Graphene, a twodimensional sheet of sp2hybridized carbon, receives worldwide attention due to its exceptional charge transport, thermal, optical and mechanical propertiesSince the emergence of graphene which possesses a multitude of striking properties, a new type of microwave absorbers, graphene/polymer nanocomposites, have been synthesized via dispersing the graphene which possesses excellent microwave absorption capacity into polymersThe nanocomposites not only could absorb microwave strongly, but also have low density and good processabilityThere are only a few reports about application of graphene/polymer nanocomposites on microwave absorption, and the studies are in the beginning stage in generalIn this paper, after describing the novel configuration and properties of graphene, the fabrication methods of graphene/polymer nanocomposites are reviewedThen microwave absorbing mechanisms of the nanocomposites are discussedAt last perspectives on the studies of the nanocomposites are providedThe further studies mainly include tailoring the micromorphology and structures of nanocomposites, decorating graphene with magnetic nanoparticles, and investigating synergy of microwave absorption between graphene and polymer

According to titanium resources in China, a new process for production of titanium dioxide by decoposing titanium slag with NaOH molten salt was proposedThe thermodynamics of decomposition of titanium slag (70%

At 101.32 kPa, Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the ethanol-water and acetic acid-water system containing the ionic liquid (IL) triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([N2,2,2,H]HSO4) were measured in a ellis still. The vapor-liquid equilibrium curve of the ethanol-water system begins to deviate from the line when the mole fraction of [N2,2,2,H]HSO4 reaches 5%. When the mole fraction of [N2,2,2,H]HSO4 is 10% or 20%, the deviation from the line increases. The salt effect of IL changes the relative volatility of water and ethanol, and even leads to the disappearance of the azeotropic point. The more IL is added to the system, the more obvious is the salt effect. The relative volatility of ethanol to water increases as the increases of IL. As a result, it is concluded that [N2,2,2,H]HSO4 can be employed as an entrainer for the extractive distillation of the ethanol-water system.

Biodiesel (FAME) is a biodegradable clean energetic resource comprised by a mixture of monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids that can be obtained from a wide variety of raw materials. The thermodynamics of transesterification reaction of triglyceride for production of biodiesel is simulated and evaluated using Gibbs energies method. The results obtained can be used to reacting systems to produce biodiesel, based on the transesterification. The thermodynamic calculation of the three consecutive reversible transesterification reactions of triolein with methanol was carried out by means of group-contribution methods and Zhao’s empirical formulas，ΔS? v = A s lgT b + B s . Factors affecting the conversion rate are studied in transesterification of triolein and methanol. From this analysis, it is concluded that the reaction enthalpy is -10.742 kJ?mol-1 at 298 K, showing a slightly exothermic reaction. The reactions are performed easily at lower temperature and higher pressure. The conversion rate of triolein in liquid methanol is smaller change at condition of temperature and pressure. Increase in molar ratios of methanol to triolein, results in increase in conversion of triolein. The equilibrium conversion of triolein reaches 98.8% at molar ratios of 20:1, methanol to triolein. Increase in pressure of methanol vapor, results in increase in triolein conversion, while an increase in temperature of methanol vapor results in a decrease in triolein conversion. Compare with results of experimental data from references, the group-contribution analysis method is feasible.

A level gas-liquid interface mass transfer analog device was established. By aid of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), liquid velocity distribution near mass transfer interface was observed and recorded in the process of CO2 desorption from with or without nano-particle ethanol solution. Interface turbulence initiated by Marangoni effect was observed during mass transfer taking place. The turbulent intensity and distance from gas-liquid interface in nanofluids was greater than that of ethanol solution. It could be explained that turbulence was intensified and transfer into deeper liquid bulk in nanofluid due to the microconvection of nano-particles, which lead to vortexes and fluids mixing and than promoting the gas-liquid mass transfer. Key words: nanofluid, mass transfer enhancement, Marangoni effect, microconvection

Raw syngas mainly contain H2, CO, CO2, Different chemicals may be synthesized after it be sifting and upgrading. Melton salts has the ablity of absorbing CO2 and adjusting H2/CO. The experiments shows that H2/CO could adjust between 1.5～2.9, and there is nearly no CO2 in syngas after been treated with melton salts. The process of syngas composition adjustment using melton salts was non-equilibrium and coupling process. Relations between syngas composition and operation conditions were got from sphere flow equation and chemical reaction dynamics by means of dimensional analysis. The rate limiting step syngas composition adjustment using melton salts was mass transfer between bubble surface and melton salts. Temperature and liquid height have a greater impact on syngas composition, while bubble diameter has less impact. Percent composition of H2 could be increased by raising the temperature, reducing bubble diameter and increasing residence time. The modal was then Verified by experiment, experiment datum and the modal agreed well.

Abstract: Single droplet evaporation is one of the important physical processes in liquid spray. Various models were formulated in the literature to compute the mass flow rate of droplet evaporation. It is found that all these models can be written in a single formulation, with various models represented by the different expressions in the driving force HM, which can be classified into three kinds, namely, classical model, mass analogy model and drift-flux model. In this paper, we perform an analysis of the assumptions involved in the derivation of the three kinds of models, and find that the drift-flux model which takes into account the effects of Stefan flow and corrective mass transfer, should be the correct expression, while the classical model ignores Stefan flow effect and the mass analogy model ignores transient effect. Then a study of the influence of the mass driving force HM on the droplet evaporation is carried out, we conclude that both the classical model and the mass analogy model underestimate the effect of evaporation especially at a high evaporate rate.

Experiments of pulverized coal pneumatic conveying using nitrogen were carried out in an experimental facility of top discharge blow tank at atmospheric pressure, and the conveying characteristics of top discharge blow tank was investigated. The influences of fluidizing gas flow rate, pressurizing gas flow rate and gas injection rate at the riser inlet on pulverized coal mass flow rate and solid-gas ratio were discussed. The typical test condition was compared with that of high pressure conveying. The results indicate that as the fluidizing gas flow rate increases, the pulverized coal mass flow rate and solid-gas ratio increase at first and then decline, respectively. As the pressurizing gas flow rate increases, the pulverized coal mass flow rate increases gradually, while the solid-gas ratio increases at first and then declines. As the gas injection rate at the riser inlet increases, the pulverized coal mass flow rate increases gradually, while the solid-gas ratio increases at first and then declines. Compared to high pressure conveying, the conveying at atmospheric pressure has higher mass solid-gas ratio, lower gas consumption rate and conveying energy consumption.

In order to study the heat transfer characteristics of a flat plane with uniform heat flux under the pulsating flow, an experimental setup was built. The heat transfer features of a High Temperature Co-fire Ceramic (HTCC) heating plane cluster in pulsating flow under different Reynolds numbers (Re=433～1733) were investigated. The pulsating frequency and pressure amplitude of the pulsating flow were 30 Hz and 165 Pa, respectively. Results showed that the pulsating flow with proper pulsating parameters (f=30 Hz, prms =165 Pa) has the capability to enhance obviously the heat transfer of the flat plane, and in this work, the enhanced heat transfer efficiency was at the value between 9.7% and 10.8%, changed linearly with the Reynolds number. Besides, results revealed that the heat transfer flux increases linearly with the Reynolds number no matter the flow is pulsating or not. However, the slop coefficient under the pulsating condition is larger, and is 1.26 times of that under the steady condition. Finally, results indicated that the addition of pulsating component in the steady flow increased the heat exchange inside the airflow.

For unsteady two-phase flows, the widely-used numerical approaches for solving continuity and momentum equations are fractional-step method and SIMPLE-family algorithms. The advantage of the fractional-step method is that the convergence rate is fast and the disadvantage is that the initial value problem is conditional stability. The SIMPLE-family algorithms are absolute stability for the initial value problem; however, their convergence rates are slow. For overcoming the disadvantage of the traditional SIMPLE-family algorithms, IDEAL algorithm is introduced in this paper. The convergence rates of SIMPLER and IDEAL are compared by two unsteady two-phase flow problems. It is found that IDEAL can enhance the convergence rate greatly, about 5~87 times over SIMPLER. Therefore, it can be concluded that IDEAL overcomes the disadvantages and combines the advantages of the fractional-step method and the SIMPLE-family algorithms.

For measuring size, concentration and velocity of droplets from the cyclone separator's inlet and outlet, a measurement system based on trajectory image processing is developed. Principles of measurement are introduced. Droplets from cyclone separator are always sphere under the surface tension of water. It is reasonable to approximate the width of trajectory particle image as the diameter of droplets. Distance that droplets have moved in exposure time is obtained from trajectory image by processing, velocity of droplets can be easily calculated. Telecentric lens is used as an important part of measurement system. Common lens exhibit varying magnification for objects at different distance from the lens, but Telecentric lens provide the same magnification at all distance, so droplets at different distance are the same size in the image. Firstly, images of particles are taken by capture system, and images are processed with program. Then the particle size, concentration and velocity can be calculated. The system was installed in an experimental set up that was used to study the performance of the cyclone separator. The experiment results show that our system avoids inversed process and with high size resolving compared with traditional measurement system with light scattering method. And it can make a measurement in line，is better than other systems.

Hybrid catalyst was devised based on phase inversion method. The catalyst was as following: PSA was the organic part for binding (n-BuCp)2ZrCl2, and SiO2/MgCl2 was the inorganic part to immobilize TiCl3. As an alternative to a tandem or cascade type process, a two-step polymerization method was carried out in a single reactor on a laboratory scale. Utilizing this two-step slurry polymerization process, reactor blends of ultra high molecular weight copolymer and low molecular weight homo-polymer were produced. Different fractions of polymer blends were obtained according to variance of the polymerization time in each stage. The miscibility and thermal behaviors of blends were investigated by different differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques and rheology methods. Finally, the miscibility of blends obtained by different blending methods was compared.

In order to estimate the gas-liquid filtration performance of filtration elements widely used in natural gas transmission pipelines, the influences of several factors, such as he filtering mode, the thickness of the fibrous filter elements and the packing density of fibrous filter elements, were measured by experiments. The results of experiments showed that filtration performances of filter placed vertically were better than that of filter placed horizontally, and the pressure drop of the former was less 40% than that of the latter at the same conditions. With the thickness of the fibrous filter material increasing, from 6 mm to 32 mm, the pressure drop increased and the concentration filter outlet decreased, and the filtration efficiency increased. Higher packing density of fibrous filter material caused higher filtration efficiency and pressure drop.

According to the TGA results, the temperature requirement of the activated carbons modifying process was discussed. Boehm titration, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and BET surface area measurement were used in measuring surface physicochemical properties of these modified activated carbons. Then, Fixed-bed adsorption experiments were conducted under the same experimental conditions at 283K, with acetone, dichloroethane and methanol being as adsorbents, respectively. After the correlation analysis of experimental results and test result, the calculation of dynamics parameters and adsorption energy was conducted. The results show that the pore size distribution and surface functional groups of thermal-modified activated carbon are different from the unmodified one, and the relationship of adsorption capacity and effective pore volume is linear. The adsorption process of four absorbates on activated carbon can be described by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. Also, intra-particle diffusion model shows that the rate of adsorbing the organic gases of activated carbon is greater than unmodified one. The adsorption energy of all the four chosen adsorbents is smaller than 20 kJ?mol-1, which indicating that the adsorption of the four adsorbents on activated carbon is dominated by physical adsorption.

Aimed at developing new energy-efficient technology for the bromine extraction, continues bromine absorption in membrane air-blowing/absorption (MA-B/A) process was designed where Hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes were used as aeration configurations. The compressed air was blown out of the aeration configurations (U-type PVDF membrane modules) in the form of small air bubbles, and flowed into respectively each membrane module which were in a series connection. Convective mass transfer happened between small air bubbles and the treating liquid (sea water simulated). Air flux carrying bromine molecules formed mixed gas made of air and bromine. Mixed gas permeated out of the membrane hole of hollow fiber hydrophobic membranes and reacted with absorption liquid to produced bromine compound, thus continues bromine extraction from the liquid was carried out. The effects of operation conditions in absorption process, such as the liquid height of absorption cell, fluid flow, concentration, pH, temperature of absorption solution, the thickness of membranes and the structure of modules in absorption process on membrane absorption process were investigated. The optimal parameters of continues bromine absorption with MA-B/A process were obtained. The experimental results show that bromine removal rate, recovery rate and absorption rate reaches 82%, 76.3% and 93.1% respectively when the membrane thickness in absorption process is 0.15 mm, the module is seaweed-type, the liquid height of absorption cell is 1.5 m, fluid flow is 0.5 L?h-1, the concentration is 0.1 mol?L-1, pH range is 6~7 and the temperature is 70 ℃ of absorption solution.

In order to enhance foam drainage,the column with an inner foam sleeve was designed to study the effect of column foam wall on separation performances for bovine serum albumin(BSA).The effects of foam wall on the liquid holdup at exit,bubble size,enrichment ratio and recovery efficiency were investigatedThe results indicated that compared with without inner sleeve,addition of inner sleeve decreased the liquid holdup,accelerated coarsening and coalescence of bubbles and increased enrichment ratio of BSAUnder the conditions of initial concentration of BSA 02 g·L-1,air flow rate 400 ml·min-1,the experimental column achieved up to a 206 fold increase in enrichment ratioThe enrichment of BSA went up with increase of inner sleeve lengthTheoretical analysis showed that ratio of exterior to interior channels enlarged with the increase of bubble diameterSo,the experiment column could obtain better performances at lower concentration and air flow rate,showing that the drainage rate was greater for plateau borders on wall than between bubblesTherefore the inner sleeve could provided more plateau borders on wall and improved foam drainage.

The separation of lithospermic acid B (LAB) by aqueous two-phase systems was studied. According to the partition coefficient and the yield of LAB, the various ethanol and (NH4)2SO4 system were investigated using response surface methodology to find the optimal condition. The results showed that the optimum phase composition was 20% (w) (NH4)2SO4 and 29% (w) of ethanol for crude extraction at pH2.0 and 30 oC. The partition coefficient and yield　of LAB were 58.7 and 97.3% respectively. To remove the salt, the purity is 57.4%. Compared with small scale, the partition coefficient (59.3), yield (98.2%) and purity (58.6%) of LAB are no significant different in scale up 40 folds. Subsequently, the (NH4)2SO4 was removed from the top phase with ethanol. The concentrated extracts were partitioned with chloroform, and the H2O layer was extracted by EtOAc. The EtOAc fraction was evaporated in vacuo at 40 oC, and 26.1g LAB with the purity of 78.1% and the overall yield of 87.0% was obtained from 500g powders. Thus aqueous two-phase system may provide efficient technique for extraction of LAB from the crude extract.

Real-time optimization and process control are based on the process model, which is tuned by data reconciliation and parameter estimation. The results of data reconciliation and parameter estimation for variable load are not accurate, if the change of model parameters is nonlinear and the measured data have gross errors. As a result, efficiency of real-time optimization and process control will be decreased. This paper proposed an approach for data reconciliation and parameter estimation in the presence of variable load. The approach includes steady states detection and sampling, multiple operation conditions clustering, data reconciliation and parameter estimation with multiple data sets. The reliable process data are selected by steady states detection and sampling, and then multiple operation conditions clustered by the volatility of operation conditions and nonlinear characteristics of system can be used to decrease the influence of nonlinear change of model parameters. Data reconciliation and parameter estimation with multiple data sets can minimize the offsets between measured and reconciled data. Based on the process data measured from the real plant, numerical results demonstrated effectiveness of application of the proposed method to an air separation process.

Modeling and control of ethylene cracking severity is very important to the real-time optimization of cracking furnace. To address the problem with the complexity and volatility of Naphtha feedstock components, fuzzy kernel clustering method was developed to divide the naphtha database optimally. After establishing multiple models of least squares support vector machine, in order to improve the model accuracy and generalization ability, differential evolution algorithm was used to determine the proper parameters of LSSVM model. We established each sub-model based on the sub-condition in ethylene cracking process, also the switching strategy is based on weighted value. The simulation results on the real industrial data showed that DE-LSSVM multiple models of ethylene cracking severity based on fuzzy kernel clustering got good tracking performance and high accuracy.

An electrochemical sensor was designed to detect the corrosion degree of metal cans for beverage packaging, and the effective testing area of the sensor was determined. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical noise (EN) were performed to detect the corrosion degree of beverage cans which have been stored for 1 month(named s1), 3 month(named s2), 27 month(named s3) and 43 month(named s4). EIS results showed that the EIS plot of s1 had not developed to a characteristic of two time-constants and the coating resistance was higher than 108Ω?cm2, indicating that the coating showed good protective performance. The EIS plots of s2, s3 and s4 showed characteristics of two time-constants and the coating resistance was lower than 108Ω?cm2, indicating that the organic coatings of s2,s3,s4 had lost their protective performance. EN results showed that quantities and amplitudes of transient peaks increased with the increasing storage time, indicating that the increasing local corrosion occurred in the cans. The designed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied to detect the performance of beverage cans and further provided scientific proof to evaluate the shelf life of metal cans for packaging.

Commonly, in textile industry, addition of strong reducing agents is necessary to form the reduced dyestuff which is soluble in alkaline aqueous medium. The method produces heavy environmental pollution and economic burden, because reducing agents cannot be recycled and the disposal of dyeing bath and rinsing water cause high costs. Electrochemical reduction has the features of high security, low cost and less environmental problems, making it a promising alterative to chemical reduction of vat dyes. Therefore, it becomes a research hotspot nowadays. In this study, the electrochemical reduction of Vat Olive T was investigated in a Fe-TEA system by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrolytic experiments. Fe(III)-TEA complexes have good electrochemical activity in alkaline solution, which are well suited for the indirect electrochemical reduction of Vat Olive T and can avoid over-reduction of Vat Olive T. Furthermore, the effects of operating parameters including reaction current density, temperature, concentration of NaOH and Fe(III)-TEA mediator had been studied by L9(34) orthogonal experiments. The results show that high current efficiency (59.09%) can be successfully achieved under optimized conditions and the current density is found to be the main influence factor.

The distribution profile of Interfacial Area Concentration (IAC) of air-water two-phase flow in vertical pipes has been conducted by using the measurement technique of optical fiber probes. The diameter of the large and transitional tubes is 100mm and 50mm, respectively. Superficial gas and liquid velocity ranges from 0.01 to 1.0 m?s-1 and from 0 to 1.0 m?s-1, accordingly. Firstly, on the basis of evaluating its measurement accuracy, the optical probe was calibrated by comparing its measurement result with the photographic data obtained by high-speed videos. The radial profiles of IAC and sauter mean diameter (bubble diameter) were then gained by experiments. And the effect of tube size on IAC and bubble behavior was obtained by analysis of the distribution properties of IAC and bubble diameter in the two tubes, Several models for calculating IAC were evaluated against experimental results, in the meantime, a more accurate correlation for calculating IAC based on the Hibiki-Ishii ( 2002) model was proposed by fitting the experimental data.

Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation method was performed to study the ethyl butyrate/ethanol/Tween80( Polysorbate 80)/water four-component microemulsion system. The dynamical process of microemulsion system formation was investigated. The microstructure and droplet shape changed with the water phase solubilizing was researched. The boundry of microemulsion's effective region was also predicted . The results of DPD simulation were as follows :(1) With the water phase solubilizing, the system's microstructure would be transformed at a certain water content which was 50% and 70% respectively and meanwhile, the shape of droplet transformed from columnar to sphere, then back to columnar and ultimately became sphere.(2) When the oil-surfactant volume ratio was or less than 5:5,water phase could be infinitely diluted; when the oil-surfactant volume ratio was 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4, the maximum water content of microemulsion system was respectively 25%, 30%, 35%, 45% and 50% ,and microemulsion was water-in-oil. The water content of microemulsion was over the the maximum water content, it would be destroyed and layering. Experiments showed: (1) According to the changes of microemulsion system's conductivity, the microemulsion was water-in-oil when water content was less than 55%; the microemulsion was bicontinuous when water content was between 55% and 70%; the microemulsion was oil-in-water when water content was more than 70%. (2) The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of system presented an effective region of microemulsion. The results of DPD simulation coincided with the experiment results.

Acetic acid is one of the major inhibitory compounds for cell growth and ethanol fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and is present in cellulosic hydrolysate as well as in industrial culture broth contaminated by acetic-acid producing bacteria. Therefore, improvement of acetic acid tolerance plays important role for efficient ethanol production. Although adjustment of pH to 5 or 6 was proved to be effective against acetic acid toxicity, it is impractical for large scale industrial production due to the cost and increased risk of contamination. Zinc is an essential metal for yeast cell growth and metabolism, however, the important role of zinc is often neglected due to its status as a trace element. Previous studies showed that zinc has protective effect on yeast ethanol tolerance and thermal tolerance of self-flocculating yeast SPSC01. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of zinc sulfate on ethanol production of self-flocculating yeast SPSC01 in presence of high concentration of acetic acid was studied in batch fermentation in the 3L bioreactor using 100 g?L-1 glucose. The results showed that zinc exhibits protective effect against acetic acid toxicity. Of the different concentrations of zinc sulfate tested in this work, 0.03 g?L-1 zinc sulfate showed the best protective effect. Addition of 0.03 g?L-1 zinc sulfate shortened the lag phase time of cell growth of the self-flocculating yeast in presence of 10 g?L-1 and 15 g?L-1 acetic acid, and the fermentation time was also subsequently reduced. The lag phase time was shortened nearly 30 h, with a 27.8% increase in the biomass yield and a 66.7% increase in the ethanol productivity comparing with the non-addition control. The by-products lactic acid and propionic acid were repressed by zinc addition, and significant reduction of propionic acid production was observed upon zinc addition, while no apparent effect was observed on succinic acid and citric acid biosynthesis. The results from this study showed the important role of zinc in cell growth and ethanol fermentation when subject to acetic acid stress, and demonstrated that adjusting the concentration of zinc in the culture medium is a simple and effective method to improve ethanol fermentation performance in presence of high concentration of acetic acid.

Phospholipid, a key functional component of cell membrane, plays a critical role in bioethanol fermentation using yeast. In this study, we employed the LC–MS approach for the identification and quantification of the phospholipidome of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, the industrial strain O and laboratory strain S. We used the chemometrics tools including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial linear squares (OPLS) for the pattern recognition on strain O and strain S, in lag and exponential phases. These studies showed that during the fermentation of bioethanol, the phospholipidome varied significantly between samples of lag and exponential phases. The content of phospholipid species with saturated short fatty acyl chain increased and that with unsaturated long fatty acyl chain decreased when cells grew into exponential phase. Particularly, compared to strain O, strain S that grew slower was with higher amount of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) molecules at lag phase.

Denitrification anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) is a recently discovered process in environmental science and engineering field. DAMO process releases a large of free energy, but DAMO microbial growth is extremely slow. The doubling time is as long as one month or more, which makes it difficult to attain DAMO enrichment culture. Methane is thought to be the key element on DAMO bacteria enrichment, because it is insoluble in water. A mathematical model of methane’s behavior in gas-liquid-bacteria phases was set up to study the effect of methane on DAMO bacteria enrichment. According to the model analysis, we obtained the relational expression between DAMO specific activity, methane partial pressure in gas phase and resistance of mass transfer that was confirmed by DAMO specific activity test.

The new AmOn bioreactor based on the principle of airlift loop reactor, was designed to have the function of both traditional oxidation ditch and secondary sedimentation basin, which collected the process of organic matter removal, denitrification nutrients removal, sludge return and mud-water separation in one reactor. Aeration device was the core part of this reactor, which could not only supply oxygen demand and turbulence in mass transfer, but also provide the impetus for the liquid vertical flow in the whole reactor. By means of CFD technology, this paper analyzed the influence on the treatment effect and turbulence in mass transfer in different flow field, through the comparison of the simulating flow field information in oxidation zoon before change and after. Experiments showed that the middle aerator pipe at the two pipes condition destroyed the cycle eddy at the single pipe condition, which made the liquid velocity and gas hold-up more uniform and reasonable. The oxidation zoon was more conductive to gas-liquid and liquid-solid mass transfer, and the sewage treatment effect would be much enforced in the same aeration condition.

Pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different microorganisms on biosorption of Cd by Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in soil. The results showed that three stains, Arthrobacter oxydans, Staphylococcus auricularis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia could significantly promote the plant alfalfa to remove and accumulate Cd from soil. These strains all accelerated alfalfa’s ability to enrich and absorb Cd. when Cd concentrations in soil were 5, 20 and 50 mg?kg-1, respectively. Compared with non-exogenous microorganism treatment, the three microbe-adding treatments notably increased Cd accumulation in shoot of alfalfa by 11.38%~20.67%, 5.58%~16.54% and 20.68~23.51%, respectively, and in root by 19.50%~32.30%, 8.62%~19.38% and 22.77%~39.23%, individually. The speciation of Cd in both rhizosphere and non- rhizosphere soil was RES >EXC > CAB > FeMn > OM in all treatments. Besides, alfalfa facilitated Cd in soil to transfer into exchangeable form, and EXC Cd in rhizosphere and non- rhizosphere increased by 3.40%~6.51% and 3.16%~5.48%, respectively, in contrast to non- alfalfa treatment. Furthermore, three strains remarkably enhanced alfalfa’s capability to transform Cd into exchangeable form in soil, with EXC Cd increased by 11.23%~21.49%, 6.37%~13.27% and 10.78%~27.76% in rhizosphere and 7.71%~16.30%, 4.64%~13.84% and 9.62%~20.75% in non- rhizosphere, respectively. The BIOLOG ECO experiments revealed that microbial community diversity, activity and diversity index in Cd-contaminated soil increased significantly by adding exogenous microbes. Principal component analysis demonstrated that under different treatments there existed differences in the type and ability for microbes in soil to utilize carbon source. The cluster analysis result indicated that clustering analysis was reasonable to classify each treatment according to its effect on the conversion of available Cd in soil.

A thermal vapor compression (TVC) based desalination system for oilfield wastewater is proposed to combat the difficulties resulted from complex and strongly polluting substances of the wastewater in using membrane methods. The complete mathematical model for process simulation and design is developed and the influences of evaporation temperature on the system performance are analyzed. The results show that the performance ratio increases as the evaporation temperature decreases, lowering evaporation temperature may significantly reduce motive steam consumption. However, lowering evaporation temperature may greatly increase the heat transfer area and the cooling water flow rate.

Effect of extracelluler polymer substances (EPS) on the flocculation ability, settleability and surface properties of activated sludge were investigated using a sequencing batch bioreactor (SBR) to treat simulated wastewater when glucose was used as carbon source by adjusting influent concentration of carbon sources in order to change the EPS concentration. The results show that the sludge floc weight capacity (FA) and the flocculation are better when the effluent suspended solids (ESS) is more lower. ESS and sludge volume index (SVI) are increased, and FA and regional subsidence rate (ZSV) are decreased gradually with the increasing EPS, which could result in the lower activated sludge flocculation ability and settleability. EPS is positively correlated with the ESS and the SVI (R2 is 0.9916 and 0.9451, respectively) and EPS is negatively correlated with FA and the ZSV (R2 is -0.9941 and -0.9805, respectively). And furthermore, increasing EPS has an important impact on the surface properties of sludge. The sludge Zeta potential and the relative hydrophobicity (RH) of sludge are decreased when the EPS is improved, which can result in the increase of SVI and ESS and decrease of sludge flocculation ability and Settleability. EPS is negatively correlated with the Zeta potential and the RH (R2 is -0.99 and -0.9979, respectively).

Against the shortages of existing technologies for the recycling of yellow phosphorous tail gas, a novel continuous process was developed by combining the resources recycling of yellow phosphorous tail gas with formic acid production, which makes phosphoric acid acidification method as the core and can produce formic acid with high quality and low cost on the basis of considering the high and variable viscosity of system and the rationality of energy utilization. At the same time, a multilevel acidification reactor was also designed by integrating the reaction, heating and condensation reflux, which is divided into several reaction regions and equipped with different stirrers. The novel acidification reactor as the core equipment of novel process has the advantages of compact structure, energy conservation and wide adaptability.

An integrated bioprocess of cellulase-catalysed conversion of steroidal saponins and extration of diosgenin was investigated by using a three-liquid-phase system. The distribution of several steroidal saponins, glucose, enzyme，and its activity was studied in a three-liquid-phase system composed of n-hexane, 1,4-dioxane and ammonium sulfate. And the yield of diosgenin obtained in the three-liquid-phase system was compared with that in organic phase and aqueous phase. The experimental results showed that the three-liquid-phase system could be satisfied for simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis of steroidal saponins and extration of diosgenin and glucose. The substrate and enzyme were held in the middle phase of 1,4-dioxane, whiles the products, diosgenin and glucose, were partitioned into the top and bottom phase, respectively. The yields of diosgenin was 69.4% at 96 h in the three-liquid-phase system，which was twice and 27.6 folds obtained in organic phase and aqueous phase respectively.

The effects and toxicity mechanism of xanthate collectors (ethyl xanthate, isopropyl xanthate, butyl xanthate, isoamyl xanthate) on the activity of bacteria (i.e., Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, LD-1) were investigated. It is shown that alcohols and CS2 produced by the reaction of xanthate collectors and sulfuric acid are toxic to LD-1 bacteria. This can decrease the oxidation activity of LD-1 bacteria. With increasing of xanthate molecular weight, the absorption properties and permeability of alcohols on the surface of bacteria become increasingly stronger. So the inhibition effect of alcohols on LD-1 bacteria becomes more and more strong. With increasing of carbon chain length, the amount of CS2 produced by the reaction of xanthate and sulfuric acid decreases gradually at the same dosage of xanthate. And so the inhibition effect of CS2 on LD-1 bacteria becomes more and more weak. Therefore, xanthate collectors with different length of carbon chain have different inhibition effects on LD-1 bacteria.

Mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) was synthesized and employed as the support for immobilizing lipase LVK-S. The immobilized lipase had been prepared by incorporation of lipase and MCF with 20-30 nm channels in phosphate buffer for 10h, and dried in desiccator following the separating and washing procedures. The preparing immobilized lipase powder was analyzed by IR spectrum for determination of immobilized lipase and an activity of 480 U·g-1 was analyzed by assay of fatty acid releasing rate using pure olive oil as substrate. Prepared waste cooking oil and methnol was mixed with ratio of six in weight, then reaction was initiated by adding 0.2 % (in weight) immobilized lipase powder at 28 °C under stirring condition. Gas chromatograph analysis displayed that there were at least 5 kinds of main FAMEs (Fatty acid methyl ester) containing in broth, and the yield of total FAME to waste cooking oil was about 0.83. Further activity analysis of immobilized lipase using waste cooking oil and pure olive oil as substrate comparatively, indicated that the residual activity was kept over 90 % in pure olive oil reaction system, but the residual activity remained only 61 % in waste cooking oil reaction system. Such phenomenon proved that some lipase activity suppressed elements would exist in waste cooking oil, and removing of such elements in pre-treatment wasted cooking oil was helpful for activity preservation of immobilized lipase in reaction condition.

Twodimensional combustion flame front and temperature profiles of ultra lowcalorific gases in porous combustor are investigated numericallyThe characteristics of the flame front, high temperature profiles under certain operating parameters, and the flame propagation process are examinedThe effects of operating parameters, such as equivalence ratio, superficial velocity of gas and the wall heat loss, on the flame front and hightemperature zone are analyzedThe results show that the shape of the flame front is gradually changed in the propagation process of the flameAccordingly, this process results in the variation of the high temperature zoneAs the equivalence ratio increases, the inclination of the flame front near the wall decreases gradually, while the combustion flame propagates upstream graduallyThe shape of the flame front gradually changes from the trapezoid to the straightline distribution with downward inclination on both sidesThe effect of gas velocity on the shape and position of flame front is contrary to that of the equivalence ratioOn the other hand, the wallheat loss can lead to the inclination of the flame front near the combustor wall, while the effect on the position of flame is less.

In this paper, polyacrylate/SiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by combining non-aqueous sol-gel reaction of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and miniemulsion polymerization of acrylates. Firstly, kinetics of non-aqueous sol-gel process of TEOS was investigated by gelation time measurement and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results showed that it was beneficial to get spherical silica particles if molar ratio of formic to TEOS was more than 6. Then the silica sol was modified by silane coupling agent 3-methacryloylpropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570). The miniemulsion polymerization of acrylates in the presence of modified silica sol in the comonomer droplets was studied. The polymerization kinetics was similar as normal miniemulsion polymerization. Introducing silica sol reduced the homogeneity of monomers droplets and the stability of the dispersed droplets, so that with increasing the contents of silica sol, the particle sizes increased and the particle size distribution became wider. The latex particle morphologies of the nanocomposites were the struture of several silica microdomains encapsulated by polyacrylate.

AlN ultrafine powders were synthesized at low temperature by Carbothermal Reduction Nitride (CRN) route from a sol-gel precursor by using aluminum nitrate, glucose and calcium nitrate as raw materials. The influence of Ca-compound on the phase transformation behavior of the precursors, as well as the particle size and morphology of synthesized AlN powders, were investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that Ca-compound reacted with alumina powder and resulted in aluminate phase of CaAl4O7, Ca3Al10O18, CaAl2O4 and Ca12Al14O33. Those aluminate phases formed liquid during the nitradation process, which promoted the transformation of Al2O3 to AlN and vaporized at high temperature. Compared to the approach without additive, the use of Ca-compound addition reduced the synthesis temperature of AlN from 1500 ℃ to 1400 ℃. SEM photographs showed that AlN powders synthesized with Ca-compound addition were larger than those without Ca addition, and high doping of Ca-compound lead to the growth of AlN powders. With [Ca]/[Al] of 0.0262, the particle sizes of AlN powders synthesized at 1350 ℃ were 60-80 nm. When the nitradation temperature was increased to 1400 ℃, the single AlN with the particle sizes of 100-180 nm was obtained.

A novel polyamide-urea-imide composite reverse osmosis (RO) membrane was prepared via two-step interfacial polymerization. 5-Isocyanato-isophthaloyl chloride（ICIC）as a key functional monomer was first reacted with 4-Methyl-m- phenylenediamine (MMPD) to prepare the initial RO membrane by single-step interfacial polymerization technology, then the other key functional monomer N,N’-dimethyl-m-phenylenediamine (DMMPD) was polymerized with the remaining ICIC and acyl chlorine group (-COCl) of the initial RO membrane to obtain the new polyamide-urea-imide (MMPD-ICIC-DMMPD) composite RO membrane after heat curing and water rinse. The surface chemical structure of membrane active layer was analyzed by combination of attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS), the surface morphology of membrane was observed via scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM)， and the contact angle and chlorine resistance performance of membrane were also measured. The polyamide-urea (MMPD-ICIC) membrane via single-step polymerization was contrasted in all measurements. Result showed that, due to the grafting of a super thin ICIC-DMMPD layer on the initial MMPD-ICIC membrane surface, the MMPD-ICIC-DMMPD membrane via two-step interfacial polymerization had smother surface, slight thicker active separation layer, better hydrophilicity and resistance performance than the MMPD-ICIC membrane via singe-step interfacial polymerization .

Polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membrane was prepared via phase inversion, using PES as membrane material, N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as solvent, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Halloysite Nanotube loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag-HNTs) as additives. The effects of the Ag-HNTs concentration in the casting solution dope on the membrane performance were examined. The antibacterial activity of the membranes was tested by an inhibition zone method. The experimental results indicated that the reaction between HNTs and Silane Coupling Agent KH-792 took place successfully, and the grafted amount was 0.105g (KH-792)?g-1(HNTs). What's more, the complex reaction between silylated HNTs and Ag+ occurred successfully with complex amount of approximately 0.145g (Ag)?g -1 (HNTs). As the content of Ag- HNTs increased, the pure water flux also increased whereas the rejection kept at about 95%. In addition, the membrane showed good antibacterial property against E. coli and S. aureus.

The effect of annealing on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of injection mold polycarbonate part has been investigated. The results revealed that the residual stress of the polycarbonate injection products tend to reduce due to rearrangement of orientation molecular chains by annealing. Mechanical properties of the products were improved except breaking elongation, with yield strength increased by 14.86%, flexural strength by 12.7%, flexural modulus by 21.27%, impulse strength by17.93%. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that distortion temperature was increased and residual stresses existed in the products. The change trend of storage modulus of annealed products with scanning temperature was smoother and steadier than that of unannealed products due to molecule chains relaxation. Residual stress in the products changed with scanning frequency at a range of 35HZ to 60HZ during frequency scanning. Residual stress in the products changed with scanning frequency at a range of 35HZ to 60HZ during frequency scanning. Due to residual stresses reducing, the capable of responding to residual stresses was decreased during the scanning temperature increasing.

Benzoxazine monomer with fluorinated silane-functional group was synthesized. The effect of hydrolytic immersion condition for the formation of films was tested. Furthermore, the effect of curing temperature and curing time on the surface free energy of the polybenzoxazines were investigated. The thermal stability of the polybenzoxazine at various thermal processing temperatuers （100℃-350℃）was also considered . The results indicate that the immersion solution modulated by hydrochloric acid solution (pH=2) displays the best film formation property. The lowest surface free energy of the polybenzoxazine cured at 160℃，190℃，220℃ and 240℃ are 15.6 mJ?m-2 (4 h), 15.0 mJ?m-2 (1 h), 15.3 mJ?m-2 (15 min), 15.5 mJ?m-2 (5 min) respectively, which are even lower than that of Teflon (22.0 mJ?m-2). The surface free energy of the polybenzoxazine possesses well themal stability below 200℃. The polybenzoxazine material is the most potential anti-adhesive materials applied in hot-embossing nanoimprint lithography.

The surface of commercial silicon dioxide particles was hydrophobically modified in this paper. The aqueous foams were prepared by stirring mixtures of dodecyl sulfate sodium (SDS) and particles before or after surface modification. The hydrophobicity of particles, the particle additions, the concentration of particles adsorbed on the air/water interface and the stability of dynamic stretching liquid film were investigated. Results shows that the foamability and foam stability of the hydrophilic silica/SDS dispersion is better than that of the modified silica particle/SDS dispersion. The foam stability increases with the increase of the particle addition and it reaches a maximum with the particle addition of 0.05 wt%. However, in dynamic stretching conditions, the liquid film can be stabilized by hydrophobically modified silica particles. The stretch length of liquid film reaches maximum at the particles addition of 0.05 wt%.

The miscibility and mesophase formation of the binary Polypropylene (PP) /Polyamide-11 (PA11)blends (with weight ratio at 10/90, 30/70, 50/50, 70/30 and 90/10) are investigated by atomistic molecular (MD) and mesoscopic dynamic (MesoDyn) simulations. The Flory-Huggins parameters (χ) determined from the cohesive energy densities and the radial distribution functions (g(r)) of the inter-molecular carbon atomic pairs of PP-PP, PA11-PA11 and PP-PA11 chains in the blends suggest that PP/PA11 90/10 blends are more miscible. As a further proof, the MesoDyn program was used to simulate the phase separation dynamics of the blends at the mesoscopic level. Interaction parameters obtained from atomistic simulations along with other structure-dependent (monomer number and length, the characteristic ratio) parameters were subsequently supplied in the mesoscopic simulations.

The molecular mechanics method was introduced in the context of seawater reverse osmosis desalination process to investigate the interaction between membrane materials and water or alginic acid in terms of the interaction energy, the probability, and the mean interaction energy of the H-bond complexes, thus providing theoretical information on the selection of chemicals in membrane modification to promote hydrophilic and antifouling properties. According to the molecular mechanics calculation, the order of mean interaction energy between membrane materials and water was PEGMA＞PA＞SPM＞AMPS, and that between these materials and alginic acid was AMPS＞PA＞SPM＞PEGMA, so PEGMA was considered as the best modification chemical among the three chemicals. Using click chemistry method, a new modified membrane MSW30 was prepared by coating 2-bilayer PEGA onto the polyamide membrane SW30. It was confirmed by contact angle measurements and fouling experiments that the modified membrane MSW30 was more hydrophilic and showed better resistance to fouling by alginic acid than the unmodified membrane SW30, which was also in agreement with the molecular mechanics calculation.

Absrtact: Methyl methacrylate monomer containing 8-hydroxyquinoline moieties(HQMA) has been synthesized through a series of reactions with 8-hydroxyquinoline and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate as starting materials, and then, living/controlled polymerization of HQMA was achieved by reversible addition- fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The resulting PHQMA was used as macro-RAFT agent in the RAFT polymerization of styrene to give diblock copolymer PHQMA-b-PS. The structure and composition of PHQMA-b-PS were characterized by means of 1HNMR and GPC. The self-assembling behavior of diblock copolymer PHQMA-b-PS has been studied in a mixture solvent of THF(as a common solvent) and toluene(tol.) The results showed that the spherical micelles were formed under common THF and selective solvent toluene ratio of V(THF):V(tol.)=5:5 and 6:4, while the ratio of V(THF):V(tol.)=8:2, the micelles were changed into wormlike structures.

The CaCO3 hollow microspheres were successfully synthesized by facile precipitation reaction of aqueous solutions CaCl2 and Na2CO3 in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS). Introducing the surfactant/polymer composite into reaction system is in order to not only understand the effects of the surfactant/polymer composite on the crystallization and aggregation of calcium carbonate, but also explore a possible realized and simple preparation method. The products were characterized by FESEM, TEM and XRD. At the same time, the experimental conditions were investigated to explore the crystallization and aggregation of calcium carbonate. The reaction mechanism was discussed in this work.

Acrylamide (AM)/acrylic acid (AA)/methyl methacrylate (MMA) copolymer with the stabilizer poly(acrylic acid sodium) (PAANa) dispersed in the ammonium sulfate (AS) solution was prepared through the aqueous two-phase copolymerization. By using the dynamic light scattering (DLS), the droplet appearance and growth in the initial stage of the aqueous two-phase copolymerization was on-line detected, and results showed that the copolymer droplet aggregates with each other at the initial stage. Therefore, the droplet size distribution became wide at first, and then turned to narrow again as the copolymerization proceeds. By using the gas chromatography, the exact monomer residues were detected and the composition of the copolymer chain was calculated. The reaction can be divided into three stages. The AM and MMA segments were the main part of the copolymer chain at the first stage, at the second stage AM grows mainly into the copolymer chain, and the AA and AM segments were the main part of the copolymer chain at the third stage. Eventually, the droplet formation mechanism of the aqueous two-phase copolymerization of AM/AA/MMA with the stabilizer PAANa in AS aqueous solution was presented. The negative charge of the AA segment in the copolymer chain was considered as a significant factor in the stabilization of the aqueous two-phase system.

Anatase TiO2 microspheres with uniform morphology and high crystallinity were facilely synthesized through a solvothermal method. The as-prepared samples were surface modified by stearic acid, and the as-prepared samples through surface modification could be readily dispersed in common non-polar solvents and mineral oils to obtain homogenous solutions, these homogenous solutions keeped unchanged for several months in ambient conditions. It could be reasonably inferred that the modified TiO2, because of a lot of long chains carboxylic acids on its surface, possessed a more effective improvement of the dispersity in liquid paraffin. The crystallographic structure, crystallite size, and surface morphology of as-prepared samples were analyzed through powder X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetry (TGA) respectively. In addition, the possible formation mechanism was discussed. The tribological properties of the as-prepared samples as an addictive of liquid paraffin were evaluated by a four-ball tester. The experimental results demonstrated that the as-prepared samples had excellent an anti-wear effect, friction-reduction property and could significantly improve the load-carrying capacity of liquid paraffin.