The effect of additive NaCl on the melting points and the electrical conductivities researched of urea-ZnCl₂ ionic liquids system with various mole fraction of ZnCl₂ was investigated.The results show that ionic liquid trend for the variation of melting points with the mole fraction of ZnCl₂ does not change，but the melting points were decreased substantially by adding NaCl.The melting points of ionic liquid system decreased with increasing the concentration of NaCl when x (ZnCl₂)≤25%.When x (ZnCl₂) was more than 25%，however the melting points of ionic liquid system decreased with further increasing the concentration of NaCl.In addition，the effect of NaCl on the electrical conductivities of ionic liquid was closely related to the mole fraction of ZnCl₂.The electrical conductivities increased with increasing concentration of NaCl when x (ZnCl₂)＜ 22%.However，the effect of NaCl on the electrical conductivities was negligible when x (ZnCl₂)＞22%.

Wind farm simulation is one of the most important processes in wind farm micro-siting.There exists a temperature difference between terrain surface and airflow due to multiple reasons such as sunlight and terrain infrared radiation.When temperature of terrain surface is higher than that of airflow，the temperature difference will cause natural convection and affect the flow near surface.The flow field difference between cases with consideration of this temperature difference and without is studied by running simulation on various terrain types and flow velocities.The simulation uses turbulence model based on standard k-ε model.The result shows that at lower flow velocity on plain terrain，the natural convection caused by temperature difference will affect the simulation result of flow field with a velocity fluctuation up to 10%.At larger flow velocity or on complex terrain，the natural convection still exists but is almost negligible.

A molecular dynamics simulation of two-dimensional Couette flow has been conducted to investigate the influence of fluid density on velocity slip of fluid flow in nanochannel.The effects of fluid density on microscopic structure，velocity distribution and slip length are analyzed and discussed.The results indicate that oscillation distribution of fluid density occurs near the wall owing to the effect of solid surface potential，and a small oscillation and layering as well as a wide homogenous region are observed with the decreasing ratio of fluid-to-solid density.In addition，decreases in the ratio of fluid-to-solid density induces the hardship of the motion state of solid surface transferred to the fluid and hence lead to large loss of energy transport across the fluid-solid interface，which contribute to large velocity slip at the boundary.Accordingly，the slip length increases as the ratio of fluid-to-solid density decreases.

Superhydrophobic surface was prepared by self-assembled monolayers coatings of n-octadecyl mercaptan on the nanostructured copper substrate.Characteristics of movement dynamics feathers induced by droplet coalescence were investigated by high speed camera and microsurgical technique on horizontal superhydrophobic surface.Experimental results indicate that droplet jumping phenomenon induced by the energy difference between surface energy released by droplet coalescence and surface adhesion effect can be obtained.The smaller the initial droplet is，the higher the coalescent droplet jumps.Theoretical analysis is presented based on the energy conservation.Surface adhesion energy and viscous dissipation caused by droplet movement are also considered.Theoretical results show that droplet jumping phenomenon induced by droplet coalescence can occur when droplet radius is larger than the minimum droplet radius.The minimum droplet radius is approximate 39.9 μm.Droplet jumping height increases with an increase of droplet radius.However，droplet jumping height will decrease with an increase of droplet radius when droplet radius is larger than the critical value.The maximum jumping height can be obtained when droplet radius equals to 83.7 μm.Droplet jumping phenomenon will disappear when droplet radius is larger than 3.9 mm.However，droplet pulsation phenomenon on droplet coalescence position can be found in the meanwhile.

A k-ε turbulent model and enhanced wall function method are applied to simulate the convective heat transfer in air flow across hollow fiber membrane bundles.The velocity field and pressure field are coupled and solved by the SIMPLEC algorithm.The second order upwind scheme is employed to discretize the conservation equations.Mean Nusselt number and friction factor under various pitch to tube diameter ratios are calculated.The effect of changing longitudinal pitch，transverse pitch and Reynolds number on mean Nusselt number and friction factor is analyzed.

Freeze drying is an effective method to protect unearthed water-logged archaeological wooden artifacts after they are impregnated in polyethylene glycol solution.In this paper，the freeze drying experiments of simulated wooden artifact were carried out on a self-made apparatus.The diffusion coefficient of water vapor in the drying part was fitted according to the experimental data.For a slow cooling velocity of 0.4℃·min^-1，the diffusion coefficient was 1.13×10^-4m²·s^-1；for a quick velocity of 2.0℃·min^-1，the diffusion coefficient was 5.53×10^-5m²·s^-1.The result would offer help for the time prediction and control optimization of the freeze drying of archaeological wooden artifacts.

When the distance between two nanoparticles becomes less than the mean free path or the characteristic wavelength of radiation，the radiative heat transfer will be several orders of magnitude greater than that between two blackbodies.The remarkable increased radiation energy transfer may be harmful to the performance of super-insulating materials such as silica aerogels with nanoporous structures.Based on the fluctuation-dissipation theorem，the near-field radiation can be suppressed effectively by tuning the adjustable parameters in dielectric function of Drude and Lorentz models.This study is of great significance for investigating the heat transfer of group nanoparticles and developing novel insulating materials with special properties.

The unsteady convective heat transfer performances of molten salt in receiver tube were experimentally investigated.When the heat flux or molten salt flow rate varied，the unsteady convective heat transfer appeared.During the unsteady process，the molten salt outlet temperature varied slower than the wall temperature，but their variation trends were similar.For lower inlet temperature，the viscosity of molten salt was higher，and the heat transfer process varied slower.For larger heat flux variation，the temperature varied more quickly，but the unsteady duration changed very little.The unsteady convective heat transfer process was remarkably affected by molten salt flow rate，and it can be significantly accelerated by flow rate rising.In addition，the unsteady heat transfer performances of the receiver tube with insulation layer were similar to those without insulation layer，but the wall temperature was higher.

The process of mass transfer in nano-fluids was simulated by using lattice Boltzmann method based on two different ways，one is based on the finite volume of a particle method and the other is based on the point source of particles method.In those methods，the modified Boltzmann equation and the equation of mass diffusion coefficient in nano-fluids was given，moreover，the numerical results were compared with Xuan Yimin’s experimental data.Finally，the mass diffusion coefficient of CO2 in nano-fluids were calculated，the results show that the micro-perturbation of nano-particles greatly enhanced on the mass transfer，provide a new way for CO2 absorption，and proved that the reason of enhancement of mass transfer in nano-fluid is mainly relied on the convective mass transfer that was caused by the micro-perturbation of nano-particles.

Based on constructal theory，the “volume-point” heat conduction constructal optimization with triangular element at micro and nanoscales is carried out by taking minimum dimensionless maximum thermal resistance as optimization objective and releasing the constraint that the new-order assembly should be assembled by the optimized last-order assembly.The optimal construct of the “volume-point” heat conduction model under the effect of size effect is obtained.The results show that the optimal constructs with size effect and without size effect are obviously different.The heat transfer performance of the new-order assembly obtained by last-order assembly optimization constructal design method is not always the optimal one；compared with the global optimization constructal design method with the last-order assembly optimization constructal design method，the temperature limitation of the triangular assembly can be effectively reduced by using the global optimization constructal design method，and its heat transfer performance can be obviously improved.

The silica aerogels are super thermal insulating materials due to their extremely low thermal conductivities.The gaseous thermal conductivity in aerogels is much smaller than that of the gas in free space since the motions of gas molecules are greatly restricted by the fine solid matrix and extremely fine pore sizes in aerogels.This study presented several models to relate the pore sizes and the nanoscale solid skeleton with the gaseous thermal conductivity.The results show that the gaseous thermal conductivity in the silica aerogels decreases dramatically with reducing the pressure and pore sizes and with increasing the density.Thus，the gaseous thermal conductivity in aerogels at very low pressures is far smaller than that of the free gas at the ambient pressure.The nanoscale solid structure of the silica aerogels has a significant effect on the gaseous thermal conductivity，especially for pressures between 0.01×10⁵ Pa and 100×10⁵Pa.

With respect to the severe situation of Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction，CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) was put forward.CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers is estimated to have the most storage capacity and be the most promising in all storage methods.Based on geology characteristics of China，silicate geology was selected as the CO2 storage stratum.Some problems on mass transfer of supercritical CO2 storing in deep silicate geological stratum were numerically investigated by using software TOUGHREACT.The acidity and basicity，mineral components and captured CO2 were mainly investigated.After injection for 10 years，at the depth of 750 m along the radial direction，the pH value of the saline aquifers increases；the gas saturation (SG) is 1 in the neighboring area of the injection point，and decreases to 0 gradually；the volume fraction of calcite increases and falls back to the original level of the saline aquifer；the variation of the CO2 captured by minerals is similar to that of calcite；the volume fraction of HCO-3 is closely related with CO2 and CO2-3 which increases in the middle area，and falls back to the original level.Conducting simulation research on CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers would be beneficial to understand the CO2 storage mechanism more deeply.

According to the Einstein diffusion equation，the effective diffusion coefficient of nano-fluid in biological tissues is calculated using the Monte Carlo method. The biological tissues are assumed as porous media by observing their anatomical structures. The influences of some key structural factors of porous media on the effective diffusion coefficient of nano-fluid are analyzed. The considered structural factors include shape (i.e. circle，ellipse)，size，and permutation (i.e. parallel permutation and compartmental permutation). The results indicate that the effective diffusion coefficient of nano-fluid in circular porous media are greater than that in ellipsoidal ones and it increases in proportion to the porosity of porous media. Moreover，the increase of inclusion size under the same porosity leads to the decrease of the effective diffusion coefficient. In addition，it is found that a phenomenon of “pocket effect” is existed during the transport process of nano-fluid in porous media when the sizes of pores are comparatively smaller than that of the inclusions. The particles will be trapped in this kind of “pocket shape” without getting out of it，which will drastically decrease the effective diffusion coefficient of nano-fluid. The simulation results are in good agreement with the calculated values obtained from theoretical formula，and the validity of this method is verified by the experimental data from references.

The heat transfer performance of a cryogenic heat pipe using N2-Ar binary mixture as working fluid is experimentally studied and discussed in this paper.Heat pipe is a high efficiency heat transfer device by utilizing the liquid-vapor latent heat of working fluid，but the disadvantage is that the operational temperature range of heat pipe is limited by the triple point and critical point of working fluid.While，wide operational temperature range is required in some cases，especially in the cryogenic field referring to the cooling down process from room temperature to ultra-low temperature.In order to study the heat transfer performance of the cryogenic heat pipe using mixture as working fluid，an experimental setup is established，in which the liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure and resistive heating wire wound around the evaporator act as the heat sink and heat source，respectively.The working fluid is charged into the cryogenic heat pipe by a safe and effective method，without high charging pressure and complex equipment.The filling ratio in the experiments is 1.0.The temperature distribution along the entire cryogenic heat pipe and the inner pressure are measured during the experiments.These parameters are recorded after the entire cryogenic heat pipe reaches a steady state under a certain heating power，and the heating power applied on the evaporator is increased step-wisely until the heat transfer limit of the cryogenic heat pipe，which is signified by the abrupt rise of the evaporator temperature.The heat transfer performances of the cryogenic heat pipe with pure-N₂，pure-Ar and N₂-Ar binary mixture working fluid are tested in the experiments，and the results of different working fluids are compared with each other.It is found that the cryogenic heat pipe with mixture working fluid has wider operational temperature range than that of the two pure working fluid cases，and the thermal resistance of the cryogenic heat pipe with mixture working fluid is lower than that of the pure-Ar case and higher than that of the pure-N₂ case.The heat transfer limit of the cryogenic heat pipe with the mixture working fluid is the same as that of the pure-Ar case，e.g.160 W，higher than that of the pure-N2 case，e.g.110 W.

Heat conduction in carbon nanotubes was simulated by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method with reactive bond order (REBO) potential.Combined with phonon spectrum analysis based on the first principles，thermal effects of three types of point defects such as doping，absorption and vacancy were analyzed.Influences of major factors including ambient temperature，length and radius of carbon nanotube were studied.Thermal conductivities of carbon nanotubes without defects were also calculated for comparison.Simulation results show that a sharp jump in the temperature profile occurs at defect positions.Thermal conductivity of nanotubes decreases significantly due to point defects.The defect type plays a more important role on the thermal conductivity than the length or the radius of carbon nanotubes.The relative influences of three types of defect on the thermal conductivity are in the order of vacancy>doping> adsorption.

Ground thermal properties are critical for ground source heat pipe (GSHP)systems design and operation.These properties are usually measured in situ with a polyethylene U tube buried in a borehole with the depth of about 100 m.So the model describing the heat transfer between buried U tube and the ground is very important for the in situ  measurement.The solid cylindrical heat source model considers the inner borehole of a vertical buried loop of ground heat exchanger (GHE) as a solid and heat flux is imposed on the borehole wall，so it is more approximate than the hollow cylindrical heat source model which assumes the inner borehole has no mass，and also more approximate than the line source model which regards the buried U tube as a line heat source with a diameter of zero.This paper used the solid cylindrical heat source model，together with the parameter estimation method，to determine ground thermal properties in situ.Application in real GSHP projects indicates that the measured ground thermal properties were credible and can be used for GSHP systems design.

Heat pipe is high performance heat transfer equipment，in order to reduce its complexity in the process of theoretical research，it is necessary to make some simplification.Aiming at the applicability of some basic hypothesis，a one-dimension evaporation-condensation model is proposed.Through primary integration，the governing equations are simplified and the numeric result is got，which indicates that there exist obvious boundary layers in the temperature，velocity and pressure fields in the evaporation and condensation phase interface，and it is more obvious in the evaporation phase interface，where the velocity and pressure have large gradient.When Reynolds number is large enough，the gradient of temperature is large too.From boundary layer phenomenon，a deduction is derived，thermal short-circuit effect，which means the ultimate state of the vapor will be such that the temperature is uniform，the vapor is saturated，and its thermal resistance is zero.

The gravity heat pipe with small diameter in the startup process was investigated experimentally by analyzing the influences of heat input，inclination angle，cooling water flow rate on the startup properties.The tested gravity heat pipe was fabricated with copper tube and charged with distilled water.The heat pipe has the outer diameter of 8 mm with the thickness of 1mm，and total length of 1500 mm.The results show that with increasing heat inputs，the startup time decreases and the time to reach a steady effective thermal conductivity is shortened.The startup properties at inclination angle of 60° are superior to those at 30° and 90°.The startup temperature difference and startup time at 90° obtain the maximum values.When the cooling water flow rate is 10L·h^-1，the startup temperature difference and startup time both present the maximum value，and the effective thermal conductivity demonstrates the shortest time to reach the steady state.The relations of the startup temperature difference and startup time at other cooling water flow rates are all satisfied with the sequence of 10L·h-¹ ＞ 40L·h^-1＞ 20L·h^-1＞ 30L·h^-1.

As a novel type of shell-and-tube heat exchanger，the fluid flow and heat transfer mechanism in flower baffle heat exchanger(FBHX) has not been studied deeply.In the present paper，the CFD simulation method is adopted to investigate the mechanism of fluid flow and heat transfer of FBHX.With the comparison of calculated results between heat exchangers with flower baffle and traditional segmental baffle respectively，it shows that the pressure drop of the former is only 45% of that of the latter，while the difference of heat transfer coefficient between the two exchangers are minor，therefore，the comprehensive performance of the former is 2.2 times of that of the latter.

The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanisms and heat transfer characteristics of phase-change thermal control unit during the flight of aircraft.Considering the conduction in the solid and natural convection in the liquid，the physical and mathematical model for the heat transfer was formulated.The governing conservation equations were solved using the finite-volume method on fixed grids.An enthalpy-porosity method was used for modeling the melting phenomena of phase-change thermal control unit.The time and space movement of the phase front，the temperature distribution，and the heat dissipation rate has been analyzed based on the model.The influence of the unit geometry，heat source location，type of phase change materials，as well as the boundary condition on the thermal performance of the thermal control unit was investigated.This model and numerical method was evaluated by comparing the numerical predictions with the experimental results.The results from the analysis elucidate the thermal performance of phase-change thermal control unit and will provide the bases to the design and optimization of thermal control unit.

Loop heat pipe (LHP) is a kind of high efficient heat transfer device driven by the capillary force，and flat loop heat pipe (FLHP) is LHP with flat evaporator，which can reduce the thermal resistance between the flat heat source and the evaporator.To make the loop heat pipe a better performance，an FLHP with bi-transport loops (BTL) is designed to reduce the pressure drop and enlarge the condenser cooling area.The evaporator and pipe is made from copper and ultrapure water is filled as the working fluid.Two valves are fixed in the two liquid lines.Experimental results show that，the FLHP can be changed successfully to be an FLHP with BTL or an FLHP with single-transport loop (STL) by controlling the valves，and no big temperature oscillation is observed in the experimental range.The FLHP with BTL has a better performance than that with STL.The evaporator temperature of FLHP with BTL can be 10℃ lower than that of FLHP with STL at 30W.Compared to that of the FLHP with STL，the total thermal resistance of the FLHP with BTL can have a decline rate more than 20% at different power.The reason why the decline rate is much less than 50% is discussed.Compared with the FLHP with STL，the FLHP with BTL can only reduce the thermal resistance caused by the pressure drop in the loop and in the condenser，but it cannot reduce the thermal resistance in the evaporator.If the evaporator is optimized，the decline rate of the total thermal resistance from FLHP with STL to FLHP with BTL would be even larger.

Latent heat storage (LHS) can theoretically provide large heat storage density and significantly reduce the storage material volume by using the material〖DK〗’s fusion heat.Phase change materials (PCMs) commonly suffer from low thermal conductivities.The problem of low thermal conductivity is a major issue that needs to be addressed for high temperature thermal energy storage systems.Since porous materials have high thermal conductivities and high surface areas，they can be used to form composites with PCMs to significantly enhance heat transfer.In this paper，the feasibility of using metal foams and expanded graphite to enhance the heat transfer capability of PCMs in high temperature thermal energy storage systems is investigated.The results show that the porous material can improve the heat transfer rate of pure sodium nitrate of 2.1 times.Porous materials severely inhibited natural convection in the liquid phase heating stage，the heat transfer rate of the mixture of sodium nitrate and porous materials is not more than half of the pure sodium nitrate.By comparing the heat transfer performance of the bottom heating and the top heating of the heat storage system，this paper further reveals the porous material impact on the natural convection.

The transmittance characteristic of three-slabs whose configuration is glass-semitransparent liquid-glass was analyzed based on ray trace method，and transmittance ratio calculation model of semi-transparent liquid was developed.The unique value range and multi-value range of double-thickness model of thermal radiation physical property measurement of semi-transparent liquid with transmission method were discussed，and the application range of the inverse model was attained.The optical constants of heptane attained in the references were selected as the true values，and the spectral transmittance ratio of the semi-transparent liquid based on the direct model simulation were regarded as the experimental values.The optical constants of heptane were achieved by the inverse models.Good agreement was obtained between the retrieved optical constants of heptane and the experimental data attained in the references.Then the influences of measurement error on the inverse results were also investigated.

The influence of thermal barrier coatings with different thicknesses on turbine blade with internal cooling was investigated using the numerical computation method of conjugate heat transfer.The results show that the temperature of the turbine blade with thermal barrier coatings decreases demonstrably，and the decrease of temperature got much more when approaching to the leading face.The falling speed was slower with the creasing of the thickness of thermal barrier coatings.The leading face has the largest decrease of temperature which was 160K when the thickness of thermal barrier coatings was 0.35mm.

The convective heat transfer of the cold cabinet was investigated by using two-fluid model after the effectiveness of new model was confirmed. This study includes the influence of wind speeds，wind directions and speeds of air curtain. The results show that the convective heat transfer is improved along with increasing of the wind speed. In a relatively short time，there is a linear relationship between convective heat transfer and time. The wind direction has small effect on heat transfer when it is less than about 15° while has appreciable impact and made an increase of energy consumption by approximately 30% when it reaches 30°. The air curtain，a major constituent of the refrigeration system of cold cabinet，provides a barrier of moving air across a door opening and reduces heat transfer by preventing the penetration of hot air. The simulation shows that there is the minimum speed and the best speed range of air curtain. The air curtain can not be formed when the speed is less than 1.5 m·s^-1，while has a large spillover of cold air when it is greater than 3.0 m·s^-1. From the above，the best speed of air curtain ranges from 2.6 m·s^-1 to 3.0 m·s^-1.

Single drop technique is a good method for studying mass transfer in solvent extraction because of its accurate results and simple equipment.The mass transfer coefficient of forward extraction of boric acid from salt lake brine by 2-ethyl-1，3-hexanediol in toluene was investigated.The result shows that the mass transfer coefficient increases with the increasing of temperature and initial concentrations of 2-ethyl-1，3-hexanediol in the organic phase and boric acid in aqueous phase.The model of mass transfer coefficient was established with two-film theory model by considering the modified correlation of mass transfer coefficient.The average relative error of calculated and experimental value of the model was 7.59%，which showed that the results were in good agreement with experimental values.The model can be used to design and scale boric acid extraction process by 2-ethyl-1，3-hexanediol-toluene.

In order to study the impact of the change of outlet water temperature on the heating performance of air-cooled heat pump chiller which adopts electronic expansion value and modularity energy adjustment system，the experiment is carried out on 5 this kind of unit with 60kW refrigerating output in the variable working conditions of outlet water temperature in the range of 39—50℃，ambient temperature in the range of -10～13℃ and relative humidity 90%.The heating capacity of the unit between 34.6—78.8kW，consumed power between 16.2—22.2kW，heating COPh between 1.77—4.20.The effects of outlet-water temperature of condenser on heating capacity，input power and COPh were examined，which provides the basis for energy saving operation and optimization design.

Co-Cu bimetallic catalysts were prepared by equal volume impregnation.The effect of supports on Co-Cu bimetallic catalyst performance was investigated for direct synthesis of the performance of C2+ oxygenates from CH4 and CO by a step-wise reaction technology.Those catalysts were characterized by XRD，NH3-TPD and H2-TPR.The results show that supports have a greater impact on catalytic performance，the activity order of catalysts loaded on different supports for step-wise conversion of CH4 and syngas is Co-Cu/TiO2＞Co-Cu/Al2O3＞Co-Cu/SiO2 and the highest selectivity of C2+oxygenates is 79.9%.It is concluded that there is the interaction between the TiO2 and the active metal Co-Cu and the good dispersion of Co-Cu/TiO2 in the catalyst with high activity.In addition，the amount of surface acidity and moderate acid strength also favor the reaction.

Nowadays，the study for CO2 capture with Ca-based sorbent from coal combustion has gained much attention.In this paper，the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM)is used to study the carbonation of porous CaO with CO2.The most popular LBM is the lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (LBGK)model.However，when LBGK model is used to simulate porous flows，the numerical instability and viscosity-dependence of boundary conditions will result in viscosity-dependent permeability.While the multiple-relaxation-time (MRT)LBM proposed recently can overcome these defects，so the MRT-LBM is chosen to study various effect factors on the gas-solid reaction in porous media.The numerical results show that，as the Damkohler number (Da) or the molar volume ratio between CaCO3 and CaO is increased，the carbonation conversion of CaO will be reduced，while the radius of CaO grain is decreased，the carbonation conversion of CaO will be enhanced.These results are consistent with experimental results qualitatively.

Due to the paradoxical relationship among operability，optimization efficiency and quality for complex heat exchanger network global optimization，a fractional matching optimization method of complex heat exchanger network was proposed with the optimal temperature principle.The complex network integration problem was decomposed into multi-single fluid matching optimization sub problem based on the number of cold/hot fluid.The network structures were stepwise generated with optimal matching priority principle and the general network structure could be obtained finally.The results showed that optimizing selection matching principle could provide better heat exchanger network structures than enthalpy difference matching and temperature matching for avoiding matching misconduct.This method could greatly improve the operability of complex heat exchanger network and the matching sequence optimizing selection could promote the fractional optimization quality.

A new constrained state feedback model predictive control approach of nonlinear system based on T-S fuzzy model is developed by combining T-S fuzzy model with constrained state feedback model predictive control based on particle-swarm optimization(PSO).It is used to solve the control problems of process such as CSTR reactor with highly nonlinear and constrains.A constrained state feedback model predictive controller is devised for each subsystem of T-S fuzzy model.In terms of parallel distributed compensation(PDC)fuzzy control theory，control movement and membership function of each subsystem can be calculated and used synthetically to calculate the fuzzy control movement of the whole control system.The control system of a continuous stirred tank reactor is simulated with different initial states，setpoint values and predict steps.The simulation results show that the proposed approach is effective and feasible.

Decomposition products from H2SO4 and H2O2，hydroxyl radical，was used for the surface treatment of the graphite felt electrode.Cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance measurements showed that the treated graphite felt cathode and anode peak current increased by 160.96% and 120.24% respectively，the polarization reaction resistance from 74.95Ω·cm2，was significantly reduced to 18.92Ω·cm2.The infrared spectra indicated that the treated surface contains a large number of oxygen-containing hydrophilic groups，and the Raman spectroscopy results show that the graphitization degree lower.This is further evidence of the graphite felt electrode surface by varying degrees of oxidation.XPS tests show that the oxygen content has an increase of 0.58%，quantitative proof of the infrared and Raman spectra of the test results.The static single-cell test results show that the treatment of charge-discharge capacity increased by 37.04% and 22.22% respectively.These analyzes confirmed that this method can significantly improve the vanadium redox flow battery performance.

Volatile organic compounds (VOC)emitted from building materials seriously affect people’s health，comfort and productivity.Up to now several methods have been proposed to measure the three characteristic parameters (initial emittable concentration，partition coefficient and diffusion coefficient)of VOC emission from building materials by applying closed chamber.In the paper，a comparative study between the closed chamber C-history method and other available methods (multi-emission/flush regression method，multi-equilibrium regression method and variable volume loading method)is presented.The results indicate that the maximum relative deviation of the measured characteristic parameters by applying the above-mentioned methods is less than 25%.Considering that the closed chamber C-history method just needs one emission process to obtain the three parameters，the experimental time is generally less than 3d.Therefore，the closed chamber C-history method is more convenient and suitable for engineering application compared to other methods in the literature.

Response of a microbial fuel cell under variable load conditions is of paramount importance when it is used for the application of wastewater treatment.In this study，four two-chamber MFCs were started up and evaluated under an external resistance of 50，100，400，1000 Ω，respectively.The results indicated that MFC-50 has the longest log phase for the development of the biofilm while a highest maximum power density can be obtained after start-up.It was also found that the voltages of MFC-100 and MFC-50 dropped and maintained a steady-state when a 50Ω resistance was connected into the electrical circuit，whereas the voltages of MFC-400 and MFC-1000 elevated slowly for ～2 d to the values similar to those of MFC-200 and MFC-50 after the initial abrupt drop under the same loading condition.After the stabilization of the MFCs，the maximum power densities of all the MFCs were comparable and reached 2000 mW·m-2.Further switching the external resistance from a small to large one，no noticeable change in performance can be found.

The operation characteristics of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with the channel width of 1mm and 2 mm under a medium-pressure are addressed，and the effect of temperature on the operation characteristic is investigated in detail.The results show that fuel cell with a 2 mm channel width can realize the long time operation in a closed-ended situation.The voltage of the 1mm width cell can drop from 0.7V to 0.5V in 3min，while the 2 mm width cell can last for more than 53min.Moreover，the temperature has a significant effect on the performance，the voltage of the 1mm width cell can drop from 0.69V to 0.5V in less than 1.7min.The resistance of the cell is increasing with the temperature，but the amplitude is smaller in high temperature.

The influence of different content of lignin sulfonate on the vanadium battery cathode electrolyte is analyzed by the electrochemical method.AC impedance，UV-visible spectra and single battery charge/discharge experiments have verified the effect of lignin sulfonate added.The results show that the dosage is 0.1%，the charge transfer resistance decreases from 5.446 Ω·cm2 to 1.002 Ω·cm2，the double layer capacitance of 4.16 × 10-4 F·cm-2 is reduced to 1.298 × 10-4 F·cm-2.It can indicate that the different content of lignin sulfonate did not significantly affect the excitation wavelength and absorbance，but greatly improve the charge-discharge performance.The lignin sulfonate has a strong chemical and electrochemical stability help to improve the vanadium ion conduction and electrical energy storage.

The microwave absorbing materials in future are characterized by thin thickness，light mass，wide range，strong absorption，and are required to endure high temperature，oceanic weather，nuclear radiation and so on.Polyparaphenylene and its derivatives，especially doped conducting polymer，might become a new kind of microwave absorbing materials owing to its easy preparation，good environmental stability and high microwave absorption.LiNi-ferrite powders could be used as microwave absorbers for X-band frequencies because of its high magnetic anistropic.The conducting polyaniline/LiNi-ferrite nanocomposites possess both dielectric losses and magnetic losses，so they have good application prospect in radar absorbing materials.Polyparaphenylene/LiNi-ferrite nanocomposites were prepared by a novel rheological phase reaction method.The effect of spark plasma sintering (SPS)conditions on electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity was investigated.The TEM images show the size of LiNi-ferrite is around 100-300 nm and the polyparaphenylene disperses in the oxide matrix evenly not only on the grain boundaries，but also inside the grains.It was found that the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites do not change with sintering conditions whereas the thermal conductivity increase with sintering conditions.With sintering times increasing，the size of LiNi-ferrite becomes large.The growing of LiNi-ferrite makes mean free path of phone and lattice thermal conductivity increase.The thermal conductivity increases with lattice thermal conductivity increasing.Because of the poor electrical conductivity of LiNi-ferrite，the growing of LiNi-ferrite has no effect on the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites.

Based on equivalent medium theory，a model for nanoporous materials optical and radiative properties was proposed.Effective thermal radiation characteristic parameters were computed.Based on the non-gray anisotropically scattering Rosseland approximation，the model that can be used to quantify the level of radiation heat transfer traveling through nanoporous materials was developed.The radiation thermal conductivity of the nanoporous materials was computed.The relationships between the radiation thermal conductivity and the population volume fraction and the population diameter of nanoporous materials with different opacifiers were analyzed.The constitutive relation between the internal radiation heat transfer and multi-scale structural features and material properties of the nanoporous materials was revealed.In the future，this model should guide the design of new nanoporous materials with optimized radiative properties.

Carbon nitride nanorods have been synthesized by ball milling method.The graphite powders were first milled for 200 h under the presence of the NH3 gas with 300 kPa.And then they were annealed for 5 h in the ammonia gas flow more than 700℃.The as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)，transmission electron microscopy (TEM)，electron diffraction (ED)，FTIR and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS).The diameter of nanorods is in the range of 80—150 nm and the length is about 1—2 μm.The results showed that the structure of the most as-synthesized products were β- C₃N₄ signal crystal.The optical property of β- C₃N₄ has been measured by the PL spectra and the computing results showed that the peak is at 3.5—4.4eV which confirmed that β- C₃N₄ is semi-conduct material with broad band.The growth mechanism of β- C₃N₄ nanorods is also discussed tentatively.

To against the defect of the strength developing and water resistance of phosphogypsum-lime-flyash system，machine grinding was used to improve the granular distributions.The physical properties and the water resistance of the phosphogypsum-lime-flyash system in different granular distributions were studied.After blended phosphogypsum with lime and flyash in different proportions，aged for 24h，the samples were pulverized into different granular distributions.Added cement，AC reinforcing agent and water reducer with proportions of 5%，3% and 0.5% respectively，the samples were poured water which according the water consumption of standard consistency.Before measuring the physical properties and water resistance，specimens were shaped in the model of 160 mm×40 mm×40 mm and conserved in the curing room for different ages.The results showed that including 40% phosphogypsum and activating by pulverizing，these specimens pressure strength and softening coefficient can reach at 27.76 MPa and 86% after 28 d of the preparation of specimens as cement mortar blocks，without discharging waste water which causing secondary pollution.

The modification of chemical cross-linking is an effective method to enhance the anion exchange membrane mechanical properties.The organic superbase pentamethylguanidine (PMG) was used as a functional reagent，and reacted with poly (aryl ether oxadiazole)s to prepare anion exchange membranes (FPAEO-AEMs).The results show that crosslinker 6F-BPA is 6%，and the swelling rate of 28.8%; water absorption of 86.27%; conductivity of 3.12 × 10^-2 S·cm^-1; ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 2.57 mequiv·g^-1; thermal decomposition temperature of up to 280℃.