在不同相邻间距下的火焰平均高度变化

Fig.7 Mean flame height variation of spill fire deflagration with different distancesin hazardous chemical containers

图8 危化品集装箱燃爆一侧开口溢流火的矩形火源模型

Fig.8 Open spill fire model of rectangular fire sources in hazardous chemical container deflagrated side

图9 不同相邻间距下危化品集装箱一侧开口溢流火的空气卷吸作用（D≤l2）

Fig.9 Entrainment behavior of open spill fire at difference distances in hazardous chemical container deflagrated side（D≤l2）

图10 不同相邻间距下危化品集装箱一侧开口溢流火的空气卷吸作用（D＞l2）

Fig.10 Entrainment behavior of open spill fire at difference distances in hazardous chemical container deflagrated side(D＞l2)

图11 取ω定值时的修正效果对比

Fig.11 Comparison of optimization results when ω is fixed

图12 ω与D的拟合关系曲线

Fig.12 Curve-fitting of ω and D

图13 修正后的数据拟合程度效果对比

Fig.13 Comparison of fitting results of modified data

图14 危化品集装箱箱体开口溢流火焰速度矢量随时间的变化

Fig.14 Velocity vector plot of open spill fire in hazardous chemical container with time

图15 箱体不同间距下开口溢流火的火焰轴线温度随高度变化

Fig.15 Flame axis temperature of open spill fire with height variation at different distances

参考文献 36

1	赵冰然. 危险品集装箱场站选址与箱区布置研究[D]. 大连: 大连海事大学, 2018.
	Zhao B R. Study on site selection and layout of hazardous container terminal station[D]. Dalian: Dalian Maritime University, 2018.
2	Kusiak A, Heragu S S. The facility layout problem[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 1987, 29(3): 229-251.
3	Bernechea E J, Viger J A. Design optimization of hazardous substance storage facilities to minimize project risk[J]. Safety Science, 2013, 51(1): 49-62.
4	Antonio C C, Pacifico M P, Mario P, et al. Safety-based process plant layout using genetic algorithm[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2015, 34: 139-150.
5	Juan M G, Fabricio N R, José María P O, et al. Optimization of facility location and reallocation in an industrial plant through a multi-annual framework accounting for economic and safety issues[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2015, 33: 129-139.
6	Yokoi S. Study on the prevention of fire spread caused by hot upward current[R]. Japan： the Building Research Institute, 1960.
7	Thomas P H, Law M. The projection of flames from buildings on fire[J]. Fire Prevention Science and Technology, 1972, 10: 19-26.
8	Seigel L G. The projection of flames from burning buildings[J]. Fire Technology, 1969, 5(1): 43-51.
9	Oleszkiewicz I. Fire exposure to exterior walls and flame spread on combustible cladding[J]. Fire Technology, 1990, 26(4): 357-375.
10	Oleszkiewicz I. Heat transfer from a window fire plume to a building façade[J]. Asme Htd., 1989, 123: 163-170.
11	Oleszkiewicz I. Fire exposure to exterior walls and flame spread on combustible cladding[J]. Fire Technology, 1990, 26(4): 357-375.
12	Nakamichi A. Temperature profiles of window jet plume[J]. Journal of Applied Fire Science, 2004, 24(1): 55-66.
13	Klopovic S, Turan Ö F. Flames venting externally during full-scale flashover fires: two sample ventilation cases[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 1998, 31(2): 117-142.
14	Klopovic S, Turan Ö F. Comprehensive study of externally venting flames（Part Ⅰ）: Experimental plume characteristics for through-draft and no-through-draft ventilation conditions and repeatability[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2001, 36(2): 99-133.
15	Klopovic S, Turan Ö F. A comprehensive study of externally venting flames（Part Ⅱ）: Plume envelope and centre-line temperature comparisons, secondary fires, wind effects and smoke management system[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2001, 36(2): 135-172.
16	Himoto K, Tsuchihashi T, Tanaka Y, et al. Modeling thermal behaviors of window flame ejected from a fire compartment[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2009, 44(2): 230-240.
17	Himoto K, Tsuchihashi T, Tanaka Y, et al. Modeling the trajectory of window flames with regard to flow attachment to the adjacent wall[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2009, 44(2): 250-258.
18	Coutin M, Most J M, Delichatsios M A, et al. Flame heights in wall fires: effects of width, confinement and pyrolysis length[C]// Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium, 2000: 729-740.
19	Lee Y P, Delichatsios M A, Silcock G W H. Heat fluxes and flame heights in facades from fires in enclosures of varying geometry[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2007, 31(2): 2521-2528.
20	Lee Y P. Heat fluxes and flame heights in external facade fires[D]. Belfast, Northern Ireland: University of Ulster, 2006.
21	Delichatsios M A, Lee Y P, Tofilo P. A new correlation for gas temperature inside a burning enclosure[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2009, 44(8): 1003-1009.
22	Lee Y P, Delichatsios M A, Ohmiya Y, et al. Heat fluxes on opposite building wall by flames emerging from an enclosure[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2009, 32(2): 2551-2558.
23	Tang F, Hu L H, Delichatsios M A, et al. Experimental study on flame height and temperature profile of buoyant window spill plume from an under-ventilated compartment fire[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2012, 55(1/2/3): 93-101.
24	唐飞. 不同外部边界及气压条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2013.
	Tang F. Studies on facade flame behavior ejected from opening of a building compartment under different external boundary and pressure conditions[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2013.
25	Tang F, Hu L H, Qiu Z W, et al. Window ejected flame height and heat flux along facade with air entrainment constraint by a sloping facing wall[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2015, 71: 248-256.
26	Hu L H, Lu K H, Tang F, et al. A global non-dimensional factor characterizing side wall constraint effect on facade flame entrainment and flame height from opening of compartment fires[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2014, 75: 122-129.
27	Lu K H, Hu L H, Tang F, et al. Experimental investigation on window ejected facade flame heights with different constraint side wall lengths and global correlation[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2014, 78: 17-24.
28	Lu K H, Hu L H, Tang F, et al. Heat flux profile upon building facade with side walls due to window ejected fire plume: an experimental investigation and global correlation[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2014, 70: 14-22.
29	Lu K H, Wang J, Hu L H. Vertical temperature profile of fire-induced facade thermal plume ejected from a fire compartment window with two adjacent side walls[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 113: 70-78.
30	Lee J Y, Lee J W, Ko J, et al. Optimization for allocating the explosive facilities in order to minimize the domino effect using nonlinear programming[J]. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2005, 22(5): 649-656.
31	Antioco L M, Richart V R, Mannan M S, et al. An approach for domino effect reduction based on optimal layouts[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2013, 26(5): 887-894.
32	Juliode L F, Richart V R, Antioco L M, et al. A MINLP approach for layout designs based on the domino hazard index[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2014, 30(1): 219-227.
33	柏跃领. 外立面作用下的水平湍流浮力射流火焰特性研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2014.
	Bai Y L. Study on flame characteristics of horizontal turbulent buoyant jet on facade wall[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2014.
34	Gao W, Liu N A, Delichatsios M, et al. Fire spill plume from a compartment with dual symmetric openings under cross wind[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2016, 167: 409-421.
35	Wang P G, Liu N A, Zhang L H, et al. Fire whirl experimental facility with no enclosure of solid walls: design and validation[J]. Fire Technology, 2015, 51: 951-969.
36	API. Recommended practice for fitness-for-service: API 579[S]. Washington DC: American Petroleum Institute, 2007.