Diethyl adipate is an important solvent and intermediate product in organic synthesis, used widely in domestic chemicals and food industry, such as spicery and plasticizing agent.Recently, it was found that oxygenated additives such as diethyl adipate could greatly improve fuel properties and reduce engine emissions, thus diethyl adipate is regarded as a good fuel additive and a potential alternative fuel in the future.However, few thermophysical properties of diethyl adipate are reported.In this study, the thermal conductivity of liquid diethyl adipate was measured at temperatures from 283 K to 383 K and pressures from 0.1 MPa to 30 MPa by the transient hot-wire technique with two anodized tantalum hot wires.The experimental data were correlated as a function of temperature and pressure.The absolute average deviation and the maximum deviation of the experimental results from the correlated equation were 0.14% and 0.43%, respectively.The uncertainty of the thermal conductivity was ±1.0%.

The principle of an ejector with peripheral steam entrance was studied in detail.The exergy analysis model of ejector was based on the available energy, from which the exergy efficiency of ejector with different structural and operating parameters was calculated.The factors influencing the exergy efficiency were investigated.The results indicate that the exergy efficiency of ejector increases with inlet water temperature, ejecting coefficient and pressure ratio.There exits a minimum exergy efficiency while steam pressure changes.The relationship between exergy efficiency and different parameters obtained by calculation was in good agreement with experimental results.This study provides a theoretical basis for the design and application of the ejector with peripheral steam entrance.

According to laminar flow theory，a numerical method is employed to simulate the non-dimensional velocity distribution of axial flow in the shell side of the hollow fiber module.The effects of the packing ratio φ on the flow volume distribution and the flow resistance coefficient fRe are discussed，and the relationship between fRe and φ in the range 0.1≤φ≤0.7 is obtained.The simulation reveals that the axial flow exhibits non-uniform velocity distribution and obvious channel flow in the randomly distributed fiber bundle.The flow area of the sub-cell tessellated by Voronoi method has a certain relationship with the flow volume distribution.However，the packing ratio φ shows little effect on this relationship.The flow resistance coefficient fRe in the randomly distributed fiber bundle，which increases with the packing ratio，is apparently smaller than that in right triangle array fiber bundles，and matches well with the experimental results of Sullivant and Costello,et al.

To improve the double-pipe heat exchanger with helical fins on outer wall of inner tube，the flow characteristic of helical duct with rectangular cross section was investigated numerically and experimentally.The computed velocity profiles with aspect ratio（the ratio of height to width of the cross section）of 3.5 were in good agreement with the measured profiles.The axial velocity，secondary flow，stream function and vorticity of the flow field were analyzed at different aspect ratio based on the orthogonal helical coordinate system.The maximum of the axial flow shifts toward the outer wall.The secondary flow is in two-vortex structure，in which the direction of the secondary flow in the upper section is clockwise while that is adverse in the lower section.There are two vorticity in opposite direction in the center besides the stronger vorticity at the boundary.As the aspect ratio increases，the maximum of the axial flow shifts toward the upper section，the two vortices of the secondary flow shift toward upper and lower boundaries respectively，and the vorticity in the center decreases.Therefore，in order to improve heat transfer further，for the double-pipe heat exchanger with helical fins on outer wall of inner tube，in which the heat transfer is mainly enhanced by the secondary flow，the secondary flow in the center of the section should be improved when the aspect ratio is large.

The characteristics of condensation heat transfer of HFC245fa were investigated experimentally on horizontal tube bundles，which consist of 4-column and 5-row smooth tubes and enhanced tubes.All tubes in the test had the same equivalent outside diameter of 19.05 mm and effective length of 1000 mm.The water-side convection heat transfer coefficient of enhanced tube was obtained by modified Wilson plot method.The temperature difference between saturated vapor and cooling water was obtained by two-junction thermopiles (precision，±0.025℃) and the temperature difference of cooling water was obtained by thermocouples with small period standardization method (precision，±0.01℃).The effects of saturate temperature and heat flux on the condensation heat transfer were examined.The results show that the condensation heat transfer coefficients of HFC245fa on single smooth tube can be well predicted by Nusselt model under lower heat flux，but the deviation increases with the increase of heat flux.The heat transfer coefficient of single enhanced tube is 13.5 times that of smooth tube under the same heat flux.The coefficient of smooth tube bundle is higher than that estimated by Nusselt model (nearly 20%—50% according to row 2 to row 5).The condensation heat transfer of the enhanced tube bundle is sensitive to the quantity of condensate.The results may provide some guidelines for the design of shell-tube condenser for HFC245fa.

According to its structural characteristics, the design of 3-D solid model for a low temperature liquid tank is completed.The weakest part of the structure is selected as the object for analysis.Two models for the analysis are presented based on finite element software ABAQUS, which is used for the contrastive analysis on the stress and displacement of the structure with full loading.The strength of the material is checked according to JB 4732—95, a standard for steel pressure vessels, which confirms that the finite element structure analysis based on the solid model is feasible and simple.The simplification for the model and the improvement on the structure are presented according to the result.

The effect of mono nano Ag on the heat transfer and mass transfer characteristics in NH₃/H₂O bubble absorption process is studied.The experiments show that the concentration of mono nano Ag in the nanofluid and the concentration of ammonia in the base-fluid are the key parameters.The temperature of solution with mono nano Ag in the absorber is higher than that without any additives.In the mono nano Ag concentration range of 0.005%—0.020%, the effective absorption ratio is always higher than 1.0 and gets larger with the increase in the initial ammonia concentration, and both the absorption rate and effective absorption ratio increase with the mono nano Ag concentration.It is also found that the effective absorption ratio can reach the maximum 1.55 when the initial ammonia concentration is 20% and the mono nano Ag concentration is 0.020%.Therefore, it can be concluded that the addition of mono nano Ag enhances significantly the absorption in the ammonia bubble absorption process.The possible mechanisms for the phenomena in experiments and related results are also explained.

The local gas holdup profiles in an internal-loop airlift reactor were studied experimentally by using dual electrical conductivity probe under different conditions，including superficial velocity，surface tension and liquid viscosity.The results showed that the radial gas holdup profile has a parabolic shape，which was consistent with the empirical model of Luo.Local gas holdup distribution parameters were obviously influenced by flow regime and almost remained unchanged in the same flow regime.In the gas distributor region，the profiles were steeper in the homogenous flow regime than in the heterogeneous flow regime.However，in the stable region，there was an inverse change trend in two flow regimes.The increase of surface tension，superficial velocity and liquid viscosity made the profile of local gas holdup steeper in two flow regimes.

In gas-liquid mass transfer processes，Marangoni convection may occur due to the surface tension gradient produced by mass transfer near the interface.With a falling soap film tunnel and the Schlieren optical method，the Marangoni convection patterns along the film surface were observed directly in the desorption process of acetone from the falling soap film.The Schlieren images showed the regular roll convection in the thin falling soap film during the acetone desorption.The hydraulic characteristics were determined experimentally by measuring the variation of acetone concentration in the film and the surface tension of the soap liquid.The results show that the acetone concentration gradient vertical to the falling direction is very small because the thickness of the soap film is in the order of 10^-6 m.The variation of acetone concentration along the falling film is large，so there is a significant surface tension gradient，resulting in the Marangoni roll convection.The experimental results and a qualitative analysis may be helpful to understand the mechanism of Marangoni convection near the interface in the mass transfer.

A novel organic/inorganic support for immobilizing a hybrid catalyst used in ethylene polymerization was devised.The composition of the hybrid catalyst was as follows：styrene and acrylic copolymer (PSA) was the organic part for binding (n-BuCp)₂ZrCl₂, and SiO₂/MgCl₂ was the inorganic part to immobilize TiCl₃.As an alternative to a tandem or cascade type process, a two-step polymerization method was carried out in a single reactor on a laboratory scale.Utilizing this two-step polymerization process, reactor blends of high molecular weight (made in the first step) copolymer and low molecular weight homo-polymer (made in the second step) were produced that were similar to industrial resins.The results showed that polymer blends had bimodal molecular weight distribution and broad melt flow rate (MI_21.6/MI_2.16=79).Besides, the melting point and crystallinity of the blends were in the range of polymers made separately in the first and second polymerization steps, indicating that the polymer obtained by the hybrid catalyst had good co-crystallinity.Catalyst kinetic curves in each polymerization step showed that the introduction of PSA facilitated gradual generation of the active sites of catalyst.Thus, the activity could be maintained in a long time in each polymerization step.

The precursor of perovskite-type La_0.5Pb_0.5MnO₃ oxide was prepared by co-precipitation method in rotating packed bed (RPB).The effects of rotating speed of RPB, flow rates of reactants and the addition of PEG10000 on properties of La_0.5Pb_0.5MnO₃ powder were investigated in combination with XRD, BET and SEM techniques.The results showed that the suitable conditions for preparation of precursor were as follows: rotating speed of 1200 r·min^-1, reactants flow rate of 80 L·h^-1 and PEG10000 as disperser.The corresponding La_0.5Pb_0.5MnO₃ powder obtained by calcined was used as supports for Pd- catalytic synthesis of diphenyl carbonate（DPC） and showed good performance.The yield of DPC could achieve 13.30% when reaction temperature was 65℃,p=5 MPa, p(CO)∶p(O₂)=94∶6, and reaction time 3 h.

The adsorption of silicalite-1 to acetone, butanol and ethanol in the acetone-water, butanol-water, and ethanol-water binary mixtures, and acetone-butanol-water and ethanol-butanol-water ternary mixtures was investigated.With the home-made silicalite-1/silicone rubber hybrid pervaporation membranes, pervaporation separation of butanol-water, acetone-water, ethanol-water binary solutions was examined at different temperature.The effects of acetone and ethanol on pervaporation separation of butanol were studied at different concentration and temperature.The experimental results showed that the membrane permeability of butanol would increase in the presence of acetone and ethanol.

The influence of viscosity and surface tension on gas-liquid separation performance was studied in an experimental filter device.The Ohnesorge number was used to analyze the droplet concentration at the outlet of the filter.The viscosity of liquid has little influence on the pressure drop of filter, while the surface tension has a significant influence.Both viscosity and surface tension have significant influences on the outlet droplet concentration.Lower viscosity and higher surface tension lead to higher droplet concentration.Larger Ohnesorge number leads to lower droplet concentration at the outlet.

Membrane separation and foam separation are widely used separation techniques.To make use of their advantages，membrane separation and foam separation were integrated to dispose waste water with low concentration of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate（LAS）.A method of forcing bubbles through a single hollow fiber ultrafiltration tube was put forward to study the separation efficiency of the integrated process.The effects of pressure，gas-liquid ratio and LAS concentration on the separation efficiency were investigated.Under the conditions of pressure 0.03—0.1 MPa，gas-liquid ratio 0—0.9，and LAS concentration 0—70 mg·L^-1，the membrane permeate flux was raised from 26.5 to 38.6 L·m^-2·h^-1，increased by 48.6%，and the retention rate was raised from 37.0% to 64.9%，increased by 75.5%.The results show that the integrated process can reduce the concentration polarization and membrane fouling.Moreover，this method reduces the back-mixing of foam separation and increases the concentration of bulk liquid phase for foam separation.Therefore，the integrated separation promotes mass transfer and improves separation efficiency.

Uniform melt front (MFV) velocity throughout the filling of the mold cavity is recommended as the design criterion for injection profile.Due to the difficulty of measuring MFV, a criterion that cavity pressure followed a ramp with time was proposed as an approximate substitute to constant MFV in this study.Then a recurrent neural network was developed for estimating the cavity pressure from online measurable variables, based on which the profile problem was transformed to an optimization problem for the predicted cavity pressure to track a given ramp.Subsequently the velocity profile was treated as a piecewise ramp one with respect to the increment of screw stroke, and its turning points and the slopes of each section were the optimization variables.The Douglas-Peucker method was introduced to determine the number and positions of separation points of the profile and an iterative optimization method with sliding window was presented to solve the optimization problem.Experimental results showed that this optimization method could automatically give the number of pieces of injection velocity profile and its precision of optimization was higher than the regular optimization method with equal fixed intervals.

In order to overcome the difficulty of online measuring the main components in the process of capturing CO₂ from the flue gas of a power plant based on absorption method, a soft-sensing system was designed for the process of recovering CO₂ by MEA chemical absorption.Based on the principle of improved Powell robust support vector machine (IP-RSVM), the soft measurement of ionic species distribution in the absorption solution was carried out by using infrared sensors, and the results agreed well with the data obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement.The mean square error was 3.1692×10^-7, the maximum value of absolute error was 0.0010, and the maximum value of relative error was 3.54%.It showed that the infrared soft measurement based on IP-RSVM could be used in the soft-sensing system of capturing CO₂ effectively.

The water-using networks with internal water mains have the advantages of easy operation and control compared to the conventional ones.The concentration potential is a new concept proposed recently.In this paper, a design method for water-using networks with internal water mains is presented.The new method designs an initial water-using network by using the concentration potential method first.The structure and water quantity of the internal water mains are determined based on the initial network obtained.Each demand is satisfied by an internal water main according to the ascending order of the concentration potentials of the demands.The water quantities of the internal water mains are determined by satisfying the corresponding water demand.This method can design a water-using network with two internal water mains by simple calculation.The results obtained by using the method proposed for a few case studies in the literature are close to those obtained by the mathematical programming method.

A novel batch process monitoring approach based on kernel independent component analysis（kernel ICA）and local modeling was proposed.Kernel ICA is an improved independent component analysis（ICA）.It uses contrast functions based on canonical correlations in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space，and uses kernel trick to compute and optimize the contrast functions in this space.Consequently，kernel ICA is more efficient than ICA for varying source distributions.For the batch-wise unfolding normal batch process data，kernel ICA was employed to extract independent components at every time interval，and calculate the I² and SPE statistics and their control limits.This modeling method did not need to predict the future observations，and the more important was that it could handle the problem of kernel ICA with the high dimension historical normal data.The simulation results showed the feasibility and efficiency of the new method，and the advantages of kernel ICA over conventional MICA method.

Ti substrate polytetrafluoroethylene（PTFE）-doped PbO₂（Ti/PTFE-PbO₂）and PTFE，CeO₂-codoped PbO₂（Ti/CeO₂-PTFE-PbO₂）electrodes were prepared by a thermal decomposition-electrodeposition technique，and the factors affecting the electrode lifetime，like current density，temperature，stirring speed and CeO₂ concentration were investigated as well.The electro-oxidative performance of Ti/CeO₂-PTFE-PbO₂ was investigated.The results showed that the prepared Ti/CeO₂-PTFE-PbO₂ electrode had a long accelerated electrolysis lifetime（about 983 h）under the optimum plating conditions，like current density 30 mA·cm^-2，temperature 80℃，stirring speed 1300 r·min^-1 and CeO₂ concentration 3 g·L^-1.The results of SEM and EDX analysis indicated that the Ti/CeO₂-PTFE-PbO₂ electrode had a denser structure and better stability of nonstoichiometry than common PbO₂ electrode had during the accelerated electrolysis.Compared with Ti/PTFE-PbO₂ anode，Ti/CeO₂-PTFE-PbO₂ anode had a higher electro-catalytic activity for the degradation of 4-CP because of its higher potential for oxygen evolution.

The surface morphology and elemental composition of 316 stainless steel (316 SS) exposed in the solution consisting of acetic acid (HAc), sulfuric acid, butyl acetate, and water with or without molybdophosphoric acid (HPMo) at 105℃ were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The nature of passive film forming and mechanism of corrosion inhibiting were discussed.The results showed that HPMo by means of physical absorption formed a protective layer on the surface of 316 SS, where redox reaction took place.The reaction products of hydrates, oxides, and insoluble salts deposited on the surface of 316 SS and constituted a compact protective passive film, which covered the surface active sites and retarded expanding of local corrosion and pitting.According to the bipolar model, a bipolar film consisted of a cation selective outer layer containing PMo₁₂O₄₀^3-, MoO₄^2-, and CrO₄^2- and an anion selectivity inner layer containing oxides.Aggressive anion SO₄^2- from the solution was difficult to diffuse into the passive film, and cation from base metal was prevented from migrating into the solution.Therefore, the local corrosion was further inhibited.

Compared to sulfobetaine fluorocarbon surfactant (FS), the foaming properties and oil resistance of ordinary hydrocarbon surfactants are bad.Alcohols can usually affect self-organizing behavior and improve foaming properties of surfactants.The complexed systems of FS and anionic hydrocarbon surfactant (AOS) were investigated by using the Ross-Miles method in the paper.The influence of alcohols on the foaming properties of the complexed system was studied.The results showed that the complexed system FS/AOS still had good foam characteristics when the contents of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol were 5%, 3%, 3% respectively.The foaming performance and foam stability were still good when the kerosene content was 60%—80% after adding the alcohol.The effect of different carbon number alcohols on the complexed systems was as follows.By adding methanol, the foaming performance was the best, the next was isopropanol, and the worst was ethanol.However, by adding isopropanol, the foam stability of the complexed systems was worse than methanol and ethanol.

Metallic gasket sealing connections are widely used in pressure vessels and piping.The failure of most sealing systems is caused not by the strength of flanges but by the leakage of the connections.Based on the leakage model of metallic gaskets the effect of the non-uniform distribution of the contact stress of gasket on the shape and size of the leakage passage was investigated, and the equation for calculating the leakage rate of the sealed medium flowing through a leakage passage with variable cross-section was derived.Such an equation described the relationship among the leakage rate of the connection，the contact stress of gasket，the medium pressure and the fractal parameters of the sealing surface.The research results make it possible to design the metallic gasket connections based on the criterion of the maximal allowable leakage rate and to assess the tightness of the connections.

In order to estimate the shelf-life of cow milk sterilized by instant treated with Ultra Heat Temperature(UHT) in a relatively short time, the accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) was designed and conducted, selecting the histological change of the sterilized milk caused by fat droplets creaming as its criteria.The stability index (SI) and the viscosity variation of the sterilized milk were determined at preservation conditions of 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45℃, using Turbiscan technology.The result showed that the SI was slightly higher for 25℃ than for 20℃, elevating linearly for temperature from 25℃ to 40℃, and decreased for 40℃ to 45℃.The SI data for 25℃ to 40℃ were fitted well with equation SI_t=0.062t-1.382 (R²=0.990).If a ratio SI_t/SI_25℃ called as accelerated ratio (AR) was defined, the AR values calculated from the equation were 3.6，4.3 and 5.0 for 35, 37.5 and 40℃, respectively, which were agreement with the data from ASLT.So, the model could be used for the prediction of the shelf-life of sterilized milk by UHT process.

A model for the deposition and wall reaction of molten coal ash slag particle in entrained-flow coal gasifier was proposed.The models of flow, heat and mass transfer, and phase change of slag layer in entrained flow coal gasifier were improved.The method of numerical simulation was developed.Simulations were carried out on a Chinese pilot-scale two-stage dry feed entrained-flow gasifier.The carbon content of slag layer, wall reaction rate, thicknesses of solid slag layer and liquid slag layer, average temperature of slag layer, and average velocity of liquid slag layer were obtained with the proposed model.With increasing oxygen to coal ratio, the thicknesses of solid slag layer and liquid slag layer and carbon content of slag layer at the outlet of gasifier decreased, 〖HJ*4/9〗while the average temperature of slag layer increased.The carbon content of slag was about 14%, and carbon conversion of the gasifier was 95.2%, which agreed with the experiment data.It was revealed that wall reaction had significant effects on carbon conversion, carbon content of slag, flow and temperature of slag layer in the gasifier.It might affect the reliability of practical operation of the gasifier.

The effect of the modification by acetic acid solution on calcination/sulphation performance of limestone was investigated at O₂/CO₂ atmosphere.The calcination product was characterised by means of BET method and mercury intrusion methods.The phase composition of sulphation product was analyzed quantitatively by XRD.The results show that the conversion is much higher for sulphation of modified limestone(ML) than for that of original one, which is confirmed by XRD phase quantitative analysis.There exists an optimum temperature in which the conversion of ML sulphation is the maximum.With increase of SO₂ concentration the reaction rate goes up at the initial stage and conversion of ML sulphation also increases.With increasing acetic acid concentration the conversion also raises but the extent of the increase is various for different limestone.The modification by acetic acid solution leads to the development of macropore structure of limestone, which is favorable for its sulphation.

Aqua ammonia is thought to be a feasible new absorbent for CO₂ capture in recent years because of its high CO₂ removal efficiency, high loading capacity and the possibility of removing NO_x and SO_x simultaneously.The heat of reaction for aqua ammonia regeneration was considered as low as 26.88 kJ·（mol CO₂）^-1 before, which was much lower than 85 kJ·（mol CO₂）^-1 for MEA regeneration.Data from literature were collected and compared, and their reliability was analyzed in this work.It was found that both our theoretical estimation and experimental data disagreed with those from earlier economic analyses for aqua ammonia capture system.The experimental data in this paper also confirmed that the heat of absorption was about 60—70 kJ·（mol CO₂）^-1 and was seemingly independent of CO₂ loading at a low temperature (35℃).The heat of absorption at a high temperature (80℃) was about 60 kJ·（mol CO₂）^-1 at the beginning, rose to a maximum of around 120 kJ·（mol CO₂）^-1 with increasing loading, and then decreased to 80 kJ·（mol CO₂）^-1 after a certain high loading value was reached.It was impossible to get heat of absorption as low as 26.88 kJ·（mol CO₂）^-1 according to the experimental data of CO₂ in ammonium carbonate solutions.Therefore，aqua ammonia had advantage in energy saving, however the advantage of aqua ammonia over other amine solutions was not as obvious as expected.

Experiments on the tank pressure, evaporation volume and evaporation rate were carried out in a closed tank with LNG (liquefied natural gas).The results show that there exists a non-uniform temperature field, where the temperature in gas phase is higher than that at gas-liquid interface, and the temperature at gas-liquid interface is higher than that in the bulk phase of liquid.Under the experimental conditions, the maximum temperature difference among the above three parts is about 2—3℃ when the initial filling rate is 0.475.There exits a critical initial filling rate.When the initial filling rate is lower than the critical value, the daily evaporation volume and evaporation rate increase with time; when the initial filling rate is larger than the critical value, they first increase with time and then decrease.

In order to improve the temperature lift, which is an important performance index for effective utilization of low-temperature waste heat, a two-stage solid-gas reaction heat transformer system was investigated.The novel heat transformer system was compared theoretically with other systems in literature on the temperature lift and system pressure.The performance of the system was also investigated experimentally.It was concluded that the maximal temperature lift ΔT_max was as high as 70℃; COP and COP_ex of the system were 0.10—0.12 and 0.16—0.17, respectively, when the temperature lift ΔT was 55—60℃.

A combined process of two-sludge and induced crystallization was proposed to solve some problems which exist in the traditional processes, such as lack of carbon source, SRT contradictions and low efficiencies for recovery and reuse of phosphorus.Its performance for the removal of organic substrates, phosphorus and nitrogen was investigated.The results showed that the average removal efficiencies of COD, TN, TP were 93.2%, 71.2% and 95.7%, when the concentrations of COD, TN, TP and C/N were 152—237 mg·L^-1, 3.92—7.68 mg·L^-1, 31.3—50.5 mg·L^-1 and 3.91—5.21, respectively.Among those, about 85.9% of the total COD removal was in anaerobic reactor.The share of TN removal in the anaerobic, aerobic, anoxic and post-aeration reactors was 31.7%, 11.4%, 54.9% and 2.0%, respectively, and the anoxic reactor took the most.The induced crystallization played a major role in removing phosphorus and took about 81.5% of the total removal.The main roles played by two-sludge process were denitrification and assist- chemical removal of phosphorus.Sidestream ratio was a key factor for the stable operation of two-sludge process.An important task of post-aeration reactor was to remove COD and ammonia nitrogen in bypass sludge.

Micro-vortex in liquid phase of conical fluidized-bed flocculation reactor, caused by fluidizing solid particles, was utilized to make colloids collision and aggregation, which results in the formation of flocs.When the value of GT increased from 1836.51 to 5399.53, the removal fraction (RF) of kaolin clay suspension increased from 23.97% to 85.37%.Also, The RF increased with the decreasing of G and the increasing of T, when G was within 169.2—189.7 s^-1.According to the Fractal Dimension model, the correlation coefficient of flocs was above 0.9 at the similar operation conditions of reactor.This indicated the similarity of the flocs properties, which led to a narrow distribution of free falling velocity, and the maximum value of amount of flocs particles with the same falling velocity was up to 45%.

In order to study the effect of fillers with ability of adsorption and drying on rubbish degradation, leachate yield and water quality of leachate, five cylinder reactors for landfill disposal were built to simulate the operation of landfill. One reactor was used as contrast reactor with no filler added.Saw powder, activated carbon, zeolite and newspaper were added into the other four reactors.In the experiment, rubbish cell height, leachate amount, the concentration of COD, NH₃-N and heavy metals in leachate were monitored.The results indicate that addition of fillers with ability of adsorption and drying in rubbish have strong effect on reducing leachate amount, accelerating degradation of rubbish and reducing pollutants in leachate.Overall, saw powder is better than the other three.

The wastewater with high pollutant concentration of 20000 mg·L^-1（COD）and 2100 mg·L^-1（BOD₅），high salinity of about 4% and nonbiodegradable from carboxymethyl cellulose production was treated by combined process of microelectrolysis，UASB and biological contact oxidation.The results show that at the optimal conditions the removal of COD by microelectrolysis is 35% and B/C ratio increases up to 0.34.For diluted wastewater，by subsequent UASB anaerobic and two stage biological contact oxidation processes，the removal efficiency of COD is more than 80%，75% and 65%，and the COD value of final effluent is below 100 mg·L^-1 and up to the national first-grade emissions standards.The features and mechanism of pollutant removal by microelectrolysis as well as the characteristics of UASB start-up were also studied by means of GC-MS and analyzing granular sludge.The combined process of microelectrolysis，UASB and contact oxidation is of the advantages such as operation stability，high efficiency and shock resistance.

In order to study the characterization of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) community structure in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal system, the phosphorus uptake of anaerobic-oxic (A/O) sludge and anaerobic-anoxic (A/A)sludge were investigated via batch tests.The experiment results indicated that the A/O sludge had a higher aerobic phosphorus uptake rate than the anoxic phosphorus uptake rate, however, the aerobic phosphorus uptake rate of the A/A sludge was less than the anoxic phosphorus uptake rate of that sludge.Based on these results, the presently used method, in which the ratio of the anoxic phosphorus uptake rate (q^Pa) to the aerobic uptake rate (q^Po) gives the relative proportion of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DPAOs) in the PAOs，is unreasonable.Furthermore, the PAOs community structure was related to the electron acceptor type.According to the type of electron acceptor, three groups of the PAOs could be proposed as follows：P_ON(using oxygen and nitrate as electron), P_O(using only oxygen as electron acceptor) and P_N (using only nitrate as electron acceptor).

The formation and emission of N₂O in various nitrogen removal processes for treatment of domestic sewage were investigated using oxic-anoxic SBR systems and a continuum aerobic submerged biofilm reactor system SBBR, from which complete, shortcut and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND) processes were realized, respectively.Meanwhile, the effect of DO on the SND efficiency and N₂O yield in SBBR was also studied.The results showed that for both complete and shortcut N removal processes the formation of N₂O was in nitrification process, while denitrification one was favorable for decrease of N₂O emission.N₂O yield was 4.67 mg·L^-1，6.48 mg·L^-1 and 0.35 mg·L^-1 for complete, shortcut and simultaneous nitrification-denitrification processes, respectively.The main reason for the formation of N₂O was the accumulation of NO₂^--N during N removal process.A part of AOB could be denitrified between NH₄⁺-N as electron donor and NO₂^--N as electron acceptor under low DO level,which led to the formation of N₂O finally.The formation of N₂O in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process at various DO conditions showed that in SBBR system, the minimun N₂O yield could be achieved by the control of DO concentration and the efficiency balance of nitrogen removal in both nitrification and denitrification processes.

Air-cooling PEMFC, that is of some advantages such as simpler structure, lower energy consumption and so on, has good potential for the application in the fields of portable power sources.In this paper, the experiments are designed to study the effect of load and environment temperature on the operation temperature of PEMFC stack, and to find out that of operation temperature and humidity on its output performance.A model based on genetic algorithm is established for temperature characteristic, and fuzzy-PID fusion control algorithm is used for the design of temperature controller.And finally, to make sure the optimum performance of PEMFC stack output, several different modes are adopted to control the cycle of exhaust emission, according to the humidity features at various output current.

The combustion and emission characteristics of tannery sludge at different heating rates were investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR).It was found that the original tannery sludge contained high contents of volatile mater and ash while low content of fixed carbon, and had a low calorific value.The combustion of combustible matter in tannery sludge almost finished before 800℃.The Ozawa method was used to analyze the activation energy of tannery sludge combustion, and it was found that the activation energy in the tannery sludge combustion process increased with the extent of combustion reaction.The combustion of volatile matter in tannery sludge followed the three-dimensional diffusion model and Z-L-T equation was the most probable kinetic function, and the combustion of fixed carbon followed the self-catalyzed reaction and P-T equation was the most probable kinetic function.It was found that kinetic compensation relationship existed between combustion activation energy and pre-exponential factor at different heating rates.Some organic gaseous product emitted at the low temperature stage during tannery combustion.

The slow-release inhibitors were prepared based on the technology of bio-inhibition on methanogens and slow-release.The process optimization on release of acetylene and Ca²⁺ was carried out, and it was found that when the ratio of calcium carbide to paraffin wax was 1∶1 and the diameter of slow-release inhibitor was 10 mm, the release time was longer.Additionally, the inhibitor coated with cellulose acetate (CA) had better effect on slow-release.The ratio of release reached 28.42% after releasing 145 d with the content of rosin 20%.Empirical diffusion formula of Sinclair & Peppas can describe the release process well.Moreover, a mechanism model was derived based on the Higuchi model and the diffusion coefficients were acquired.

With 10%(mass) ammonium metatungstate（AMT）as precursor，tungsten carbide（WC）/active carbon（C）composite was prepared by surface decoration and in situ reduction techniques in the atmosphere of CH₄/H₂.The samples were characterized by FT-IR，XRD and SEM.The results showed that hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups on the outer surface of active carbon were significantly increased after acid treatment，and the sample WC/C composite was composed of WC，C and W₂C，and tungsten carbide was supported on the outer surface of active carbon uniformly，with the particle size of 50—100 nm.The electrocatalytical activity and electrochemical stability of WC/C，WC，C for the eletroreduction of p-nitrophenol were investigated by cyclic voltammetry.The results showed that WC/C exhibited better catalytic activity for the eletroredution of p-nitrophenol than WC and C，and it also had good electrochemical stability during the process of eletroredution of p-nitrophenol in alkalic solution.

Fe/attapulgite and Zn/attapulgite desulfurizer were prepared by loading Fe and Zn element on attapulgite by precipitation.The desulfurizers were characterized by XRD，TEM and TPR.The stability of desulfurizers in ammonia water and hydrochloric acid was studied.Additionally，the changes of concentration of H₂S in the off-gas were investigated in the sweetening process and the desulfurization capacities of two desulfurizers were compared.The influence of grain size，load amount and self-regeneration times on desulfurization capacity of Fe/attapulgite was studied.The results showed that active components were loaded on the surface of attapulgite uniformly.Fe/attapulgite had good desulfurization capability and self-reset capability，and its desulfurization capacity was 120 times that of active carbon and 7.67 times that of Zn/attapulgite.Decrease of grain size and increase of load amount could increase desulfurization capacity but regeneration by itself could only recover part of desulfurization capacity.Fe/attapulgite desulfurizer has wide application as a good desulfurizer.

A well-defined hydroxyl terminated poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, followed by the nucleophilic substitution of the bromo end group with N-methylethanolamine.Poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate-urethane) was then synthesized by reacting the hydroxyl terminated poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) with toluene diisocyanate (TDI).The polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).The results showed that a hydroxyl terminated poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) with M_n of 2000 and OH functionality of about 1.80 was synthesized by ATRP.The glass transition temperature (T_g) of the hydroxyl terminated poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) was about -62℃, which was slightly higher than that of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate homopolymer.The decomposition temperature of the hydroxyl terminated poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) was around 409℃.Poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate-urethane) with M_n of about 10200 was prepared by reacting hydroxyl terminated poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) with toluene diisocyanate (TDI), which had a glass transition temperature (T_g) of about -54℃.

Para-phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA) pulp reinforced nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) composites were prepared on mill mixer.The effects of fiber content, friction time and load on the friction and wear properties of the composites under dry condition and water lubrication were investigated and wear mechanisms were discussed.The mechanical and tribological properties of the composites were significantly improved by the incorporation of PPTA-pulp.When the proportion of fiber was 20%(mass), the composite showed the best performance.Under dry condition, the friction coefficient of the composites decreased and abrasion loss increased with the extension of friction time, and they both increased with increasing load.Compared with dry friction, the friction coefficient and abrasion loss of the composites decreased greatly under water lubrication.Besides, they were more stable owing to the lubricating and cooling effects of water.The main wear mechanism of the composites was abrasive wear and fatigue wear under dry friction while the wear mechanism was slight abrasion under water lubrication.