The concept of effective concentration of surfactant in membrane phase, which considers the high adsorption density of the surfactant at the droplet interface in LSM system was proposed. The effective concentration of surfactant, Csef, could be estimated by equations(7)-(9). Swelling caused by emuls-ifioation during the initial dispersion process was investigated. Data of swelling ratio were measured by a density method. A general model for estimating the "emulsification swelling" rate, Fse, was proposed on the basis of a mechanism of swelling due to the entrainment of water resulted from interfacial turbulence and emulsification in the initial dispersion process. Equation(26)gave excellent fit to experimental data of Fujinawa, et al. (1984, 1985) and the authors.

The transfer of water through the organic phase of kerosene containing surfactants Span80, L113B and certain carriers was studied theoretically and experimentally in (W/O)/W LSM. The process of swelling owing to osmotic pressure can be pictured as solubilization of water in the membrane phase caused by surfactants and carriers and then its diffusion through the membrane between the two aqueous phases due to a gradient of chemical potential. The data of solubilization of water in oil caused by surfactants and carriers were measured. A mathematical model containing no adjustable parameters for estimating the "permeation swelling" rate, Fso, was developed. The predicted values agreed well with the experimental data of Fujinawa (1984), Ma Xin-sheng (1987) and the authors.

The calculation of solubilities of substances in a supercritical fluid (SCF) is one of the most important thermodynamic calcalations. This paper discusses the characteristics of extraction with SCF. The P-V-T properties of SCF can be described by an equation of state of gases and the separation mechanism of SCF extraction is fairly similar to that of liquid-liquid extraction. Besides, this paper puts forward a physical model of SCF extraction ma-chanism. Based on this model, a general formula for calculating solubilities of substances in a SCF could be derived as fellows: This formula could be simplified and modified as a semi-empirical correlation: whers, α is an enhancement factor of solubilities. For pure substances a good agreement between experimental results and calculation data with this semi-empirical correlation, was obtained with an average error less than tan percent.

The effect of water soluble and monomer soluble inhibitors on the kinetics of emulsion polymerization of monomer following Case II kinetics (e. g. styrene) has been investigated. Experimental studies reveal that inhibitors can bave an appreciable effect on both polymer particle nucleation and growth. A mathematical model showing these effects has been developed and simulation studies have been made. The simulation results imply that the behaviour of monomer soluble inhibitors may be severe in industrial emulsion polymerization.

The behaviour of water soluble and monomer soluble inhibitors in the emulsion polymerization for Case I systems (e. g. vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride) has been studied. The behaviour of monomer soluble inhibitors is shown to be quite different from that observed in Case II emulsion polymerization systems. Model predictions on the effect of these inhibitors on polymer particle nucleation and growth rate are shown to be in satisfactory agreement with experimental.

The adsorption equilibria of N2, Ar, CH4, CO2 and N2O on H-Mordenite were studied with a constant volume apparatus under pressure from 3.04×103 to 1.43× 107 Pa at -196, 0, 25, 50 and 75℃. The adsorption amount of N2, Ar and CH4 increased with pressure until approaching saturation at about 6.08× 106Pa. A maximum existed on the adsorption isotherm of CO2 and N2O, and their isotherms at different temperatures crossed each other. All the data obtained in this work can be well correlated by the extended adsorption potential theory. All experimental points are located on the same characteristic curve.

The two-dimensional entrainment distribution at different heights in a 1.2m diameter sieve tray was studied experimentally by the capture weighing method for the air-water system under various operating conditions. The entrainment was not uniformly distributed. On the basis of a great number of experimental data, orthogonal polynomial regression was used to find a two-dimensional non-uniform entrainment distribution function. Numerical solution was developed for estimating tray efficiency with entrainment by using the two-dimensionnl fixed number mixing pool model. The effect of entrainment distribution on plate efficiency was also discussed.

The effect of surface superheat and cavity size on frequency of bubble departure in nucleate pool boiling with artificial nucleation sites was studied by using laser fiber probe. The experiments were carried out with water, ethanol and n-propanol under atmospheric pressure. The cavity size ranged from 0.15 to 0.30mm. The experimental data were correlated and the following dimensionless equation was obtained: A mathematical model predicting the frequency of bubble departure was presented. The predictod results obtained from the proposed model agreed satisfactorily with experimental data.

In this Paper, the bead-spring model of N identical beads advanced by Rouse is extended to that of a polymer solution with molecular weight distribution, and the rheological equation of state for the modified Rouse model with different chain lengths is obtained. According to some usual molecular weight distributions, the material functions, such as non-newtonian viscosity and first normal stress coefficient, for the steady-state shear flow and, therefore, the relationship between the intrinsic viscosity and the weight average degree of polymerization are derived. The results show that the linear viscoelastic behavior of this model depends on molecular weight distribution greatly. The kinetic pracess of polymerization can be predicted by measuring the rheological parameters of the system.

In this paper, two examples in chemical processes (styrene suspension batch polymerization and ethylhenzene dehydrogenation) are given to indicate the extended application of the model-based measuring technique using state estimation to practical industrial objects. It can provide for operation supervision, monitoring and optimal control the information about a process which is usually immeasurable but necessary to process operation. Such information is directly related to product quality, e. g., chain length distribution of polymer, catalyst activity, inversion rate of reaction process, selectivity, etc. In this paper the modelling, control design and implementation for the two reaction processes are also introduced. Some experience for the application in industrial processes has been accumulated.

In this paper Markov theory is employed to discuss the behavior of bubbles in gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed. The phase holdu pdistribution is thought as a stochastic probability, A simplified stochastic model of gas holdup distribution is developed. The calculation relation of model parameters in the stochastic model are analysed according to the physical mechanism. In order to deeply study the phase holdup distribution of three-phase fluidized bed by the stochastic model, the RTD of gas or solid phases should be given as follows: The results show that the calculation values of εg from the stochastic models were very close to the experimental data.

Based on the nonlinear bifurcation theory, a continuous calculation method that delineates the location and stability of all equilibuium states, both steady and time-dependent, is developed. As a demonstration, we further analyze behaviors of opened-loop and closed-loop systems in which S. cerevisiae is continuously cultured. With bifurcation studies of the solution branches in state global stability of the set-point are derived.

The relative volatilities at infinite dilution in solvents N-methyl pyrroli-done (NMP), N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and acetonitrile for penten-1-yne-4 and isoprene were determined by gas chromatography. Results showed NMP and DMF to be better than acetonitrile for separating penten-l-yne-4 from isoprene. Vapor liquid equilibria for the following systems were determined at 0, 15, 30℃ by the use of a modified Junghans still and the Wilson parameters Δ for binay systems were evaluated by regression method. ( 1 ) 2-methyl-butene-2-penten-1-yne-4, (2) n-pentane-penten-1-yne-4, (3) isoprene-penten-1-yne-4, ( 4 ) penten-1-yne-4-acetonitrile, ( 5 ) isoprene-penten-1-yne-4-acetonitrile, ( 6 ) isopene-penten-1-yne-4-DMF, (7 ) isoprene-penten-1-yne-4-NMP, The vapro-liquid equilibrium for the ternary system ( 5 ) was predicted by the use of Δ for binary systems. The mean deviation of vapor compositions was 0.0114 mole fraction as compared with experimental results.

A kind of equation which predicts heat of vaporization of pure compounds at normal boiling point has been developed by combining the concept of residual function with Clapeyron equation and Pitzers three-parameter general relation and the Edmister equation A° = 0.1664θ4.2-0.02587 A = 0.8940θ4.2- 1.097θ1.6- 0.056 Only the fundamental data Tb, Tc, Pc are involved in the equation. Vaporization heat data of 390 compounds were predicted with a mean deviation 2.0% compared with the experimental data. The equation is generally applicable for engineering calculation available.

This paper describes an apparatus for the rapid measurement of thermal conductivity of liquids in the temperature range from 150 to 250# and in the pressure range up to 25.0MPa. A small bead-in-glass thermistor was used as a sensitive element. The thermistor probe, which is in a circuit with a bridge, was immersed in liquid under investigation. When a heating current was passed through the thermistor, the dV/dt of the bridge was measured. The thermal conductivity of the liquid under investigation λ could be calculated with the equation λ=A-B dV/dt, where A and B are instrument constants determined by the data of standard liquids. The time of meassuring dV/dt was 1.5seconds. The apparatus was calibrated by using six standard liquids at "different temperatures and pressures, the average deviation of measurements was within±2%. The apparatus is capable of not only measuring organic liquids, but also measuring electrolytic liquilds or solution.

The volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients on sieve plate have been investigated by unsteady state desorption and average concentration method. In this method there is no need for measuring the complex mixing parameters, this method is very simple and the result is reliable. Experiments were carried out with CO2 desorption by air on a ID 142mm sieve plate. The effects of hole diameter, free area, superficial gas velocity, height of s-tat-ic liquid and physical properties of liquid on the volumetric mass transfer coefficients were studied. According to the distribution of bubble diameter, the mass transfer model for swarms of bubbles was derived to correlate the experimental results: This correlation agreed well with the experimental data.

A special open-circuit experimental system was set-up with which the sub-cooled nucleate flow boiling experiments could be carried out in a quite wide range of working conditions and the mechanical degradation of polymers could be much reduced. Very dilute aqueous solutions ot polymeric additives (HEC, PAM) were experimented with higher heat flux (1×105-1.5×106W/m2) and flowing velocity (0.3-1.2m/s). The results were summarized and discussed.