Sn-based alloys are promising novel anodes for high capacity lithium-ion batteries.Sn-Co alloy is one of the most extensively researched Sn-based anode materials.However，its practical use is limited by the high initial irreversible capacity and unsatisfactory cyclic stability.The electrochemical properties of Sn-Co alloy are mainly dependent on Sn/Co ratio，the crystalline state，particle size of active material and the electrode structure.Nano-materials can improve markedly the cyclic stability，but can easily lead to high initial capacity loss.The porous active material and porous electrode current collector are favorable for the improvement of the overall performance of Sn-Co electrode.The addition of carbon into Sn-Co alloy can enhance significantly the specific capacity and the cyclic stability of electrode.This paper also reviews the preparation methods of Sn-Co anode materials and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages.The development trend of Sn-based alloy anodes is also prospected.

Visualization experiments were conducted to study the condensation flow in rectangular silicon microchannels with hydraulic diameter of 90.6 μm and width/depth ratio of 9.668.In such wide rectangular microchannels，droplet-annular compound flow，injection flow and slug-bubbly flow were observed.In the droplet-annular compound flow regime，the vertical wall of the channel was completely covered by the condensate film.But on the long sidewall of the channel，droplet condensation still existed.The occurrence of injection flow would be postponed with increasing inlet vapor Reynolds number.And it was confirmed that the cross-section shape of the microchannel had a significant effect on the instability of condensation flow.Slug-bubbly flow occurred after injection flow.Along the condensation stream，the slug would contract into round bubble due to surface tension.The average heat transfer coefficient of the channel increased with increasing inlet vapor Reynolds number.

A diffusion-synthetic acceleration algorithm based on the finite element method for calculation of radiative heat transfer was developed.The algorithm increased the computational efficiency of the conventional source-iteration technique in the simulation of radiative heat transfer for the scattering-dominated problem.The present method enhanced the accuracy of iteration by using the P₁ diffusion-approximation method to rectify the scattering source term of the radiative transfer equation, and increased the efficiency of calculation.The results indicated that the algorithm could simulate radiative heat transfer in absorbing and scattering media accurately and efficiently.It could obviously increase the efficiency and reduce the computational time of the finite element method.With increasing optical thickness and albedo of the medium, the acceleration result of the algorithm was more obvious and the computation required less time.

A heat exchanger pipe with continuous helical baffles was proposed.Pressure distribution and head loss of the heat exchanger pipe were calculated.Numerical simulation results on head loss were consistent with physical model experiment.Loss coefficient curves of this baffled pipe were obtained and the spiral angles of the baffle were investigated in detail.The spiral angle of the baffle was the key factor of head loss coefficient and the head loss was almost the same for different pipes with the identical spiral angle.Head loss coefficient was related to the pitch of the helical baffle.There was an optimal spiral angle with the best pitch with the smallest head loss for this heat exchanger pipe.

A consolidated composite sorbent made of barium chloride impregnated with expanded graphite powder was tested and the performance of a solar-powered sorption air-conditioning system using this kind of sorbent was analyzed.Experimental results showed that the heat and mass transfer were both improved by the consolidated composite sorbent.The consolidated composite sorbent could uptake 0.61 kg ammonia per kg reactive salt.Moreover，the sorption was influenced by the heating water temperature，cooling water temperature，evaporation temperature and constraint pressure.For a solar air-conditioning system using this kind of sorbent，coefficient of performance（COP）and specific cooling power（SCP）both increased with evaporation temperature raised from 5℃ to 15℃，at heating water temperature of 80℃ and cooling water temperature of 30℃.The values of COP and SCP reached 0.5 and 192 W·kg^-1 respectively at evaporation temperature of 15℃.

Falling film evaporator is characterized by short contact time between the process fluid and the heated surface, high heat transfer coefficients, minimal pressure drop, minimal static head and small process fluid holdup, which make it applicable to small temperature difference heat transfer.However, a circulating pump is a must-be equipment to pump the fluid to the top of the evaporator.In this paper, a new falling film evaporator combined with vapor-lift effect was proposed to realize no pump circulation, which in turn made the system more simple, compact and reliable.A mathematical model based on the slug-flow transportation theory was proposed to analyze the hydrodynamic characteristics of the transportation unit.The results indicated that the proposed falling film evaporator combined with vapor-lift effect could realize stable transportation by vapor slug when the vapor fraction was between 0.3% and 5%.For each liquid flow rate, there was a maximum pumping height and minimum suction height.

At present，in the study of the frost conductivity，the structure of frost is considered as symmetrical.In fact，the conductivity of frost not only depends on its density，but is also affected by its structure.In this paper，the structure of frost crystal was analyzed，and a model of frost growth was presented.This process was simulated by computer.Based on this structure，the equation of energy balance was given for every node，and the conductivity of frost was obtained.The result indicated that this method more truly reflected the process of crystal growth，and the conductivity also agreed with the characteristics of frost at different stages.

The two-dimensional numerical investigations on the porous media combustion-heater were presented.Temperature distribution，velocity profiles，and pressure loss were investigated in a wide range of operation parameters.Attention was focused on the influence of the dominating parameters，i. e.，the excess air ratio and firing rate，on the thermal efficiency.The results showed that the excess air ratio and firing rate had significant influence on thermal efficiency，and the overall thermal efficiency decreased with increasing excess air ratio or firing rate.Numerical results were validated against experiment data.

The behavior of the fluid flowing through vertical sharp-edged orifices with the same cross-section area but different geometry was investigated experimentally on typical “large orifice” and “small orifice”.The profiles of orifice discharge coefficient curves of circular, elliptical, square, rectangular and triangular orifices were similar, and the profile of the circular one is the highest and that of the triangular one is the lowest.It can be concluded that the orifice’s geometry has some effect on orifice discharge, but it is not the key parameter, because it doesn’t change the orifice’s flow mechanism essentially.The effects of the orifice’s geometry on energy losses were evaluated based on the analysis of the hydraulic radius of orifice, interfacial tension in acute angle, and penetrating phenomenon of jet flow through non-circular orifices, which might complement the flow mechanism of the circular orifice the authors studied before.Afterwards, the orifice flow was simulated with CFD software Fluent 6.2 in order to investigate the effect of orifice’s geometry on velocity distribution and energy losses of orifice discharge.It can be seen from the simulated flow field that the geometry of orifice had little effect on the overall range and velocity distribution of the contributing flow region in front of the orifice, and the energy dissipation in front of the orifice still could be calculated by the hemisphere model.It may help to understand that the difference of mechanical energy losses in orifice flow appears after flowing into the orifice.

Flow behavior of gas and particles was modeled by means of the combination of the large eddy simulations for both gas phase and particles, and the kinetic theory of granular flow for particle collisions (LES-θ-LESp model).The sub-grid scale stress tensors of gas phase and particles were modeled based on the Smagorinsky model with different model constants.The momentum exchange and dissipation by particle collisions was considered by means of the kinetic theory of granular flow.The effect of meso-scale of particles on solids pressure and thermal conductivity was considered.The distributions of concentration and velocity were predicted in a bubbling fluidized bed.The effect of model constants on the distribution of velocity and concentration was discussed.Computation results were compared to experimental results of literatures for particle velocity and concentration of particles, and showed similar trends between simulations and experiments.

The slurry bubble column reactors with implanted vertical heat exchange pipe bundles are widely used in practice.Hydrodynamics for this reactor is very complicated and very few works were reported before.In this paper, velocity and gas hold up distributions along the radial direction of a Φ500 mm×5000 mm bubble column with and without vertical pipe bundles were measured with the Pavlov tube and conductivity probe respectively.The experimental results showed that the vertical pipes would remarkably enhance the axial velocity and the large scale liquid circulation on the one hand, while impede the radial or lateral turbulent motion of liquid and bubbles on the other hand.The effect led to steeper distributions of axial velocity and gas hold up, and enhancement of liquid and gas phase backmixing, which increased the risk of scale up for bubble column reactor with vertical pipe bundles.At a lower gas superficial velocity while sustaining turbulent bubble flow regime the “funneling effect” of the pipe bundles would become more remarkable.

Lime slurry nozzle is the key equipment of flue gas drying desulfurization system.The nozzle atomization performance at different nozzle structural parameters was experimentally studied by using Win212-2 laser particle distribution analyzer.The influence of structural parameters on the lime slurry atomization and optimal nozzle structure were obtained.Under the atomizing pressure of 0.8 MPa, the nozzle showed good atomization performance in the condition of rotational channel numbers of 4, rotational channel expanding angle of 6°, rotational chamber shrinking angle of 90°,D/d=4.4—6.4, D/b=6—8 and L/b=3.3—4.0.The atomizing granularity and atomizing angle of the optimal nozzle were respectively less than 100 μm and about 70°.The atomization performance of optimal nozzle was greatly improved as compared with ordinary nozzle.

The characteristic scale (G₁) of acoustic emission (AE) signals that represent the interactions between bubbles and liquid phase in a stirred tank was obtained by using AE measurement based on wavelet transform and R/S analysis.Since the energy fraction of AE signals in G₁ scale change regularly with the impeller speed, a criterion to determine the flooding-loading flow regime transition is presented.When the AE energy fraction in the characteristic frequency scales increased rapidly and began to remain constant, the corresponding impeller speed was the minimum speed to prevent flooding(N_f).Furthermore, the influences of aeration rate and total liquid depth on the criterion were investigated by air-water experiments.It was found that N_f increased with increasing aeration rate but decreased with increasing total liquid depth.By comparing experimental results from AE measurement with those from visual observation, the average relative errors of AE method were no more than 2.62%, better than the power consumption method.Finally, it is concluded that multi-scale analysis of acoustic signals is feasible for determining the flooding-loading flow regime transition and is sensitive, non-intrusive and accurate.

The microbubble behavior on platinum microheaters immersed in parallel microchannels during flow boiling was experimentally investigated, with the heater driven by pulse-heating.With increasing heat flux of rear face heater, three representative types of microbubbles, corresponding to three instable tendencies were identified.The relations between boiling instability and bubbles behavior were analyzed.The conclusions indicated that transitions among these bubbles and various departure modes strongly depended on the instability of flow boiling in microchannels.Meanwhile, heating power of the rear face heater was also one of the main factors that affected bubbles incipience and diameters.The results of present study can provide powerful basis for the future design of new micro-fluid functional devices.

Flow characteristics of both oil and water in a horizontal pipe are the basic information for the design of crude oil transportation and production profile logging.The flow characteristics are more complicated when oil or water carries sediment particles.In order to simulate the distribution of flow characteristic parameters of water- or oil-sediment mixture in a horizontal pipe, the governing equations and the boundary condition for the mixture phase of water- or oil-sediment were established by the mixture algebraic slip model (MASM) based on the Eulerian description method, and the numerical solution was obtained by the finite difference method and successive over relaxation (SOR).The simulation results indicated that the mainstream velocity moved downwards with increasing volume fraction of the particle phase and decreased with reducing pressure drop.The distributions of the volume fraction of the particle phase in the circular cross section were related to the mainstream velocity, and the volume fraction values increased downwards and sidewards with reducing mainstream velocity.Moreover the mainstream velocity of the oil-sediment mixture phase was larger than that of the water-sediment mixture phase.The mixture algebraic slip model could well simulate the flow characteristic parameters of the mixture phase with higher computing efficiency.

A generalized mathematical model for the packed bed electrode（PBE）was developed to describe the two-dimensional distributions of overpotential，reactant concentration and current density in the electrode.The model included the influences of lateral dispersion and vertical convection in the packed bed between electrode feeder and membrane，and was in a form of coupled elliptical and parabolic nonlinear partial differential equations.The model was solved by using Adomian decomposition method(ADM）to obtain the approximate analytic solutions，and the solving procedure was presented.Furthermore typical computation examples of the two-dimensional distributions in PBE were given by figures to show the distribution nonlinearities.The prediction of the model would provide a theoretical idea for the design or operation optimizing of PBE，and the presented method might also be used for the analysis of heterogeneous catalysis engineering system.

p-Cymene was prepared by the liquid phase method with turpentine as raw material and activated bentonite as catalyst.The reaction process and mechanism were investigated by Fourier infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR)and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).44 peaks were separated and 41 compounds were identified by GC-MS.The main products were p-cymene and p-menthene, with the relative contents of 56.57% and 10.46%, respectively.Complete conversion of pinene and 62.78% yield for p-cymene were obtained.Some nonvolatile products and polymeric species, such as cembrene were first identified in the products.As a result of FT-IR, the absorbance peak of the endo-double bond of α-pinene at 3022 cm^-1, 1655 cm^-1 and ＝CH₂ of β-pinene at 3067 cm^-1 almost disappeared, while the peak of the stretching in aromatic rings at 1611 cm^-1, 1498 cm^-1, 1458 cm^-1 and that at 815 cm^-1 from p-substituent of benzene ring increased.It also meant that pinene was converted completely, mainly to p-cymene.The analysis results showed that the isomerization and intermolecular hydrogen transfer disproportionation of bicyclic terpene pinene were the main reactions.Simultaneously, some accompanying side reactions, such as further ring-opening isomerization,aquated rearrangment and polymerization reaction occurred, while isomerization and dehydrogenation as well as aquated rearrangement of sesquiterpene were observed.

Manganese oxide was obtained by selective chemical leaching of lithium ion out from the spent LiMn₂O₄ electrode materials and in-situ phase transformation.The prepared manganese oxide was characterized by X-ray power diffraction (XRD) and showed cubic λ-MnO₂.The λ-MnO₂ powder was found to be an effective catalyst for the synthesis of iso-amyl acetate from acetic acid and iso-amyl alcohol.The reaction results showed that when the leaching sulfuric acid concentration was 0.5 mol·L^-1 and reaction time was 3 h, λ-MnO₂ showed the best catalytic activity and excellent selectivity for esterification of iso-amyl acetate(yield 94.62%).

Air stripping is widely used in the removal of ammonia from wastewater, but it is a time consuming process.In order to improve the efficiency of this process, air stripping of ammonia from water was performed in batch mode in a newly designed gas-liquid contactor—water-sparged aerocyclone (WSA).The effect of main process parameters on ammonia removal and mass transfer coefficient was investigated.WSA exhibited excellent mass transfer coefficient compared with traditional stripping tanks and packed towers.Of all the process parameters, liquid phase temperature and air flow rate were the main factors affecting the mass transfer coefficient.There was a critical value of air flow rate beyond which the mass transfer coefficient increased rapidly.Air flow rate and temperature of liquid phase were the most important factors affecting the air stripping rate of ammonia.Solid particles present in aqueous phase had little effect on the mass transfer coefficient.The air stripping process could be operated continuously for a longer time because there was no particle deposition commonly occurring in packed towers.

The effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the mixture of SDS and crystal seed kaolin on mine gas hydrate formation and CH₄ separation were investigated to improve the dynamic conditions of mine gas hydrate formation.The pressure-temperature-time (p-T-t) curves for low concentration mine gas in hydrate formation were obtained in four test systems.The test systems are SDS solution with mass fraction of 10.34% and mixture of SDS with kaolin with three different mass fractions of 1.47%, 5.64% and 8.23%, respectively.CH₄ concentrations in separation residues were analyzed by using gas chromatography.The results showed that the induction time was shortened and the hydrate formation rates increased by adding SDS and the mixture of SDS and kaolin; the shortest induction time and the largest mean formation rate in four systems, were 72 min and 5.261×10^-6 m³·h^-1, respectively; the concentrations of CH₄ increased by 12.40% through 20.61% after first separation; the highest separation concentration of CH₄ increased up to 58.41% in mixture system of SDS and kaolin, with fractal growth of mine gas hydrate existing in the systems.

In order to separate amino acids whose isoelectric points (IP) are near to each other (taking proline and serine as example), a multistage electrodialysis process was developed.In the experiment, the influences of number of stages, current intensity and concentration of NaOH on separation efficiency were investigated.The results showed that it was feasible to separate near IP amino acids by using multistage electrodialysis.Increasing the number of stages could obviously improve the purity of proline product, while have little effect on the purity of serine product，increasing current intensity could improve the purity of proline product, while have less effect on the purity of serine product.A proper amount of NaOH in the feed was helpful to the separation.

The green deacidification technology of diesel by the ammonia-alcohol method without using strong acid and strong base can achieve zero-emission.But it has some problems, such as requiring larger amounts of ammonia and solvent, and higher energy consumption of regeneration solvent.To overcome the shortcomings of the ammonia-alcohol method, this paper experimentally studied the green deacidification technology of diesel by the ammonia-alcohol method, which used low-temperature coalescence filtration in a self-made experimental device.The effects of coalescence filtration temperature, amount of ammonia, alcohol consumption, volume ratio of solvent to oil on the deacidification process, material regeneration of coalescence filtration, deacidification’s turndown ratio and the product quality of naphthenic acid were studied.The results showed that under the optimum operation condition, the acidity of straight-run diesel could decrease from 62.9 mg KOH·(100 ml)^-1 to 4.2 mg KOH·（100 ml）^-1, the acid removal rate was as high as 93.3%, and product recovery could reach 98.6%.After refining, the quality of diesel could meet industry requirements ［acidity X<7.0 mg KOH·（100 ml)^-1］, and raw acid value of naphthenic acid could meet No.2 acid standards of SH/T 0530—92.This method had the advantages of simple technological process, low operating temperature of deacidification, less ammonia and solvent consumption, low solvent regeneration energy consumption and higher turndown ratio.

Unit consumptions of raw materials reveal distinctly a nonlinear relationship vs unit loads in chemical processes.To obtain more practically optimal solutions for production planning in chemical enterprises, piecewise linear function and polynomial function were used to model nonlinear unit consumptions.The optimal solutions obtained by the two approaches were compared in case studies.The results indicated that the piecewise linear function approach was easy to model nonlinear unit consumptions with a higher accuracy without regressing any parameter, and the related model could be solved quickly for a medium size problem.Meanwhile, the piecewise linear function approach could simultaneously handle nonlinearities of multi raw materials in a unit without adding any new integer variable.Comparatively, the quadratic function approach was lack of these advantages.The piecewise linear function approach has been implemented in the graphical modeling system for optimal production planning of chemical companies (GIOCIMS), and the system is used in Baling Branch Company Sinopec.

The detection of filling-to-packing switchover point during injection molding plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality of the molded parts.Traditional detection methods, such as using predetermined screw cushioning or checking injection time have the disadvantages of depending on human experience and failure of adaptation to process parameter variations.This study presents a filling-to-packing detection method using the theory of singularity detection based on wavelet transform modulus maxima, according to the jump feature at filling-to-packing point.It adopted the pressure profile of a previous batch to obtain wavelet decomposition scale and switching threshold etc., and then used sliding window to conduct on-line detection of switch point.The experimental results indicated that the innovative switchover method yielded a more uniform product mass than any traditional methods.

In order to understand the flocculation and separation processes of fermentation broth and improve the separation efficiency，this paper，at a microscale，examined the influence of shearing force and size of flocs in the flocculation process of fermentation broth on the effect of removing the flocs by filtration.With micronomicin fermentation broth as the research target，the research changed the shearing force on the flocs in the flocculation process.The size and size distribution of the flocs under different shearing forces were measured within 0.02—2000 μm with a laser particle size analyzer.The filtering rate and settling rate of the flocs were determined.The experiment results showed that the size of the flocs decreased with increasing shearing force and the size distribution span of the flocs increased with increasing shearing force.The settling rate of the flocs increased with increasing size of the flocs; under a moderate shearing force，the flocs had a moderate size and size distribution span and a bigger compaction degree，and the filtering rate of the flocs reached a maximum value.The experiment results indicated that the shearing force in the flocculation process evidently affected the size，size distribution span and compaction degree of the flocs and affected the filtering rate and settling rate of the flocs.

The release of CO₂ and CO during coal pyrolysis was investigated by using the density functional theory (DFT)of quantum chemistry, and benzoic acid and benzaldehyde were selected as coal-related oxygen-containing model compounds.By analyzing microscopic structures, thermodynamic and kinetic function changes, it could be concluded that the release processes of CO₂ and CO during coal pyrolysis were related to the decarboxyl and decarbonyl reactions, respectively.The activation energy of decarbonyl reaction was larger than that of decarboxyl reaction, namely, removal of CO was more difficult than that of CO₂.Decarboxyl and decarbonyl reactions were concerted processes via intramolecular hydrogen transfer, and cross-linking reactions were not directly related with decarboxylation and the release of CO₂ during coal pyrolysis.

A three-dimensional model based on a section of serpentine flow field in the cathode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was developed.Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to study the flow and transport of the components in the cathode layer of the PEMFC.The effect of channel width and depth of PEMFC flow field on gas distribution in the catalyst-layer was numerically studied.The numerical simulation results provided reference for how to design and improve the PEMFC flow field for achieving optimum oxygen distribution in the whole catalyst layer.

In responding to the Kyoto Protocol, energy planning for greenhouse gas emissions reduction is crucial at both national and regional levels.This paper presents a new application of pinch analysis.A scenario is assumed wherein energy sector planning takes place with carbon emission constraints arising from an effort to reduce climate change effects.This work presents a graphical optimization method for energy sector planning with carbon emission constraints.A grand composite curve was constructed to determine the zero-carbon energy source line with minimum quantity.Meanwhile, the proposed approach can be accurately represented by the composite table algorithm and the targeting for the multi-source case can be obtained directly.

Flame acoustic characterization of a coal water slurry (CWS) gasifier is an important information which can show the flame burning state and its flow characteristics.In order to better understand the burning characteristics of impinging flame and its effect on the gasifier, the four-nozzle impinging flame and two-nozzle impinging flame of the gasifier with different conditions were studied respectively.The statistical theory and Hilbert-Huang transformation were used to analyze the flame acoustic signals in time and frequency domains.The results showed that with the increase of fuel or oxygen, the rate of chemical reaction increased and the flame burned more and more intensely, but the stability of the flame became worse.And oxygen played a key role in the process.The standard deviation of four-nozzle impinging flame noise was greater than that of the two-nozzle impinging flame noise, but the change of the standard deviation was the reverse.It meant that the four-nozzle impinging flame burned intensely but stably.In the condition with a low ratio of CWS feed and oxygen, the noises of four-nozzle impinging flame were concentrated in the low-frequency bands below 45 Hz and the medium-frequency 45—100 Hz band, indicating that four-nozzle impinging flame was more stable.

In order to understand the effect of different metal compounds on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) formation from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a series of experiments were conducted with different metal compounds as catalysts and acenaphthylene (AcPy) on a fixed-bed reactor.X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry were made to monitor the reaction.The experimental results revealed that PCDD/Fs from PAHs were mainly formed by de novo synthesis.Without the presence of Cl₂, most of cupric chloride were reduced to cuprous chloride.Metal chloride offered chlorine through metal complex.CuCl₂ and FeCl₃ played a similar role in activating the formation of organic chlorinated compounds.AcPy could form dioxins or other chlorinated compounds catalyzed by CuCl₂ at 150—200℃.

In a spray column scrubber，the removal of fine particles by wet flue gas desulfurization（WFGD）system was investigated experimentally for the typical WFGD process，such as limestone-gypsum double-alkali and ammonia-based process.The number concentration and size distribution，morphologies，elemental and phase composition of fine particles before and after desulfurization were measured by using an electrical low pressure impactor（ELPI），field emission scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry（FESEM-EDS）and X-ray diffraction（XRD），respectively.The influences of SO₂ absorbent and liquid-gas ratio on fine particles removal by the WFGD system were also investigated.Moreover，an experiment was carried out on the removal of fine particles with high efficiency by heterogeneous condensation of water vapor.The results showed that the removal effect of fine particles by the WFGD system was related to the SO₂ absorbent employed.When using CaCO₃ and NH₃·H₂O to remove SO₂ from flue gas，the fine particles removal efficiencies were lower than those for Na₂CO₃ and water，and the morphology and elemental composition of fine particles were changed.This effect could be attributed to the formation of aerosol particles in the limestone and ammonia-based FGD processes.The effect of liquid-to-gas ratio seemed to be relatively weak except for NH₃·H₂O as absorbent. The performance of removal of fine particles by the WFGD system could be significantly improved by means of steam addition both in the gas inlet and above the scrubbing solutions inlet of the scrubber，in which the removal efficiency increased with increasing amount of added steam.

The effects of O₂ concentration, CO₂ concentration, temperature and limestone addition on SO₂/NO emission characteristics from Xuzhou bituminous coal and Longyan anthracite coal combustion in O₂/CO₂ atmosphere were studied in a horizontal tube furnace.The results showed that the release characteristics of SO₂ /NO were different between O₂/CO₂ combustion and air combustion, and with the same O₂ concentration,SO₂ and NO emissions were lower in O₂/CO₂ combustion than those in air combustion.As O₂ concentration increased, SO₂/NO emission during O₂/CO₂ combustion increased and with increasing CO₂ concentration, SO₂/NO emission decreased.In O₂/CO₂ atmosphere, the sulfur retention ability of limestone addition was lower than that in air atmosphere, while limestone addition could reduce the NO emission.The element composition of coal ash indicated that the reduction of SO₂ during O₂/CO₂ coal combustion was due to improved sulfur retention ability of coal ash, and the reduction of NO was due to intensified transformation of fuel-N to other N-containing gaseous species.

A new experimental system was developed for making hydrogen by hydrolyzing Zn nano-particles in a cyclone reactor, in which the chemical reaction and gas-solid separation were accomplished simultaneously.The research showed that the Zn nano-particles via 11 h milling reacted with steam rapidly at a lower temperature of 250℃ because of its excellent performance.The gas-solids formed a three-dimensional, turbulent flow-field induced by strong revolving force.The turbulent motion of the particles improved the efficiency of heat and mass transfer and increased chemical reaction rate, and the device allowed for simple, continuous removal of products in a turbulent flow field.The solid phase product was a peculiar structure of bar and flake, which could achieve a degradation rate almost 100% of organic matter in polluted water.

The atrazine degrading-bacteria biological activated carbon column，soil-extract biological activated carbon column and the control（CK）column were designed to treat the micro-polluted water by atrazine at low concentration.The removal efficiency of atrazine was investigated and the microbial population dynamics was also analyzed by using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis（PCR-DGGE）technique.The results showed that the removal efficiency of atrazine in CK column fell to 30%—40％ while the degrading-bacteria column kept the efficiency around 65%—75% over 140 days operation.The pattern of DGGE showed that the atrazine-degrading bacteria isolated in the lab was relatively dominant after inoculation to the column during the operation which extended the life of the activated carbon.The microbial diversity in the soil-extract column decreased when operating in the oligotrophic condition and the microorganisms from tap water could grow on the three columns during operation.

The carrier anaerobic baffled reactor (CABR), which combines with the characteristics of ABR and the advantages of biofilm reactor, is a suitable technology for decentralized domestic sewage treatment in rural areas of China.In order to improve the treatment efficiency and reduce the investment, it is essential to optimize the structure of CABR.On the basis of our study and analysis of hydromechanics and chemical reaction engineering, the CABR tended to show a state of plug flow as the number of compartments in the CABR increased.The CABRs had good structural performance, with a dead zone ranging from 8.04%—12.69% at the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48 h.In terms of chemical reaction engineering, the reaction rate of CABRs with 4, 6, 8 and 12 compartments were equivalent to that of the CSTRs of 148.35%, 181.82%, 175.40% and 185.81% times volume, respectively.When the effectiveness and capacity of the reactor were considered, a CABR with 6 compartments was found to be optimal.

The phase change material (PCM) micro-capsules with polysulfone shell and n-hexadecane core were prepared in this work.In order to control the properties of PCM micro-capsules, such as the size and size distribution, the preparation process was decoupled into two separate stages: firstly, the monodispersed O/W droplets were generated by a micro-reactor; secondly, the droplets were solidified in a bath by solvent evaporation approach.The effects of continuous phase flow rate, disperse phase flow rate, and the micro-channel size on the droplet formation process in the micro-reactor were studied comprehensively.The PCM micro-capsules were characterized by SEM and DSC.The results showed that the size of micro-capsules was uniform, and the latent heat was greater than 75 J·g^-1.

Acrylate copolymer containing epoxy and fluorine was prepared by solution polymerization, with methyl methacrylate (MMA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and hexafluorobutyl acrylate (F6BA) as monomers.The chemical structure, glass transition temperature and molecular weight of the copolymer were studied by FT-IR, ¹³C NMR, DSC and GPC.The result indicated that the product was a copolymer containing epoxy and fluorine and the glass transition temperature decreased with increasing F6BA.The molecular weight distribution of the copolymer was narrow and dispersion index was about from 1.35 to 1.65.Surface properties of the copolymer films were also measured by contact angle measurements (JC2000C1).The results showed that the surface free energies of the copolymer films decreased with increasing F6BA, and reached 38.27 mJ·m^-2 at 20%（mass） F6BA.Water absorption of the films reduced from 18.72% to 4.55% with increasing F6BA.The resistance to acid and alkali was improved obviously and the pencil hardness decreased from 3H to 2H.

Silver-modified hexagonal mesoporous silica (Ag-HMS) was in situ synthesized with the sol-gel method and by using ［Ag(NH₃)₂］⁺ as the silver source.The structure and properties were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA, UV-Vis, ESEM, EDS and N₂ adsorption/desorption, and the antibacterial ability was investigated.The results indicated that Ag-HMS had favorable mesoporous structure, thermal stability and absorption ability of ultraviolet radiation, the silver species were evenly distributed in the material and existed in the form of framework/non-framework.As compared with HMS, Ag-HMS changed significantly in terms of demoulding thermochemical process, pore volume, mesoporous degree of orderliness, specific surface area, and particle shape.The results of antibacterial experiments showed that Ag-HMS had strong inhibition on B.subtilis, E.coil, G.bacillus and S.aureus.Especially for B.subtilis and E.coil,at the dose of Ag-HMS up to 1.00 mg·L^-1, these two bacteria were entirely killed after incubation for 12 h.

Dimethylamine, epichlorohydrin, and ethylenediamine were used as inter-layer reagents to prepare epicholorohydrin-dimethylamine cationic polymer/bentonite (EPI-DMA/Bt) with the monomer-insert inter-layer polymerization method.The influence of the amounts of dimethylamine, epichlorohydrin, and ethylenediamine, reaction temperature and reaction time on the performance of EPI-DMA/Bt were investigated. This composite structure was characterized with XRD and specific surface area measurement.The results showed that when the amount of dimethylamine was 3 mmol·g^-1, n(epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine)=1∶1 and m［ethylenediamine/（epichlorohydrin + dimethylamine)］=2%, reacting at 65℃ for 3 h, the adsorption efficiency of active jade blue (K-GL) on the EPI-DMA/Bt product was above 90%.

With the copper/iron cinder as the starting material, ferrous ions were obtained through maturing, acid leaching, reducing and purifying processes, and then iron nanoparticles were prepared by reacting with sodium borohydride in the system of ethanol-water.The nano Fe/SiO₂ core-shell composite particles were synthesized by the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS).The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and reflectance absorption infrared spectroscopy (RA-IR).The particles were randomly dispersed in paraffin at a mass ratio of 5.5∶4.5 for microwave electromagnetic parameters detection in the frequency range of 2.0—18.0 GHz by vector network analyzer.The results showed that there were two characteristic absorption peaks of Si—O and Si—O—Fe bond appearing at 1389 cm^-1 and 878 cm^-1, which indicated that the nano iron was successfully coated by SiO₂.Through measuring and calculation, the minimal reflection loss was -39.0 dB at 17.2 GHz when the sample thickness was 4.5 mm.So nano Fe/SiO₂ core-shell composite particles can be prepared from copper/iron cider to be used as an effective microwave absorbing material.

A new idea for specific surface area standard reference materials (SRM) which are made of nonporous mono-disperse SiO₂ spheres and the true specific surface area can be calculated accurately from their diameters is presented.Firstly, the mono-disperse SiO₂ spheres were synthesized in bulk.Secondly, the spheres were modified to make them nonporous.Thirdly, the characteristic dimensions, such as the size, density of the spheres, were determined accurately.Finally, the specific surface areas were measured by using a static volumetric type Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) (nitrogen gas) instrument.The experimental results showed that the micro-holes on the surface of mono-disperse SiO₂ spheres were almost be sealed by calcining at the temperature of 1000℃ for three hours.The BET surface area was larger than the geometric specific surface area and the values of the deviation were 1.2 m²·g^-1, 2.0 m²·g^-1 and 3.6 m²·g^-1 for mono-disperse SiO₂ spheres with diameters 1150 nm, 453 nm and 269 nm respectively.In this case, the theoretical value can be used as reference for the determination of the specific surface area of nonporous mono-disperse SiO₂ spheres SRMs.

Magnesium carbonate was prepared by carbonization leaching from desiliconization slag of laterite nickel ore, and the content of NiO in the residue reached 2.96%.The results showed that extraction ratio of MgO increased with increasing stirring speed, reaction time and liquid-to-solid ratio, however, the extraction ratio increased firstly and then decreased with increasing reaction temperature.When stirring speed was 600 r·min^-1, reaction temperature was 15℃, reaction time was 36 h and liquid-to-solid ratio was 40∶1, the extraction ratio of MgO could reach as high as 91.57%.XRD analysis indicated that the product was magnesium carbonate, and its physical and chemical properties conformed to the state standards of chemical industry.