Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants has attracted m uch attention of both scientists and engineers around the world. Up to now the o ptimum photocatalytic reactor design is the most significant unresolved issue. I n the present paper,a novel reactor design for the use of titanium dioxide-co ated glass-springs is developed for photocatalytic purification and treatment of water and air.The manufacture of the coating of the glass-springs is discusse d in detail.An experimental device was designed for testing the radiation intens ity distribution of gas-solid photocatalytic reactor.The model parameters of the extended two-flux model were measured,then radiation intensity distribution in side the reactor was computed.The experimental results agreed with the model-com puted results.Moreover,the radiation intensity distribution and the total radia tive energy absorption rate were described by the above-mentioned model in gas-s olid parallel-plate reactor packed with the photocatalyst supported on glass-springs.

A second-order moment two-phase turbulence model is derived for simulating liqui d-bubble two-phase turbulent fluctuations and their interaction in liquid-bubble flows.To reduce the computer memory storage and computation time,algebraic exp ressions of Reynolds stresses and two-phase velocity correlations are used,inst ead of their transport equations.The proposed model is used to simulate liquid a nd bubble velocities,gas volume fraction,liquid and gas Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy in a 2-D rectangular bubble column.The simulation resul ts are in good agreement with the PIV measurement results.The studies indicate t he liquid recirculation and bubble up-rising flow patterns,and anisotropic liqu id and bubble normal Reynolds stresses.Bubble fluctuation is observed to be stro nger than liquid fluctuation.Moreover,both liquid velocity gradient and bubble- liquid interaction are important for the generation of liquid turbulence.

Wall function, k-ε turbulence model are used in the present study.The numerical hydrodynamics models and mass transfer models in flow loop system are defin ed in accordance with the basic theory of hydrodynamics and conservation of mass ,momentum and energy.Flow-induced corrosion kinetics model of duplex stainless steel in flowing 3.5% NaCl solution is set up on the basis of determining main controlling factors and their degree of influence in flow-induced corrosion by some electrochemical experiments,and of analyzing the kinetics process of f low-induced corrosion of duplex stainless steel. The numerical method used in this study is based on the control volume approach for discretization of partial differential equations that express the characteri stics of fluid flow and mass transfer.The user program is compiled.In accordance with flow-induced corrosion kinetics models,flow-induced corrosion rates are numerically calculated with SIMPLE algorithm.The flow-induced corrosion rates calculated by numerical method are compared with the ones measured by mass loss.The numerically computed flow-induced corrosion rates are mostly equal to the ones measured by mass loss experiments.It proves that the flow-induced corrosion kine tics models are correct and accurate,and that the user program is reasonable.Th e models are founded on the basis of some electrochemical experim ents and reasonable hypothesis. Flow-induced corrosion of duplex stainless steel in flowing 3.5% NaCl solution is controlled by anodic pass ivation process and the diffusion or transfer process of ions in passivation fil m is a speed-controlling step.Corrosion electrochemical factor plays a dominant role in flow-induced corrosion of duplex stainless steel.

Simulated Occluded Corrosion Cell were used to study the changes of chemical sta te within the OCC of 304 stainless steel in neutral solution of 0.5mol· L ^-1 NaCl containing various organic ion concentrations at 50℃.Anodic po larizing occluded specimen was used to simulate reaction current between outer a nd inter of OCC.When organic anion was added into the bulk solution,it migra ted into OCC,and the migration quantity increased with concentration and time, while the migration rate decreased with the length of time.Organic anion was in competition with Cl ^- on migration.It can retard the migration of Cl ^- effectively above a certain concentration.The higher the concentration,the more effici ent it was.Organic anion can not retard pH fall but can fall multiples of Cl - enrichment effectively above a certain concentration.The migration quantity and migration rate of DBSAS were greater than that of SDS.

In this work,the isotherms of phenol on polar,weakly polar and non-polar polym eric adsorption resins were determined.Fluid/solid adsorption phase equilibrium experiments under supercritical condition were conducted to determine the isothe rm of phenol on polar NKA-Ⅱ resin for system of "phenol/NKA-Ⅱ resin/S CF CO ₂" .The effect of addition of ethanol as the third component to the sys tem on the isotherms of phenol on the NKA-Ⅱ resin under supercritical condition was studied.Results showed that under normal conditions the equilibrium amount adsorbed of phenol on the NKA-Ⅱ resin was much more than those of phenol on the other two polymeric resins,and the equilibrium amount adsorbed of phenol on th e NKA-Ⅱ resin under the SCF condition was much less than that under the genera l conditions.The addition of ethanol to the supercritical systems could cause t he adsorption phase equilibrium of the supercritical systems to vary,which make s the equilibrium amount adsorbed of phenol on the resin decrease further.

A modified energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) model is proposed th rough establishing different corresponding expressions for calculating radial pr ofiles of gas velocity in core and annulus.The calculating results of the modifi ed model are more reasonable than the previous model compared with the experimental results.A new model,called energy-minimization multi-scale core-annulus (EMMS/CA) model,is developed by combination of the EMMS and CA model s.The equation of CA model can be solved via the solution of EMMS model.Two-dime nsional distributions of dynamic parameters in gas-solid circulating fluidized b ed,including voidage,fluid velocity,particle velocity,slip velocity and so on,can be calculated with the use of the present model.Comparisons with experime ntal data from literature confirmed the validity of the model.

As the individual distribution of linear crossover operator in real-coded tradit ional genetic algorithm (GA) tends to approach the center of defined space with the searching process,a novel genetic algorithm,which is named as chaos genetic algorithm (CGA),is proposed.Its genetic operation,which is based on chaos variable,makes the individuals of subgeneration distribut e uniformly in the defined space and avoids the premature of subgeneration.To co mpare the performances of the CGA with those of the traditional GA,the CGA and the traditional GA were applied to estimate the kinetic parameters of 2-chloroph eol oxidation in supercritical water under the same condition.The results demon strated that the CGA’s on-line and off-line performance was all superior t o that of the traditional GA,and that the probability of finding global optimal solution was larger than that of the traditional GA.Thus,due to the good perfo rmances of the CGA and the drawbacks of the premature nature and the finding par t optimal solution of the traditional GA,the CGA is an attractive alternative t o the traditional GA.

An experimental system was designed and constructed to study the effect of plates on flammable gas cloud explosion pressures.The semi-sph erical gas clouds were formed by 0.02?mm polyethylene films.In the spheri cal center was an ignition electrode that met ISO6184 "Explosion Protection System" and NFPA68 "Guide For Venting of Deflagrations".A data-acquisition syste m,with dynamic responding time less than 0.001s,recorded the explosion pressure-time diagran of acetylene-air mixture with stoichiometrical ratio.The initial cloud radii were 50cm and 100cm.The wood plates did not bend under t he explosion pressures.The distances of plates to the centers of gas clouds were 100,150,200,213.5 and 300?cm,respectively.By fitting the experimenta l data,the relationship between the maximum pressures on the plates and the initial radii of gas clouds,the distances to the centers of gas clouds,the incident angles and the coordinate values on plates are obtained.The equation fitting is effective under 99% confidence based on the mean square deviation analysis.

Martin-Hou equation of state (1955) can be derived on the basis of statistical mechanics.By modifying the effect of molecular volume and further ap proximation,virial equation of state can be turned into Martin-Hou equation of state.From the derivation it can be seen that Martin-Hou equa tion of state has the same basis in theory as the virial equation of state.As the intera ction between molecules is very complex,Martin-Hou equation of state used the th ermodynamic relations and experimental data to simplify the function of temperature,and obtained good result.The functio n of temperature of M-H equation of state can be derived,which is similar to an alytic forms of viral coefficients ,and the physical meanings of parameters are explicit too.In or der to extend the usage of Martin- Hou equation of state,it is of importance to study the theoretical foundation of Martin-Hou equation of state and the phys ical meanings of its coefficients.

Detailed analyses and simulations of heat transfer have been carried out on an e vacuated tube for solar- powered adsorption refrigerator,including inhomogen eous radiation heat transfer between its inner and outer tubes,two adjacent tubes, tube and back plate,sun light reflection on back plate,etc.A a new cost-effect iveness parameter is applied to analyze the structure parameters,including diam eter of evacuated tube,distance between two adjacent tube centers and the thick ness of adsorbent.Some results are obtained which show that evacuated tubes with a larger diameter can result in a higher temperature and better performance.Whe n the thickness of adsorbent equals to 10?mm and the distance between two adjac ent tube centers equals to 2.5 times the diameter,the best economic p erformance can be obtained.

Microchannel gas cooler is an important component of transcritical carbon dioxid e refrigerating equipment,and of great significance to system performance. Howe ver,few investigations have been made on this new type of heat exchanger.A stea dy-state distributed-parameter model is established,in which distributed proper ties of both carbon dioxide and air are considered.Through comparing simulation re sults with experimental results from literatures of American Air Conditioning an d Refrigerating Center,the model is accepted with an error within 13%.Then this model is used for sensitivity analysis of gas cooler performance to its configu ration parameters,such as microchannel diameter,number of microchannels,numbe r of tubes,number of processes.According the simulation results,it is suggeste d that the microchannel diameter should be within 0.7 to 1mm,and there should be 2 to 4 processes.

An investigation on the effects of additives in direct contact ice thermal stora ge system which were very effective in direct contact gas hydrate thermal storage system was conducted by experiments. Among five additives, such as NaCl,CaCl ₂,zinc powder,iron powder and butyl alcohol, it was found that zinc powder h as the best effect on volumetric heat transfer coefficient and butyl alcohol has no effect.It was also found that volumetric heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing quantity of iron powder and NaCl,while decreasing quantity of b utyl alcohol and zinc powder.The pattern of temperature distribution in cool storage cylinder has hardly any difference with increasing quantity of additive.From the investigation,it can be concluded that solid additives have the best resu lt on the direct contact ice thermal storage system.

This paper studies thermoeconomic synthesis design of heat piping.An optimal the rmoeconomic synthesis method of designing heat piping is presented.Using this me thod makes the designed piping have the characteristics of the synthetic minimum of energy loss construction and mainteuance costs,and excellent technical quality.It shows that the application of the method to a steam piping design can achieve saving of operating cost by about 20 percent against the design made by non- thermoeconomic synthesis method.This method can be applied to other piping as well.

Metabolic flux analysis of cellular growth is very important for the fe rmentation processes which have a small yield of metabolic products. In this paper, a new analysis method is developed to calculate the least square solution of the intercellular metabolic flux distribution, which successfully combines cellular elemental composition data with cellu lar molecular composition data by incorporating carbon balance and generalized d egree of reduction balance into the calculating process. This method can make th e result more reliable, because it utilizes more measurement data and ensures data consistency. It should be mentioned that all results are derived from a simpl ified metabolic network of B.subtilis , which is created by representing the complex biomass synthesis network with some precursor requirement rates.

Two biofilters,RA which had been exposed to varying concentration of ethyl acet ate for 20 days and RB which had been exposed to varying concentration of toluen e for 20 days, were used to remove mixed gas of ethyl acetate and toluene. The t wo biofilters used a mixture of compost and lava, with the initial medium moisture content of 50%. The experimental results demonstrated several characteristics of the two biofilters:The maximum elimination capacities were about 400g·m ^-3 ·h ^-1 for ethyl acetate and 50 g·m ^-3 ·h ^-1 for toluene;U nder the condition that the empty bed residence time was 1.0 minute, for e thyl a cetate concentration in the inlet air ranging from 2000 mg·m ^-3 to 4500m g·m ^-3 and toluene concentration ranging from 200mg·m ^-3 to 400m g·m ^-3 ,the removal efficiency for binary VOCs of both biofilter RA was ab ove 90%;Biofilter RA was better than biofilter RB in elimination capacity, stabi lity and adaptability.

It is presented that the mixing level of flowing liquid in top vessel with batch distillation under total reflux and top accumulation i s represented by means of the stags of multistage mixing flow in series model, and its basic equations and numeric algorithm of batch distillation of binary ideal mixture under ideal operation condition are given. The effects of the m ixing level of flowing liquid in top vessel with batch distillation under the o peration method on the energy consumption is discussed by the calculated results of examples.

In this paper,a technology is introduced to manufacture self-sensitized ammoniu m nitrate under the surfactant and vacuum crystallizing process The optimum tec hnological parameters,including concentration, temperature and vacuum degree,v acuum period,are discussed in detail The self-sensitized ammonium nitrate wit h honeycomb structure and lots of "micro-hole" is obtained With its low hyd roscopicity and caking, this kind of self-sensitized ammonium nitrate is could b e used in more industrial fields

Enriched-aromatics oils,surfactants and a new activator were used as the additives. The effects of intensifying distillation on Daqing crude oil were determined at different concentrations and distillation temperatures by simple distillation and TBP distillation. The mechanisms of intensifying distillation of crude oi l by using different additives are discussed.The experimental results show that the types of additives, concentrations and distillation temperatures are main factors which affect intensifying distillation of crude oil.The intensifying effect of the new activator developed in this work is better than that of the other additives.

This paper presents a statistical method to calculate local interfacial variable s in horizontal gas-liquid bubbly flows based on the data measured with a double -sensor probe.The geometrical relationship between the apparent and actual bubbl e velocities and the relationship between the chord intersected by the sensor and bubble diameter were determined.A probability density function was introduced to consider the effect of both axial and radial movements of bubbles on bubble velocity and bubble size.

This paper regards the activity coefficient of salt in mixed solvents with constant composition as a function of vapor-liquid equilibrium data by means of ternary Gibbs-Duhem equation. A verification method including two independent criteria for vapor-liquid equilibrium data of salt containing system is proposed on the bases of thermodynamics and the Debye-Hückel electrolytical solution theory.A ccording to the criteria every experimental point can be verified by the calculation of its vapor-liquid equilibrium data.Not only is this method rigorous in the theory,but also very convenient in the application.Under the condition of fixing the ratio between two solvents it can be used for vapor-liquid equilibrium data verification of various salt-containing systems,whether the systems are isothemic or isobaric,aqueous or non-aqueous,up to saturated or non-saturated.

Design and calculation of humid air turbine cycle need saturated humidity and e nthalpy of humid air at 423K,5MPa. However, the models proposed by previous workers are available only up to 373K,5MPa. In this paper,a method based on Helgeson Model is proposed.The saturated composition o f N ₂-H ₂O system at 336.15-636.35K,1.74-25.6MP a and O ₂-H ₂O system at 373-533K,0.99-5.77MPa are predicted. The deviations from the experimental data are less than 5%. The predictions for humid air at 273-372℃,0.1MPa are comparable with the results using the Hyland and Wexler model. The saturated composition and enthalpy of humid air at 473-573K,5-15MPa,are also presented