The solubilities of CO₂ and CH₄ in pure water in the presence of gas hydrate were measured under different conditions.The Chen-Guo hydrate model combining with the extended P-T equation of state was used to calculate the hydrate-liquid phase equilibrium of CO₂-H₂O and CH₄-H₂O systems at V-Lw-H equilibrium condition, and reliable predictions were obtained in a wide range of temperature and pressure.A model was proposed to evaluate the effect of pressure on the solubilities of CO₂ and CH₄ by using the P-T equation of state and the van der Waals and Platteeuw model.The calculated results indicate that from thermodynamic equilibrium the pressure has a significant effect on the solubility values.Based on the two assumptions the model is improved and can be used to calculate the solubilities of CH₄ and CO₂ in pure water.

Real-time and on-line measurement of particle size distribution (PSD) in gas-solid fluidized bed is one of the important issues in multiphase flow processes .In this work, a mixture uniform design method was adopted for the experiment.Acoustic emission (AE) technique was applied to determine the particle size distribution.Wavelet packet analysis was introduced to characterize the energy spectrum feature in the AE signals.Furthermore, K-OPLS was proposed to construct the PSD prediction model based on AE signals, so that a quantitative non-linear relationship between the energy feature and PSD was established.The leave-one-out cross-validation error is 0.063, indicating that the model based on the K-OPLS method could be used to predict PSD with high precision and the AE method could be considered as an effective PSD measurement technique in industrial gas-solid fluidized beds.

A gas-solid fluidized bed with novel structure is proposed for combustion of petroleum coke and residual coke produced in petroleum processes and coal gasification according to the combustion and fluidization characteristics.The overall circulating system of the fluidized bed mainly consists of a dense airlift loop section and a dilute riser section.The gas-solid flow characteristics are bubbling or turbulent fluidization in the airlift loop, while those are fast fluidization in the riser.The particle flow parameters, solid fraction and particle axial velocity, in the airlift loop section were measured by using optical fiber probe under different operation conditions.The superficial gas velocity ranged from 0.772 m·s^-1 to 1.674 m·s^-1 in the draft tube, and from 0.223 m·s^-1 to 0.519 m·s^-1 in the annulus.The solid circulation flux with respect to the cross-sectional area of the upper burning riser in the fluidized bed varied between 40.8 kg·m^-2·s^-1 and 229.4 kg·m^-2·s^-1.All experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure and room temperature of approximate 25℃.Two kinds of solid particles were employed in this study.One was the sand with mean diameter of 78 μm and density of 2462 kg·s^-3, and the other was a binary mixture of sand (90%，mass) and FCC powder (10%,mass).The mean diameter of the fine FCC powder was 30.9 μm and its density was 1500 kg·s^-3.The experimental results show that the lateral distribution of solid fraction and particle velocity for the two kinds of particles is core-annulus or heterogeneous structure in the three regions (draft tube, bottom region and particle separation region), which embodies the common characteristic of aggregative fluidization similar to that in general fluidized beds.In the annulus, the solid fraction and the particle axial velocity exhibit a uniform lateral distribution, which is determined by the special structure of the airlift loop combustor.The solid fraction and the particle axial velocity of the binary mixture are smaller than those of the pure sand particles.The presence of fine powder in the binary mixture can improve the gas-solid mixing uniformity.The lateral movement of particles in the bottom region and particle separation region has the shearing effect for gas bubbles and makes them break into smaller ones, enhancing the gas-solid contacting.

The airside heat transfer is a major problem that restrains the development of fin-and-tube heat exchanger，on which the airflow within the space in the unit of fan and heat exchanger has significant influence.In this study，the interior airflow of a U type fin-and-tube heat exchanger is investigated numerically and experimentally.Fluent code is used to simulate the flow in the space and air velocity distribution in the whole field is obtained.Experiment is conducted by using dry ice and a smoke generator is used for fluid flow visualization.The numerical results for the air velocity distribution at different height agree well with the experimental measurements.The velocity in front of the fan is the highest and the heat transfer in this area is stronger.The results provide data for optimization of fin-and-tube heat exchanger and a new ideal for designers in this field.

A numerical simulation of natural convection was conducted in the middle of a rectangular cavity with a heater of variable dimension.Analyses on isotherms, streamlines and average Nusselt number in the rectangular cavity were carried out by varying the values of dimensionless height b and Rayleigh number.The simulation results show that b and Ra have a great effect on the natural convection in the rectangular cavity.Nu_ave grows with the increase of b and Ra, and the growth rate is proportional to Ra and inversely proportional to b.

Numerical simulations are conducted on the gas and solid spaces of the carbon rotary kiln using Fluent and Matlab.The temperature distributions for the gas, inner wall and solid in the kiln are predicted.The results show that the high temperature region in the kiln is in the zone where the volatiles burn massively.The injection of secondary or tertiary air causes obvious drop of gas temperature, but there is no obvious change of solid temperature.The predicted results of outer kiln wall temperature agree well with measurements.This model can be used to guide the optimum design and economic operation of carbon rotary kilns.

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) suspension flow in a mini-tube under a uniform heat flux were experimentally investigated.The MEPCM particles consist of hexadecane as the phase change material and a polyoxymethylene urea wall.For comparison, the experiment was also conducted using deionized water as the working fluid under the same condition.The relationships were obtained for pressure drop and mass flow rate, for dimensionless outlet temperature of test section and Reynolds number, for dimensionless wall temperature along axial direction, and for Nusselt number and Reynolds number.The results show that the use of MEPCM particles increases the pressure drop but it approaches that of water with increasing mass flow rate.The outlet and wall temperatures of the test section are smaller than that of water under the same condition.The Nusselt number of slurry with small concentration of MEPCM particles is about 2.0—4.0 times greater than that of water.

The pressure signals at different axial and radial positions of a cylinder-on-cone cyclone were measured and analyzed by the fast Fourier transform（FFT）.The vortex end of the cyclone was also visualized with red ink tracer.The results show that the wall pressure keeps stable in the cylinder and decreases gradually in the cone.The pressure values are almost same at different azimuths，indicating an axisymmetrical wall pressure profile in the cyclone.However，in the upper part of dipleg，the wall pressure suddenly falls，becomes non-axisymmetrical，and comes to the minimum at about 270° azimuth.In the lower part，the wall pressure rises rapidly and returns to axisymmetry.The vortex end is bended to the wall and turns around in this region.It is considered as the evidence of the vortex end.The position determined by the pressure measurement is close to the position of rotating ring observed in the tracing experiment.It is also found that the frequency of inner vortex is different from that of outer vortex when the inlet gas velocity is larger than 5 m·s^-1.The inner vortex flow fluctuates stronger and faster than its outer partner and the frequency increases with the inlet velocity resulting from the increase in turbulence intensity，while the frequency of outer vortex keeps invariant.In the vortex tail zone，the vortex breaks and the inner vortex fluctuation is involved in the wall pressure signal.Therefore，the position and dynamic characteristics of the vortex end can be well identified from the pressure measurement.The measurement can provide some experimental basis for assessing the relation of natural vortex length.

According to the theoretical model for laminar flow,the mass transfer in the shell-side of randomly distributed hollow fiber bundles under two boundary conditions is investigated.One boundary condition assigns a constant mass flow rate, and the other assigns a constant concentration.The correlations of mass transfer Sherwood number are obtained under different packing ratios.The results show that the mass transfer for the axial laminar flow in the randomly distributed fiber bundles can be divided into developing region and fully developed region as well as those in a tube.In the fully developed region of a given randomly distributed fiber bundle, Sherwood number is a certain value and much smaller than that in the fully developed region of a regular array fiber bundles.The non-uniform distribution of hollow fibers decreases the performance of mass transfer in the module.In the developing region of a given random distributed fiber bundle, Sherwood number is also smaller than that in the developing region of in the regular array fiber bundles.The packing ratio affects not only the coefficient B, but also the exponents a of Re and b of Sc in the correlation Sh=BRe^aSc^bf(d_e/L).

Based on electrical capacitance tomography technique, the flow regime of dense-phase pneumatic transportation of pulverized coal was investigated.Typical flow regimes in the horizontal pipe and riser were obtained.The study indicated that the flow regime in the horizontal pipe varied significantly with time and there existed several flow regimes, such as full pipe flow, settled layer flow, suspension flow, etc.Statistical analysis results revealed that there were obvious prevailing flow regimes, which changed with superficial gas velocity.An analysis on solids velocity and pressure signals showed that the flow regime correlated reasonably well with pressure signals, which proved the inherent instability of dense phase pneumatic conveying.On the other hand, the dynamic test result of the riser showed that the flow regime was mainly core-annulus structure.

Comparing with conventional CFD methods, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a more efficient approach to deal with flows in complex structures, such as porous media.Moreover, it is an ideal tool for parallel processing. LBM was used to simulate gas flow through ceramic filter.Two kinds of filters were analyzed, one was the filter without membrane, the other was the membrane filter.Porous media structures for simulation were generated based on scanning electron microscope images of the ceramic filter tube.For the small time scale and small spatial scale in this issue, huge calculation load was inevitable.In order to fulfill these requirements, parallel computing was used.For the ceramic filter without membrane, the velocity and pressure in pores under different conditions were analyzed, and the influence of pore structure on velocity was observed.The flow through the ceramic filter with membrane was also simulated.It is concluded that the pressure drop through the membrane accounts for a large percentage of the filter’s total pressure drop.

On the streaming video of all typical flow pattern filmings on the experiment system by the high-speed video camera，the information of a single-frame was extracted and made into time-series. The series was analyzed with the non-linear chaotic recurrence plot（RP），less used in the last years.It was combined with the average diagonal length and Shannon entropy of recursive features changed after the increase of gas superficial velocity.The results showed that the information entropy of flow image combined with RP could well characterize the evaluated tract of gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns.At the same time，the information well characterized the volume fraction of all kinds of gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns.The average diagonal length and recursive Shannon entropy of recursive features all increased first and then decreased with the increase of gas superficial velocity，and it reflected the transition of the mechanisms of five typical flow patterns from the recursive characteristics.

The flow characteristics of a 600 mm×6000 mm pressurized internal airloopreactor was studied. During the experiment the liquid superficial velocity in the draught tube was fixed at 0.008 m·s^-1,gas superficial velocity ranged from 0.02 m·s^-1 to 0.12 m·s^-1, pressure of the reactor varied from 0 to 2.0 MPa.Local gas holdup in the draught tube and annual space was measured and correlations for these parameters were obtained.Meanwhile, the model of liquid circulation velocity on the basis of the energy balance analysis in the reactor was derived.Reasonable agreement was found between the calculated and measured data.From the model and experiment data,it was easily found that liquid circulation velocity increased with increasing gas superficial velocity and system pressure, however when gas superficial velocity and system pressure exceeded respective critical values, liquid circulation velocity increased only gently.

Two solid acids SO ^2-₄/ Fe₂O₃ and S₂O^2-₈/Fe₂O₃ were prepared by impregnation of Fe(OH)3 in the solution of H₂SO₄ and (NH₄)2S2O8， and calcination, then mixed with CuCl to obtain Cu^Ⅰ/SO ^2-₄/Fe₂O₃ and Cu^Ⅰ/S₂O^2-₈/Fe2O3 catalysts by heat treatment at high temperature under N₂ flow.They were of more active than the commercial catalysts CuCl for oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC).One of the main factors affecting activity of Cu^I/SO ^2-₄/Fe₂O₃ and Cu^Ⅰ/S₂O^2-₈/Fe₂O₃ catalysts was calcined temperature of SO ^2-₄/ Fe₂O₃ and S₂O^2-₈/Fe₂O₃ solid acid.The results indicated that the catalyst prepared with SO^2-₄/Fe₂O₃ and S₂O^2-₈/Fe₂O₃ solid acid calcined at 550℃ showed the excellent catalytic activity.By the characterization with XRD, NH3-TPD and XPS techniques, it was found that SO^2-₄/Fe₂O₃ and S₂O^2-₈/Fe₂O₃ were solid superacids, and ion-exchange was carried out between Brnsted acid site H⁺ on SO^2-₄/Fe₂O₃ and S₂O^2-₈/Fe₂O₃ with Cu⁺ on CuCl during heat treatment which led to the formation of low chlorine Cu^Ⅰ catalyst.It was also found that structure of these solid acids had no obvious change if the loading of Cu^Ⅰ was at mass ratio of WCuCl/Wcarrier≤1∶2.The more acidity of solid acid carrier,the more Cu^Ⅰ loaded, and the higher activity of catalyst.The acid sites was much more for S₂O₂-₈/Fe₂O₃ calcined at 550℃, and there was of high Cu/Cl of 1.69 and excellent catalytic activity for Cu^Ⅰ/S₂O^2-₈/Fe₂O₃ catalyst.Its conversion of methanol, DMC selectivity and space-time yields were 16.58%, 97.00% and 2.83 g·g^-1·h^-1 respectively.

The decomposition kinetics of glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural catalyzed by copper chloride were measured in small volume high^-pressure vessel batch reactors, at various temperatures from 423.15 K to 463.15 K and catalyst concentration from 0 to 0.08 mol·L^-1.The results showed that their conversion went up with the increase of reaction temperature and catalyst concentration, resulting in higher yield of levulinic acid.By comparing the correlation coefficients, it was confirmed that both glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural decomposition are first order reaction.By using first order kinetics equation, the activation energies of desired and undesired reaction were estimated, 134.65 kJ·mol^-1 and 144.1 kJ·mol^-1 for glucose decomposition，131.97 kJ·mol^-1 and 135.18 kJ·mol^-1 for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural decomposition, respectively.This work would provide important basic data not only for the exploration of reaction mechanism of glucose decomposition, but also for the development of high activity and high selectivity catalyst.

Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solutions in the presence of different states of Fe（Ⅲ）, free Fe（Ⅲ） in solution and adsorbed Fe（Ⅲ） with cellulose, was studied.The individual and combined roles of DTPA, magnesium sulphate, and sodium silicate as stabilizers for alkaline hydrogen peroxide were also investigated.The most effective way to control decomposition of hydrogen peroxide induced by Fe（Ⅲ） under conventional hydrogen peroxide brightening conditions was examined.The results showed that free Fe（Ⅲ） in solution was present in the form of Fe₂O₃ crystal structure.Adsorbed Fe（Ⅲ） with cellulose was formed when free Fe（Ⅲ） in solution adsorbed on the surface of cellulose fiber or filled into hollow fiber.Free Fe（Ⅲ） in solutions stabilized hydrogen peroxide, while adsorbed Fe（Ⅲ） with cellulose activated the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.In the presence of free Fe（Ⅲ） under alkaline condition, DTPA and MgSO4 were effective in reducing the catalytic decomposition of peroxide and the decomposition rates of hydrogen peroxide were decreased to 25% and 50%, respectively.In the presence of adsorbed Fe（Ⅲ） with cellulose, DTPA, magnesium sulphate, and sodium silicate did not have any protective influence to hydrogen peroxide, and the decomposition rate of peroxide was over 80% within 1 h.

Phosphotungstic acid encapsulated in ultra stable Y zeolite (PW-USY) was prepared by the “ship in the bottle” synthesis.The obtained catalysts were characterized with FT-IR, ICP, UV-vis, N2-adsorption, XRD and SEM techniques.Compared with immobilized catalysts (PW/USY), it was demonstrated that encapsulation of Keggin-type 12-phosphotungstic acid in the supercage of USY zeolite was realized.In the ammoximation of cyclohexanone system with H2O2 as oxygen source, PW-USY showed better catalytic activity than PW/USY.Moreover, the catalytic performance of PW-USY did not drop apparently after using five times, and could solve the leakage problem of active component in polar reaction media better than immobilized catalysts (PW/USY).

The poly methyl acrylic acid（PMAA）was grafted on the surface of micron-sized silica gel with the method of “graft from” to prepare grafted particles PMAA/SiO₂.The chemical structure of the grafted particle was characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）and the grafted particle was observed by metalloscope photograph.The adsorption of arginine on the grafted particles PMAA/SiO₂ was studied with batch method.The effects of the main factors such as pH value of the medium，ion strength and temperature on the adsorption property of PMAA/SiO₂ were investigated.The experimental results showed that the functional composite-type particles PMAA/SiO₂ exhibit strong adsorption ability for the alkaline amino acids，whereas the adsorption ability for the acidic amino acids is weak.The adsorption capacity of PMAA/SiO₂ for arginine has a maximum value at pH=7，which is 239 mg·g^-1.The adsorption capacity decreases with the increase of temperature and salinity.

It is very difficult to select the salt in salt-containing extraction, which has been widely applied in chemical separation processes.In this study, ionic solvation free energies of eight salts in methyl acetate/methanol/water system at 25℃ were calculated by means of selective solvation model and scaled particle model revised by the solubility parameter of salt.The calculated values were verified by extraction separation experiment.The results indicate that the mass fraction of acetate in the organic phase increases linearly with the absolute value of the ionic solvation free energy of salt, while that of water in the organic phase decreases linearly.The electrostatic interaction force is the major factor influencing the effect of salt-containing extraction.When the absolute value of the electrostatic interaction free energy between the salt molecule and water molecule or methanol molecule is larger, the extraction effect of salt on ethyl acetate is better.Furthermore, the method of the ionic solvation free energy can be applied in qualitative selection for proper salt as extractant.

Xylose crystal was obtained from cottonseed hull by the ethanol solventing-out crystallization process.The crystal was analyzed and determined by infrared spectrometer (IR),melting point tester, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM),high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and particle analyzer.The results showed that this xylose crystal is similar to that came from corncob in the IR spectroscopy and melting point, but their shape is different, the former likes long prism and the later is square.Under the optimized operation conditions, the purity of the crystal could be up to 99.64%(mass), and the yield 77.6%.The particle size at mediam is 151 μm with the variation 47%.These data indicate that ethanol solventing-out crystallization can be an industrial potential method for production of xylose.

Support vector regression based on multi-scale wavelet kernel has strong robustness and good generalization ability, but it is critical for it to choose appropriate model parameters.Obviously, the multi-scale kernel method has more difficulty in model selection than the single kernel approach.This paper proposed an approach about how to develop support vector regression based on mutli-scale wavelet kernel.It applied quantum clustering to data partition in order to determine the scale parameter of the multi-scale kernel, resorted to the support vector data description algorithm to calculate the kernel width of the corresponding data points, and then used cultural algorithms to optimize the kernel width and the remaining parameters.The results showed that the multi-scale kernel method outperformed the single wavelet approach and the Gaussian method.The experiments about three regression data sets—Boston housing, Bodyfat and Santa demonstrated that in contrast with the Gaussian approach, the present multi-scale wavelet support vector regression made the mean squared error of test sets decrease by 6.8%, 62.0% and 91.3%, respectively.Meanwhile, the proposed approach exhibited good generalization ability for propylene concentration estimation in the bottom byproduct of propylene fractionation tower.It not only enabled the model output of training set for propylene concentration to show little difference with the actual output, but also made the relative error of test set down to 0.211.Compared with other methods, it had the minimal prediction error.

The optimal conditions for violacein production by the genetically engineered strains of Citrobacter freundii using L-tryptophan as a precursor were systematically studied.The effects of different cultivation parameters (culture medium, temperature, carbon source, dissolved oxygen, seed state, inoculums size, inducer concentration, initial pH and etc.) on cell growth and violacein production were studied by design of single-factor experiments.By orthogonal experiments study, the primary-secondary order and their optimal mix of four factors ［the optical density (OD660) of the seeding culture, inoculums size, induction timing, inducer concentration］ that were likely to occur interaction were determined.The results showed that the optimal conditions for violacein production by the recombinant C.freundii were as follows: 3 % (vol) of seed culture (OD660=3.6) was inoculated in phosphate medium E2 (25 μg·ml^-1 kanamycin) with glycerol as carbon source (initial pH6.5), after fermentation with shaking at 37℃, 200 r·min^-1 for 5 h until the OD660 reached 1.4, 0.5 ml·L^-1 n-octane was added as inducer, then the cultures were transferred to 20℃, 150 r·min^-1 to induce the synthesis of violaceins for 31 h.Under the optimal conditions, the produced crude violaceins (the mixture of violacein and deoxyviolacein) reached 1.809 g·L^-1, which was 252% higher than that before the optimization (0.514 g·L^-1), and was 4.2 folds of the highest yield by flask culture previously reported by other research groups (0.43 g·L^-1).Moreover, plasmid stability experiment showed that recombinant C.freundii has a good genetic stability under selective pressure of antibiotics.

It is important to determine accurately the content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in biomass.Based on element analysis and lumped model compound, a quick and convenient analysis method that can determine the content of main chemical components in biomass was proposed and nine kinds of biomass were tested.The agreement between calculated values and experimental values obtained by conventional chemical method was good, the error was in 10%.

It was investigated that the effect of type of carbon sources, including acetic acid/propionic acid=1/2, acetic acid/propionic acid=2/1, propionic acid, methanol, ethanol, glucose, starch and domestic wastewater, on anaerobic substrate storage and conversion of activated sludge domestricated cultured with sodium acetate with removing phosphorus.The results showed that with acetic and propionic acid as carbon source, the system’s storage capacity for substrate was larger, in which the maximum values of PHA, PHB and PHV was of the 6.0 mmolC·L^-1, 4.25 mmolC·L^-1 and 3.69 mmolC·L^-1(at acetic acid/propionic acid=2/1）,respectively.When methanol,ethanol, glucose,starch and domestic sewage were used as carbon source for substrate storage, the storaged substance was mainly PHB,but their capacity lower than that of acetic and propionic acid.The release of phosphorus increased with propionic acid content in combined acetic and propionic acid and reached the maximum 16.53 mg·L^-1 at propionic acid as sole carbon source.With starch and domestic sewage as a carbon source,the phosphorus release was small, 3.56 mg·L^-1 and 6.75 mg·L^-1, while methanol, ethanol and glucose as carbon source the activated sludge showed no significant phosphorus release features.

·Using Rhodoseudomonas palustris CQK-01 as biocatalyst，the effects of initial glucose concentrations and values of pH on glucose cross-transport rate in cell membrane，permeability of cell membrane and performance of hydrogen production were experimentally studied in a batch photobioreactor，and the permeation coefficient of glucose across the cell membrane of photosynthetic bacteria was estimated.The results showed that the transport rate and permeability of substrate across the membrane varied with time and its living conditions.For low initial glucose concentrations，the maximum cross-transport rate increased with its initial concentration and there was a maximum value at 75 mmol·L^-1; while the maximum permeation coefficient kept almost the same，250 cm³·g DW)^-1·h^-1，for various glucose concentrations.However，for high substrate concentrations，the cross-transport rate decreased due to its inhibition and the permeation coefficient was 116 cm³·g DW) ^-1·h ^-1 at 150 mmol·L^-1.Furthermore，when the initial pH value was 7.0，there was best permeability and the maximum cross-transport rate was 9.74 mmol·g DW) ^-1·h^-1.Under the present experimental conditions，the average maximum rate and yield of hydrogen production by the photosynthetic bacteria were 0.26 mmol·L^-1·h ^-1 and 0.63 mol H_2· (mol glucose)^-1，respectively.

Lignin in biomass defenses the hydrolysis of polysaccharides by microbes or enzymes.Destruction and removal of lignin can greatly facilitate conversion of biomass.Pretreatment with sulfite in weak alkaline condition is an effective and environmentally friendly way to degrade lignin in biomass without toxic substance produced.The optimum condition for sulfite treatment is as following: sulfite 20%(mass), temperature 160℃ and reaction time 30 min.

Biological autotrophic denitrification based on anaerobic ammonium oxidation（ANAMMOX）has been considered as the most economical way in biological sewage treatment processes for nitrogen removal presently.Using bio-ceramic filter with volcanic activity，urban sewage pilot study was carried out at room temperature (8—25℃) under the condition of low NH⁺₄-N (60—90 mg·L^-1)，by changing the operating conditions such as aeration etc.After three stages—nitrification hanging film，preferred nitrite bacteria and culturing anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria，CANON（completely autotrophic ammonium removal over nitrite）process is realized in biofilter.The results show that DO control can be the main factor for controlling reactor startup.Through combined treatment of aeration at the top of water column in biofilter and internal recycling of treated water with oxygen，the control of DO concentration in the biofilm system is easily achieved.Furthermore，the reaction cycle can be judged from the change of pH value in the run process and its second-jump is a signal of end of reaction period.

In order to investigate the feasibility of low energy cost limited bulking of sludge containing filamentous bacteria in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), the start of sludge bulking, the inhibition of excessive bulking and the method maintaining limited bulking were studied by test using actual domestic sewage.The results show that, when pH is in the range of 7.0—8.0 and temperature (23±0.5)℃, continuous water feeding and simple aerobic segment can set up quick lauch hipoxic sludge filamentous bulking.Reducing time of supplying oxygen and pre-set anaerobic phase can effectively inhibit reproduction of filamentous bacteria.After the success of limited bulking starts, the system would be kept steadily at limited bulking state by timely adjustment operation mode of SBR, based on reaction conditions and processing requirements.Handling actual domestic wastewater under hipoxic limited bulking state, the effluent concentrations of NH₊⁴-N, PO^3-₄-P and SS can controlled separately at 4.5 mg·L^-1, 0.2 mg·L^-1 and 5.0 mg·L^-1 below.The progress of biochemical reaction process in each cycle can be real-time understood from the analysis of online parameters like pH,DO and so on.

In order to further explore the mechanism of denitrifying phosphorus removal, the growth characteristics and denitrifying phosphorus removal characteristics of a typical denitrifying phosphate accumulating bacteria(DPB) which was isolated by previous experiment were studied.The effect of different electron acceptors on the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal was investigated by pure bacteria and reactor statics simulation tests.The growth curve of the DPB was typical, and its incubation period was less than 1 h and the logarithmic phase about 14 h.The result showed that the stain could utilize both nitrite and nitrate as different electron acceptors to take up phosphorus.And there was a good linear correlation between P removal and NO-3-N removal during phosphorus removal process.The sensitivity to nitrite of the strain was low.The effect of electron acceptors on phosphorus removal was not significant.The efficiency of removal for phosphorus and the nitrate was both above 60%, and that for nitrite was 100%.

The pretreatment of bacteria source is one of the key factors affecting the efficiency of bio-hydrogen production.Prior to inoculation, cow dung compost as the natural microbial consortium is treated by following methods: (1)forced aeration combined adding sugar after infrared drying; (2)infrared drying; (3)infrared drying combined forced aeration; and (4)water immersion.The effects of the microbial community on bio-hydrogen production were investigated in a 20 L continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR).The results showed that the maximum hydrogen production ability, hydrogen content and the rate of hydrogen production was 387.6 ml H₂·g-sucrose) ^-1, 55.5% and 0.5089 L H₂·L·h) ^-1 at fixed sucrose concentration of 10 g·L^-1, operating pH of 5.0±0.1 and the pretreated bacteria source by method (1), respectively.The contents of acetic acid and butyric acid were more than 75% of VFAs in the terminal liquid phase by-product.Furthermore, the image analysis by PCR-DGGE technology showed that there was district difference in the number of electrophoresis band and the strength.The sample, of which the bacteria source was treated by method (1), exhibited two maximum illumination bands, which implies that there exist two kinds of dominant microbial community.

The tribological behavior of PEEK composites reinforced with various amount of potassium titanate whisker (PTW) and carbon fibers (CF) in alkaline solutions were investigated separately.The related mechanisms were discussed based on the SEM examination of worn surfaces and transfer behavior.The results indicate that under dry condition the wear resistance of 15%(mass) PTW reinforced PTFE/PEEK composites is 10.5 times that of 15% CF reinforced composites.In alkaline solutions，CF increases the friction coefficient and wear rate of PTFE/PEEK composites and decreases their wear resistance，while PTW reduces the friction coefficient and wear rate of the composites.With 5% of PTW content，the wear resistance of PTFE/PEEK composites in alkaline solutions is increased by 2.36 times as against that without PTW.The alkaline solution hinders the transfer onto the counterpart rings significantly，but PTW reinforces the wear resistance of PEEK composites owing to its tunnel crystal fiber structure and small size.On the other hand，furrow and abrasive wear are the main mechanism for CF reinforced PTFE/PEEK composites in alkaline solutions.

Residual stresses in transparent injection molded parts may have negative effects on optical and mechanical properties.Annealing is one of the important methods to eliminate or minimize the processing residual stresses.In this paper, the effects of annealing on residual stresses and mechanical properties were investigated and discussed by comparing the photoelastic birefringence results and the tensile properties of the injection molded PC parts before and after annealing treatment.After annealing, it was found that there was no obvious change in birefringence interference pattern while tensile strength and elongation were different at various processing parameters, including mold temperature, melt temperature, injection pressure, packing pressure, cooling time, packing time and injection time.According to the experimental results, after annealing the average tensile strength increased by 4.5% and the maximum value was 9%.And at the same time the average elongation decreased by 3% and maximum reduction reached 14%.

Phase separation is the foundation of aqueous two-phase polymerization.The polymerization process cannot proceed normally without phase separation.Phase separation is regarded as the result of superposition of various factors.Ammonium sulfate (AS) concentration is one of these factors and increasing AS concentration is obviously beneficial to phase separation.If the change of some other factor can reduce the amount of AS needed to achieve phase separation, this change is in favor of phase separation.In this paper, the amount of AS for phase separation was used as the standard to evaluate the effects of various factors on phase separation, and the lower AS amount the better.The amounts of AS for phase separation of AS-water-polyacrylamide (PAM), AS-water-CPAM aqueous two-phase systems were measured.The experiment results showed that adding some special material (such as liquid paraffin, cyclehexane, n-hexane, or t-butanol, PEG200 in the case of plentiful existence of monomer), lowering temperature, and increasing PAM concentration were beneficial to phase separation.But plentiful existence of monomer could significantly decrease polarity of AS solution, which was the most important factor affecting phase separation.

Methoxy-terminated polyether polyols were used to modify 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxane[BFQ] (MDHM) to prepare trisiloxane surfactant by using Pt complex catalyst under no solvent condition and the protection of nitrogen.The products were characterized with IR, and their hydrolytic stability properties were compared with similar siloxanes.The reaction conditions were investigated, and the optimized conditions were as follows: n_AEM∶n_MDHM=0.9∶1，temperature and time 100℃ and 9 h respectively, catalyst dosage (in terms of Pt) 12×10-4% of the total mass of the reactants.The result showed that CMC was 0.021 g·L^-1, and ^γ_CMC was 17.61 mN·m^-1.The change in surface tension of the products with time under alkaline and acidic condition was the lowest, and the hydrolytic stability was better than similar siloxanes.

A double-functionalized ethene elastomer KT-22 or a “core - shell” structured S-2001 was used as toughening agent and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) or polycarbonate (PC) was a substrate material to prepare high toughness PBT/PC alloy plastics through melt extrusion blending process.The effects of toughening agent content on the alloy mechanical properties, melt flow rate, Vicat softening temperature were investigated and the microstructure of PBT/PC alloy was studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The results showed that both elastomer KT-22 and S-2001 had good toughening effect on PBT/PC alloy plastics, but the toughening effect of S-2001 was better than that of KT-22.

Superfine Bi-Pb-Sn-Cd fusible alloy powders were prepared with the method of phase inversion，in which water drops containing dispersant were added into Bi-Pb-Sn-Cd alloy melt gradually to facilitate surface treatment.The effects of temperature，stirring speed and dispersant content on average particle size of alloy were investigated.The results showed that by adding water，the phase of Bi-Pb-Sn-Cd alloy inversed from continuous phase to dispersed phase，dispersant was adsorbed on the surface of the dispersed phase，and superfine powders with surface treatment were obtained.Temperature，stirring speed and dispersant content strongly affected average size of alloy powder.When dispersant content was 1%，temperature was 85℃ and stirring speed was 1750 r·min^-1，Bi-Pb-Sn-Cd alloy powder with average size of 0.3 μm was prepared.In order to obtain alloy powder of required size and surface treatment，temperature，stirring speed and dispersant content must be kept in a proper range.

Due to its high conductivity and stability，good optical transparency characteristics and easy synthesis，poly（3，4-ethylenedioxythiophene）（PEDOT）has wide application prospects in the antistatic coating，organic，display device，energy storage transformation，sensor，etc.in recent years.A Langmuir-Blodgett（LB）inducing method was firstly used to prepare single layer and multilayer conducting composite poly（3，4-ethylenedioxythiophene）-poly（styrenesulfonate）（PEDOT-PSS）film. The application of PEDOT nanostructure to improving organic electric device performance of organic light-emitting diode（OLED）was studied.Furthermore，this conducting polymeric LB film was utilized as the hole transfer layer in the OLED device，and efficiency enhancement by carrier injection was observed，which was ascribed to the ordered structure of this film.However，further investigation showed that this PEDOT-PSS film had inferior structure ability.

Regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (rr-P3HT) was synthesized by Heck reaction.The factors that influenced the molecular weight and regioregularity of P3HT were investigated, such as solvents,phase transfer catalysts, catalysts, reaction temperatures and reaction times.The molecular weight and regioregularity of rr-P3HT obtained were characterized with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and magnetic nuclear resonance (NMR).The properties of rr-P3HT were characterized with ultraviolet absorption spectrum and photo-luminance spectrum.The results showed that rr-P3HT with Mn of 6700 and regioregularity over 96% was obtained by Heck reaction of 2-bromo-3-hexylthiophene when the mixture of DMF/THF(1∶1) was used as solvents, palladium acetate ［5%（mol） to monomer］ as a catalyst, tetrabutylamonium bromide ［100%（mol） to monomer］ as a phase transfer agent and potassium carbonate as a base at reaction temperature of 80℃ for 12 h.

Regenerated cellulose film is prepared successfully from sugarcane bagasse cellulose in ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (［Amim］Cl).Its dissolution process was viewed by polarizing microscope.Properties and structures of the regenerated cellulose films obtained were characterized by infrared spectroscopes, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry (TGA) and strength test.The results showed that ［Amim］Cl is a good non-derivatizing solvent for sugarcane bagasse cellulose whose crystalline form transformed completely from cellulose Ⅰ to cellulose Ⅱ after regenerated directly from ［Amim］Cl solution.The cellulose film obtained by regeneration showed a dense structure and its thermal stability and tensile strength could be up to 292℃ and 144 MPa respectively.

The fragments generated from exploded process equipments would cause domino effect after impacting with the other neighboring equipments.An impact probability model based on the Monte Carlo method is derived to analyze the randomicity of the projection distance and direction of the fragments.The difference from the previous models is that the size of bursting vessel is not ignored, that means the initial projection height and the projection horizontal displacement of the fragments are not considered as zero.The comparison of results show that the impact probabilities would be larger if the size of bursting vessel is considered.The influence on the impact probability is higher than 10% when the distance of target is lower than 7 times of the diameter of bursting spherical tank.So the influence of size of bursting spherical tank on impact probability cannot be ignored.