Densities and viscosities of four binary mixtures of 3-heptanone + ethyl acetate，3-heptanone + butyl acetate，3-heptanone + tributyl phosphate and methyl isobutyl ketone + tributyl phosphate were determined from 293.15 K to 318.15 K under atmospheric pressure using Anton Paar DMA5000 vibrating-tube densimeter and Anton Paar AMVn automated micro viscometer.From the experimental data of density and viscosity，the excess molar volumes V^E and viscosity deviation Δη were calculated and correlated with the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation.The viscosities of the mixtures were correlated by Orrick-Erbar (O-E)group-contribution method.And the new group-contribution parameters A and B for (—O) ₃—P=O group were obtained.The results show that the improved Orrick-Erbar equation is able to predict the viscosities for mixtures from their pure solvents and the deviation is acceptable in engineering applications.

As there are little data and measurement methods for the thermophysical properties of high temperature phase-change heat storage materials with molten salt at present, a dynamic measuring apparatus with Stefan model and Lamvik M model was designed to determine the thermophysical properties of high-temperature molten salt at the melting point based on the relationship between the speed of the moving phase-transition interface location and the thermophysical properties of the liquid-solid phase during the melting and solidification processes. An error correction method was put forward to correct test result by simulating the dynamic testing processes, and was numerically implemented by using User Defined Functions(UDFs). Some samples of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and zinc bromide with known thermophysical properties were measured and the results were corrected. Compared the experimental results and corrective results of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate with the values recommended in literature reference，both errors are less than 5%.The results of three molten salts show a significantly smaller error between the calculation and the test result after the correction than before the correction, and both the thermal conductivity confirming that the error correction method allows a significant reduction in the error arising from non-one-dimensional heat conduction and unstable temperature boundary conditions. Combining dynamic measurement with an error correction could reduce the requirements for testing devices. Meanwhile, this research could offer the basic data and theoretical foundation for further investigation of thermophysical properties of other high temperature molten salts. And the reliability of the method is experimentally confirmed.

Synthesis of 4,4-methylenedianiline(MDA)from aniline and formaldehyde is a complex reaction system.The fundamental thermodynamic data of substances in the reaction system were calculated with various group contribution methods.The reaction enthalpy，Gibbs free energy change and equilibrium constant of the main reactions were calculated.The influence of reaction temperature and raw material ratio of aniline to formaldehyde on the reaction equilibrium was investigated by thermodynamic simulation and validated by comparison with experimental data.It is shown that higher reaction temperature restrains the formation of byproducts，so higher yield of MDA can be obtained.The optimized molar ratio of aniline to formaldehyde is 3∶1.Under this reaction condition，by-products are less and subsequence separation of aniline is easier.The comparison with experimental data shows that the calculation results are reasonable.

The local hot region possibly happening in the fluidized bed under unfavorable operations will lead to deterioration of fluidized states during fluidized beds start up and shut down，so it is important to fully understand the non-steady state of fluidized beds.The experimental study on the effect of fluidizing flux change on solids concentration was carried out in a two-dimensional fluidized bed of 15 mm thickness，400 mm width and 1200 mm height.The glass beads of average diameter of 0.45 mm were chosen as solids phase and water as liquid phase. The experimental results showed that there was an abrupt change of dense-dilute concentration interface with a continuous transition zone in the fluidized bed during the bed collapse process due to decreasing fluidization flux，while there was a continuous dense-dilute concentration interface during the bed expansion process with increasing fluidization flux.The concentration change during the expansion process of fluidized bed was larger than that during the bed collapse process of fluidized bed，and the response time of the expansion process was longer than that of the collapse process. A smaller change of fluid flux in the same time period led to a slower change of average concentration in the bed，which was unfavorable to forming the abrupt change of dense-dilute concentration interface during the collapse process of fluidized bed.A longer time period for the same flux change(slower change of fluidizing flux)led to a slower at first and faster afterwards change of average concentration while it is unfavorable to forming the abrupt change of dense-dilute concentration interface during the collapse process of fluidized bed.

For improving the performance of the four-inlet bathtub-type transfer line exchanger(TLE)used in a 10000 t yearly capacity cracking furnace，the characteristics of flow field in the entrance of TLE was investigated with CFD method.The effects of ellipse eccentricity of the cross-section of the distributor tubes on the low velocity region，residence time，vorticity，rate of turbulent dissipation and gas maldistribution were investigated.The results indicate that higher ellipse eccentricity reduces the low velocity region，residence time，vorticity，rate of turbulent dissipation in the entrance of the TLE，but increases the maldistribution.A dimensionless performance index taking account of vorticity，turbulent dissipation rate and gas maldistribution was employed to compare and evaluate the overall performance in different ellipse eccentricity of distributor tube.The result shows that the optimal ellipse eccentricity of gas distributor tubes is between 1.12 and 1.2.

A numerical simulation for heat exchanger with continuous helical baffles was carried out by using commercial codes of ANSYS CFX 12.0.The study focuses on the effects of helix angle on flow and heat transfer characteristics，and heat exchanger performance is evaluated by entropy generation number based on the analysis of the second law of thermodynamics.The results show that both the shell-side heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop decrease with the increase of the helix angle at certain mass flow rate.The latter decreases more quickly than the former.The tangential velocity distribution on shell-side cross section is more uniform with continuous helical baffles than with segmental baffles.The axial velocity at certain radial position decreases as the helix angle increases in the inner region near the central dummy tube，whereas it increases as the helix angle increases in the outer region near the shell.The heat exchange quantity distribution in tubes at different radial positions is more uniform at larger helix angle.The proportion of the entropy generation contributed by heat transfer in total entropy generation increases and the entropy generation number decreases with the increase of the helix angle at certain mass flow rate.

The lattice Boltzmann method is applied to simulate the fluid flow and mass transfer accompanying biochemical reaction，which is a bio-hydrogen production system by photosynthetic bacteria in biofilm adhered on the surface of tube bundle.The effect of inlet velocity(Reynolds number)，tube spacing and tube arrangement(inline and staggered)on velocity and concentration fields，average drag coefficient，and Sherwood number of substrate are investigated.The velocity field and concentration fields of substrate and product under various conditions are depicted.Lower substrate concentration and higher product concentration are obtained at the rear of tubes，both for inline and staggered arrangement. Compared to that with inline arrangement，the substrate concentration is lower and product concentration is higher at the outlet for solution fluid flow around staggered bundle.Furthermore，the hydrodynamics and mass transfer are estimated by parameters of average drag coefficient and Sherwood number of substrate.The numerical results reveal that small tube spacing leads to high Sherwood number of substrate，but at the expense of high drag coefficient.Compared with inline arrangement，the staggered arrangement leads to an up to double increment in Sherwood number and the increment increases with Re，while drag coefficient increases only 10%.It is concluded that small fluid disturbance has a great impact on the mass transfer，and the staggered arrangement is more beneficial to mass transfer and biodegradation.

Increasing seawater desalination concentration factor can improve the performance ratio and effectively reduce the post-treatment cost of the concentrated seawater that is reused，therefore，it is one of the keys to realizing low-cost zero discharge of seawater desalination.The experiment was carried out in a multi-phase circulating fluidization bed(CFB)evaporator.It aimed to study the effects of particle volume fraction on seawater desalination concentration factor and film heat transfer coefficient.The main components of the scaling were also analyzed.The operations of vapor-liquid two-phase boiling flow and vapor-liquid-solid three-phase boiling flow were investigated in the experiment.The results showed that calcium sulfate is the main component of the scaling，and it was firstly separated out in the seawater desalination experiment.In the vapor-liquid two-phase boiling flow，the film heat transfer coefficient was kept at 1.75 kW·m-2·K-1 and concentration factor reached 3.8.In the vapor-liquid-solid three-phase boiling flow，the result revealed that solid particles remarkably enhanced heat transfer and improved the prevention and removal of fouling.When particle volume fraction was 4% and film heat transfer coefficient was kept at 2.3 kW·m-2·K-1，seawater desalination concentration factor reached more than 5.8.

As a new heat and mass transfer device，heat-source tower plays an important role in the heat-source tower heat pump system.Heat is absorbed from the ambient in winter and supplied to the evaporator of heat pump.There are some similarities and differences in heat and mass transfer between heat-source tower and cooling tower.Six primary differences are pointed out as follows：heat resistance，physical property of liquid，ratio of latent heat percentage，flow rate of circular water/liquid，effect of liquid float on the whole system，and direction and rate of heat transfer.Based on the similarities and differences of heat-source tower and cooling tower，the mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in the cross heat-source tower is proposed and the model is confirmed by experiments.Results show that the latent heat percentage of cross flow heat-source tower is less than 35% and the error of heat transfer rate between simulation and experiment is less than 10%.The model is accurate enough to simulate the heat transfer characteristic in the heat-source tower.

A triple-effect regeneration solar distiller with raw water reservoir is designed and its operation principle is introduced.Experiments with different heating power were carried out with chrome steel strip heater for 6.5 h.In each stage，the temperature and fresh water yield of distiller were measured.The total fresh water yield of each stage in one day and the relation between evaporation rate per unit area and temperature in the vertical distiller were obtained.The experimental results with constant heating power shows that the performance ratio of the evaporation can reach 1.81 with 600 W heating power and its optimal heating energy per day is about 14 MJ.Therefore，it is suggested the area of matched solar collector is 1.5 m2 when the equipment is operated in general weather.A theoretical model is proposed in this study，which can be used for natural convection heat and mass transfer with film evaporation and raw water reservoir inside the vertical cavity.An empirical formula between Nusselt number and Rayleigh number is obtained，which is suitable for calculation of vertical plate cavity with film evaporation and raw water reservoir.

In order to investigate the wet gas performance of ultrasonic flow meter，the wet gas flow characteristics were taken into account and the experiment was carried out with a two-path V turn reflection ultrasonic flow meter.The test result showed that the wet gas over-reading of ultrasonic flow meter was dependent on the L-M parameter.Liquid hold up and depth of liquid at the pipe bottom were the leading factors that affected the over-reading of ultrasonic flow meter with reflection sonar path.Consideration was given to liquid hold up，and a theoretical wet gas correlation of ultrasonic flow meter was deduced，the gas flow rates could be predicted within ±3% error under the flow condition when the L-M parameter was less than 0.1.This research work is useful for developing wet gas flow meter based on ultrasonic technology.

According to principles and features of biological circulatory system，a novel monolithic catalyst chip with bionic micro-channel network configuration was proposed.It included a multi-stage and multi-function network with separated inflow and outflow systems.A series of high-resolution CFD simulations and optimizations were performed to investigate the characteristics of the bionic configuration.Compared with conventional fixed-bed catalyst chip，flow resistance was greatly reduced by using bionic micro-channel network at the same residence time.Back-mixing was lowered in the optimal bionic network. Strong robustness was verified for the bionic micro-channel network configuration，which would reduce worse effects induced by uncertain factors，such as short passing or blocking in micro-channel network. This kind of bionic network is an ideal configuration fit for monolithic catalyst chip.

The main ingredients and morphologies of residues from catalytic liquefaction of bagasse with acid functionalized ionic liquids in subcritical water were analyzed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The relationship between surface morphology of liquefaction residue and acid strength of ionic liquid catalysts and process parameters，such as reaction temperature and time，were also investigated.The results showed that lignin and some refractory aromatic components were main ingredients of liquefaction residue.It also demonstrated that surface morphology of liquefaction residue was affected significantly by acid strength of catalyst and was much more temperature dependent.Both stronger acid and elevated liquefaction temperature resulted in higher degree of liquefaction and much coarser surface of residue.

The thermal hazard of organic peroxides should be assessed to predict and avoid runaway decomposition.In this paper，the Setaram C80 was used to investigate thermal decomposition of several organic peroxides such as cumene hydroperoxide(CHP)，tert-butyl hydroperoxide(TBHP)，dicumyl peroxide(DCP)，di-tert-butyl peroxide(DTBP)，benzoyl peroxide(BPO)，tert-butyl peroxybenzoate(TBPB)，methyl ethyl ketone peroxide(MEKP)，2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane(DHBP)and 1,1-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane(TMCH).Decomposition heat of the organic peroxides was calculated from isothermal scanning curves.The nth-order or autocatalytic reaction kinetics model was established for these organic peroxides，and self accelerating decomposition temperature(SADT)was derived by using Semenov model.The results showed that decomposition of the organic peroxides mostly followed nth-order model with approximate reaction order of 1，however，some of them preferred to autocatalytic model.The SADT of the organic peroxides calculated was in good agreement with values from literatures，demonstrating reaction kinetics fitting and SADT calculating in this paper are of scientific.

Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalysts promoted by K2SO4 were prepared by the impregnation method.Pt-K/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with different Pt distributions could be prepared by adding different HCl contents to the impregnation solution and were used for preparing o-phenylphenol(OPP)from o-cyclohexenylcyclohexanone(Dimer)dehydrogenation.These catalysts were characterized by XRD，H2-TPR，BET and EPMA.The results showed that the interaction of Pt species with support，the structure of the catalyst and Pt distribution were modified by adding different HCl contents to the impregnation solution.The catalyst with 0.50％HCl concentration of the impregnation solution had the largest BET surface areas optimum Pt depth and weaker interaction between Pt and support.The residence time of intermediate products and OPP on the catalyst surface were adjusted，then the formation of byproducts was prohibited and the selectivity of OPP was obviously improved.The conversion of o-cyclohexenylcyclohexanone reached 100% and selectivity of o-phenylphenol were more than 90% at 0.12 g·g-1·h-1 of LHSV and 33 ml·g-1·h-1 H2 space velocity，and 380℃.

Based on the steam gasification experiments of “Fujian Jianxin” anthracite with different catalyst loadings of Na2CO3 in the thermal balance at 850℃，decomposition of Na2CO3 itself and mass loss arising from the reaction of Na2CO3 with carbon in coal were examined.Also，the change of adsorption-desorption isotherms of coal samples at different conversions were measured with the specific surface area analyzer.Type Ⅰ adsorption-desorption of a narrow slit micropore configuration with a close end was mainly shown at a lower Na2CO3 loading and lower conversions，while type Ⅱ adsorption-desorption of open mesopores and macropores with two-end opening holes was formed at a higher Na2CO3 loading and higher conversions.H4-type hysteresis loop with slit and ink-bottle pore surface appeared at and beyond 〖JP2〗the catalyst saturation loading of 12% Na2CO3.The specific surface area and pore-size distribution at different Na2CO3 loadings and conversions were calculated using BET equation and T-plot model.These calculation indicated that all of specific surface area appeared to be increasing at first then decreasing with increasing conversion extent of coal.The split and crosslinking of more micropores and the reduction of micropore specific surface area were the result of the increase of active sites of carbon and gasification rate due to the loading and dispersing of Na2CO3 catalyst.The change of specific surface area with increasing at first then decreasing became more smooth with more loading of Na2CO3.At the catalyst saturation loading of 12% Na2CO3，the sufficient filling and uniform dispersion of catalyst led to increase of active sites on micro-crystalline structure surface of more inert carbon and the split and crosslinking expansion of more micropores in the gasification process.However，at the termination gasification reaction with deep conversion，all of specific surface area were close to zero，clearly showing maximum conversion of coal and uniform gasification at catalyst saturation loading.

A new mixed-mode absorbent，named B-DVS-MI，with functional ligand 2-mercaptoimidazole was prepared and used for separation of immunoglobulin from bovine colostrums.There could exist hydrophobic，electrostatic and thiophilic interactions between B-DVS-MI and the adsorbate.Divinylsulfone activation and ligand coupling processes on the agarose beads were employed and optimized，resulting in activation density of 100 μmol·ml-1 and ligand density of 65 μmol·ml-1.The adsorption isotherm and kinetics for B-DVS-MI - bovine colostrum immunoglobulin system were measured and analyzed.The results showed that new adsorbent was of high capacity of immunoglobulin［127.6 mg·(g gel)-1］，and of typical salt-independent properties.Its adsorption behaviors were significantly influenced by pH，so，with pH adjustment effective adsorption and elution could be achieved.The chromatographic conditions were optimized to separate effectively immunoglobulin from bovine colostrum powder，and product purity up to 95%.As a conclusion，bovine colostrum immunoglobulin could be effectively separated by mixed-mode adsorption chromatography，which could be a new way for comprehensive utilization of bovine colostrums.

A series of polycarboxylate superplasticizers were prepared and the effects of mole ratio of different monomers on the adsorption were studied.The experimental results showed that the product was the best when mole ratio of acrylic polyether，2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid sodium，acrylic acid，and maleic anhydride was 1∶0.14∶3.6∶2.6.Adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of the best product on cement particle surfaces at different temperatures and concentrations were studied by TOC analysis.The kinetic results showed that the adsorption process followed Lagergren adsorption rate equation.Adsorption rate constant k and activation energy Ea were 0.01594 min-1(30℃)and 17.9647 kJ·mol-1，respectively.Thermodynamic results showed that the adsorption capacity of PC increased with temperature.The thermodynamic parameters obtained are as follows：ΔHad=-24.788 kJ·mol-1，ΔSad=0.050 kJ·mol-1·K-1，ΔGad=-39.886 kJ·mol-1(30℃)，indicating that the adsorption is a spontaneous exothermic process.In theory，higher temperature is not beneficial to adsorption process，but as temperature increases，more PC adsorbs at cement particle surfaces，resulting in larger adsorption capacity.The reason is that the heat released will promote hydration of cement，so that it is easier for PC to dope with hydration products.

The determination of competitive adsorption isotherm is of great importance for model-based design and optimization of chromatographic separation processes，especially for the simulated moving bed due to its intrinsic complexity.The competitive adsorption isotherms of ketoprofen enantiomers on an amylose-based chiral stationary phase(Chiralpak AD)at 25℃ were determined in this study by the application of the inverse method.Elution profiles of various racemic feed signals were measured on a preparative chromatography column with a precise temperature control system.The parameters of isotherm models were determined by fitting the experimental elution profiles.The mass balance for component in the column was described by equilibrium-dispersive model.In the fitting procedure，isotherm parameters were searched over a wide range in the parametric space with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-Ⅱ)and polished with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.Four competitive adsorption isotherm models were compared based on the fitting to the experimental data.Bi-Langmuir model with 5 parameters gave the best results. In order to validate this model and the model parameters，independent overloaded profiles with different concentrations and amount of feed were measured and compared with the model. Quantitatively good agreement was observed.

The absorption efficiency of stereoscopic and swirl parallel flow trays with different turning angles of blade (30°, 45°, and 60°)were measured for single tray, double trays with co-rotating, and double trays with counter-rotating under different operating conditions in SO2-seawater testing system.The effects of turning angle of blade, liquid flux and liquid gas ratio on absorption efficiency were analyzed.The result showed that under the best operating condition for the seawater flue gas desulfurization, turning angle of blade 60°, liquid-gas ratio of 19.07 L·m-3 and double trays with counter-rotating, the absorption efficiency was 85%.The stereoscopic and swirl parallel flow tray presents good characteristics in a relatively wide range of operating condition because of its distinctive structure and concurrent flow in whole tower.

When the load is reduced to a certain degree，the compressor will produce dramatic instabilities. The instabilities are inherent of axial compression system，including rotating stall and surge.Although the traditional control method can guarantee the security of the compressor，but it narrows the operating range of compressor and seriously influences compressor performance.In order to improve the active control effect on instabilities，first，for the reason of simple structure and conspicuous effect，the close-coupled valve(CCV)was selected as an active actuator to be used in the compressor system in this paper.At the same time the dynamic mathematics model with CCV was built based on the classical MG model and unstationary theory.Then the active control law under conditions of constant speed and non-constant speed was designed based on the backstepping method and was applied to the simulation of the rotating stall and surge with the active control law in different times，then the influence brought by parameter B was evaluated.Finally，the results of the simulation validated the effectiveness of the active control law and proved the high effect of the CCV actuator on the control.

In order to solve the problems of high dimension，data coupling with each other and nonlinearity in soft sensing of industrial processes，a new soft sensing method based on principal curves was proposed. The nonlinear regression model based on principal curves borrowed the basic idea of PLS and extracted latent variables by principal curves，and the correlation between dependent variables and independent variables was considered simultaneously.A polynomial function was used to fit nonlinear relations between latent variables in latent space.Data from nonlinear functions and VCM(vinyl chloride monomer)distillation columns respectively were used to validate the model.The results showed that the model could solve the nonlinearity problems which included high data coupling in the industrial process with less latent variables and more accurate predictions than traditional PLS model.

For the on-line optimization of complex，large-scale chemical process systems，because optimization time may be too long or optimal solution cannot be obtained，the method of subsystem coordinating optimization can be an approach to solving the above problem.But interrelated variables of coordinating optimization may have different directions for a better solution.A coordinating optimization based on interrelated variables alternation is proposed.The subsystems are optimized based on alternation，and multi-problems of every subsystem optimization are solved by optimizing interrelated variables without changing independent variables or optimizing independent variables without changing interrelated variables.The alternation of subsystems is an iterative process until the condition of ending is satisfied.The proposed method is used in the optimization of simulated FCCU(fluid catalytic cracking unit).The solution is compared with the whole optimal solution，which shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.At last，the solution of on-line optimization with the proposed method shows its feasibility for chemical process on-line optimization.

The dewetting of ultrathin liquid films in the presence of insoluble surfactant monolayer was studied.Under slip boundary conditions，coupled nonlinear evolution equations for film thickness and surfactant concentration based on lubrication theory were used.The dewetting evolution of films was simulated using PDECOL program，and the effects of slip length on dewetting dynamics，including endogenous and exogenous surfactant cases were investigated.Numerical results showed that the impact of slip boundary on dewetting process was closely related to initial surfactant distribution，and was obviously different under various equilibrium film thicknesses.Slip boundary generally played a role of improving the stability of ultrathin insoluble surfactant-covered films，and especially for small equilibrium film thickness，slip boundary could restrain the dewetting processes effectively.For spinodally stable films，the effect of slip boundary on exogenous surfactant dewetting was more noticeable than that on endogenous surfactant case.

Formaldehyde inhibitor was prepared by the monolayer evaporation inhibition technology.The inhibitor could spontaneously spread on the formaldehyde surface to form an insoluble film.It controlled generation of formaldehyde gas by way of blocking its escape and changing the molecular structure of hydrated formaldehyde on the interface layer.The effect of temperature and filming concentration of the monolayer on transfer coefficient for formaldehyde on gas-liquid interface was discussed.Spreading performance of the inhibitor was determined using the surface pressure technique.The microstructure of the monolayer on the gas-liquid interface was described by Maxwell displacement current(MDC)and atomic force microscopy(AFM).The mechanism that the monolayer inhibited the generation and transport of formaldehyde was that the compactness of the monolayer reduced the transport of formaldehyde gas at the interface.Moreover，hydrated formaldehyde molecules could be formed，and the molecular interaction increased due to the existence of hydrogen bond.Thus formaldehyde became more stable and the formation of toxic gas was effectively inhibited.

Frictional loss is a key factor that influences the performance of fluid machine.In order to reveal the friction-wear mechanism and its influence factors，according to the configuration，compression process and force analysis of scroll fluid machinery，a prediction friction force fractal model for rubbing pairs with fixed and orbiting scroll faces was derived based on M-B fractal model，sliding friction force fractal prediction model and analysis of real microcosmic contact form and force of fixed and orbiting scroll faces.Verification and analysis of the model were made through an example.The results showed that there was an optimum fractal dimension of scroll surface，on this optimum fractal dimension，friction force was reduced with the decreases of G*and A*r，so the friction resistance would be reduced through improving the contact properties of fixed and orbiting scroll faces so as to enhance operational performance and prolong working life of fluid machine.

Acarbose，a potent a-glucosidase inhibitor，is one of the most popular drugs for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes.Currently most investigations focus on increasing the acarbose titer and decreasing the production of byproduct.The effect of aminocyclitol compound validamycin on the fermentation process of acarbose was investigated.It was deduced that validamycin not only enhanced the consumption of carbohydrate，the growth of cell and the accumulation of acarbose，but also inhibited the generation of byproduct component C.A fed-batch fermentation strategy that added an appropriate amount of nitrogen and carbon source in 72 h and 96 h after inoculation was adopted with the addition of 0.08 g·L-1 validamycin A into the medium.As a result，the maximum acarbose titer reached 5602 mg·L-1，increasing by 57% compared with the control，and the byproduct component C decreased by 54% simultaneously.

Metal oxide supported on activated carbon was used to remove low concentration NO at room temperature.Activated carbon was pretreated by oxidant before use.After nitrate acid treatment，both carbonyl and nitro groups on the surface of activated carbon increased，and the capacity of removing NO also increased significantly.The activated carbon treated by nitrate acid was then deposited with metal oxide to further improve NO removal efficiency.It was found that samples containing Ce and Co oxide show the longest NO breakthrough time and highest removal capacity.Further study shows the final form of removed NO is metal nitrate，indicating that NO was first oxidized to NO2 when passing through the sorbent and then reacted with the supported metal oxide.

In power plants having no gas source，a feasible option is that re-burning of coal gas produced in powder coal burner to reduce emission of NO_x，i.e.in order to the coal gas，using air and water vapor as medium to gasify a part of coal below 1000℃.In this paper GRI3.0 mechanism is selected and after simplifying a multi-step mechanism including 26 species and 63 reactions is got for simulating a 130 t powder coal burner.The design calculation of the inlet and the ratio of re-burning gas are done and a alteration design that can make 80% reduction of NO_x is proposed.The results show that the re-burning does not have significant influence on burnout ratio of coal.The inlet of the third air wind should be moved up 3 m to increase the reduction time of NO_x.The ratio of re-burning gas should be controlled at 30% to strengthen its reduction performance.

A series of ammonia-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes was prepared via hydrothermal method.Their catalytic activity was evaluated by oxalic acid degradation in aqueous solution in the presence of ozone.It was found that the reaction process can be fitted to zero-order reaction kinetics.The apparent zero-order rate constant had a positive relation with the basic groups and pH value at zero charge point(pHPZC)of the catalysts.On this basis，it can be concluded that the significant enhancement of oxalic acid degradation is achieved by hydrothermal treatment with ammonia.The reason could be that the method promotes formation of basic groups and increase of pHPZC.

Although carbonation sequestration with calcium-based residues can achieve in-situ fixation and permanent storage of CO₂，the process barriers are harsh reaction condition and slow reaction rate.In this paper leaching characteristics of Ca2+ from residues and its carbonation were tested in an ultrasonic-assisted reactor，and compared with those obtained under stirring condition.Effect of different process parameters for leaching，and change of pH and conductivity for carbonation reaction was measured and analyzed.The products from carbonation were characterized by XRD，SEM and TGA techniques.The results show that the leaching of Ca2+ from calcium-based residues can be effectively promoted by ultrasonic-assisted，which increases with enlargement of ultrasonic power and depends on type of residue，leaching time，pH of leaching solution，slurry volume as well as particle size of residue.The Ca content，leaching efficiency and ultrasonic-assisted effect are higher for steel slag and carbide slag than for other residues.The Ca2+ concentration in leaching liquor increases with enlargement of ultrasonic power and decrease of pH.The ultrasonic enhancement effect is more obvious for bigger residue particles.Compared with mechanical stirring，not only leaching process but also carbonation reaction can be strengthened by ultrasonic-assisted.

The properties of sequential CO2/SO2 capture using CaO-based sorbent reactivated by steam were studied experimentally with two tube furnaces(TF)，a steam generator and a thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA).The pore structures of samples at different stages of experiment were investigated by N2 adsorption-desorption.The results showed that the residual carbonation activity for the sorbent after 40 CO2 looping cycles under dry condition was only 18%，while the sulfation activity for that sample was 44%，only 4% lower than the original sample，indicating that the spent sorbent in CO2 capture was still active in SO2 retention.The highly cycled sorbent could be reactivated by steam at 100℃ under atmospheric pressure，and the carbonation activity could be restored to about 68% which decayed in the next CO2 looping cycles in the same way as the fresh sample.The average conversion of the sorbent during 20 cycles could be kept at above 65% when one steam reactivation is conducted after every two CO2 looping cycles.It was the loss of surface area and pore volume that caused the decay of sorbent activity，while the sulfation conversion was not proportional to surface area or pore volume.Although the original sample had the best pore structure， the steam reactivated sorbent got the highest sulfation conversion of 80%，much higher than the original sample.From SEM analysis，the improvement resulted from the fracture of sorbent during hydration and dehydration，which provided more particle outer surface where reaction product could grow freely.The product growing space had a greater influence on sulfation than on carbonation due to greater molar volume of CaSO4 than CaCO3，thus sulfation conversion was higher than carbonation conversion for reactivated sorbent and highly cycled sorbent with more macropores.Despite particle attrition，it was practical to use CaO-based sorbent with steam reactivation for capturing CO2 and SO2 sequentially.

The kinetics of nitrification inhibition，the components of polymeric substances on extracellular and oxygen uptake rate(OUR)of partial nitrification sludge were studied at various concentrations of phenol that was served as short-term toxic inhibitor.The results showed that rate of ammonia nitrification reduced by 37% due to inhibition effect of phenol on the ammonia oxidation bacteria.Under low phenol concentrations(<80 mg·L-1)，it followed Monod’s kinetics for single molecule inhibition，indicating that was a kind of reversible inhibition，and OUR achieved at 20—25 mg O2·L-1·h-1 after the rescission of inhibition.The inhibition constant(52.871 mg·L-1)of mixed sludge system used in this study was far larger than that of an enrichment nitrifier culture.In addition，the phenol promoted the starting of microbial self protection mechanism that could produce more extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)to resist environment change.With the phenol concentrations up to 135 mg·L-1，proteins and carbohydrate in EPS increased up to 87.4% and 311.7% respectively.The ratio of proteins to carbohydrates fell from 22.1 to 3.80 with the increasing initial COD/N.

It is not successful to denitrify waste-water with high content of salt by freshwater activated sludge because of salinity choking.To overcome this problem，halophilic activated sludge must be developed.In this study，activated sediment at estuary of a river was collected and cultured to get halophilic activated sludge.The effect of key factors，such as salinity，temperature，pH and carbon source etc.，on denitrifying-nitrite performance of the halophilic activated sludge was studied.The results show that nitrite can be denitrified by the halophilic system via utilizing it as electron acceptor.As a result，the halophilic activated sludge is of ability to denitrify highly saline wastewater.At 38 g·L-1 salinity environment，the maximum specific denitrification rate of the biological system is 3.29 mg N·（g VSS）-1·h-1.These key operation parameters were optimized for further engineering design：the optimal survival salinity is 15—51 g·L-1 and pH 8.0—9.0.Carbon source has a great influence on denitrification rate.Among methanol，acetate，propionic and glucose tested，methanol is the best because it is beneficial electron donors. As a new different biological system，the halophilic activated sludge，it is of important significance for treatment of saline wastewater to establish their characteristic of denitrification and influencing factors.

Low-cost solid amine TEPA/Q-10 was prepared by impregnating a cheap and disordered porous silica gel Q-10 in tetraethylenepentamine(TEPA)to investigate sorption and regeneration performance during multi-cycles for CO2 removal.Effects of temperature(50—70℃)and CO₂ concentration on sorption performance as well as its thermal stabilization at various temperature were studied during 15 cycles.The experiment results indicate that sorption capacity of this sorbent can reach up to 2.5 mmol·(g sorbent)-1 and it is insensitive for change of temperature and CO2 concentration.TEPA/Q-10 shows perfect thermal stabilization at <100℃，but its sorption capacity will decrease with increase of cycle times when regeneration temperature is above 100℃，mainly due to the volatilization of TEPA in the sorbent instead of its structure change.Compared with traditional MEA method，energy consumption of solid amine decreases exponentially with increase of delta sorption capacity，and can be reduced by approximately 50% when delta sorption capacity is up to 2.5 mmol·(g sorbent)-1.However，if it is above 3.0 mmol·(g sorbent)-1 the energy consumption decreases only slightly with its increase.

The mechanisms of pyrolysis of corn stalk were investigated by means of both model method and model-free method，and following the idea of dual extrapolation method at the same time.Firstly，a thermogravimetry experiment was performed to investigate the process of pyrolysis of corn stalk，in nitrogen gas and at various heating rates.Secondly，an analysis，combining model method and model-free method，was utilized to understand the mechanisms of pyrolysis of corn stalk.The several mechanisms were screened by means of the Popescu method.Then，the kinetic parameters are obtained by the integral formula proposed by Tang and the iso-conversion methods respectively.Moreover，the aforementioned results are all extrapolated following the idea of dual extrapolation method.It is found from the comparison that 2 mechanisms are both probable to satisfy pyrolysis of corn stalk.Furthermore，a preliminary comparison was carried out between the results from the two models and the experimental data.According to the comparison，combined the status of pyrolysis research of biomass，it was concluded that the mechanisms for corn stalk follow reaction of 2.5-order.And it was obtained that the activation energy，97.72 kJ·mol-1，and the frequency factor，3661231 s-1.Finally，an analysis was conducted concerning the discrepancy between the calculation and the experiment.

Sulfate-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation is a novel biological reaction，in which ammonium is oxidized under anoxic conditions with sulfate as electron acceptors.The possibility and characteristics of simultaneous removal of ammonium and sulfate were investigated in a reactor for the sulfate-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation.The reactor was started up with the ANAMMOX sludge，which had high nitrogen removal by nitrite as electron acceptors.The results show that nitrite replaced by sulfate as the electron acceptors was practicable under ANAMMOX conditions.Simultaneous removal of ammonium and sulfate was observed and then the highest removal rate of ammonium and sulfate were up to 55.54 mg·L-1 and 53.15 mg·L-1(calculated by nitrogen and sulphur)at 300 day，respectively.The molar ratio of transformation between nitrogen and sulphur could be stabilized around 2.34.Moreover，pH was important for the reaction due to consumption of alkalinity.This may be a new way for the transformation of sulphur.

As substitute of petrol，bioethanol production from lignocelluloses is one of hot point of research in recent years.A main obstacle of bioethanol production in commercial scale is its cost.One of the most important methods to solve the key problem is raising yield of cellulose hydrolysis by enzyme.However，content and type of lignin in lignocellulosic substrates has a significant effect on the hydrolysis process，as lignin has double actions：as a physical barrier that decreases accessibility of cellulase to cellulose，and as an attractant that adsorbs cellulases i.e.forming non-productive binding.In this paper，structure and adsorption for cellulase of three kinds of ligin，milled wood lignin，Klasson lignin and alkaline lignin were studied，and various surfactants were screened and used for improving enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses because they have a great impact on cellulase adsorption on lignin.The results showed that there are different structure characteristics for the three kinds of lignin：the highest ability of adsorption for cellulase is Klasson lignin，and then milled wood lignin，the lowest alkaline lignin.The surfactant that can significantly increase enzymatic hydrolysis yield of lignocelluloses is PEG-8000， because it can make cellulase desorption from lignin and reactivation for hydrolysis of cellulose.

In order to obtain precision plastics part，the accurate prediction of mold deformation is necessary for large-scale injection mold.But now no available software is powerful enough to finish the prediction work independently.One acceptable way is using more than one software to do a coupling analysis，such as do an injection molding simulation with a special software to get basic data and then based on these data to do a structural analysis with ANSYS.But the key problem is how these data could be input into ANSYS and whether these data are acceptable by ANSYS.An integrated analysis method for part molding and its mold structural mechanics was presented using different softwares，based on identical meshes formed originally from CAD model.By use of the identical meshes，the data of molding and structural analysis were point-to-point matched and could be shared completely between them.With one self-developed polymer injection molding CAE software and ANSYS，an integrated analysis of one real space product was done.In this study，the mold deformation caused simultaneously or independently by maximum injection pressure and temperature was analyzed，and by which mold stiffness was checked and improved while the deformation of mold structure and parts was controlled in an acceptable range.

The enlarged mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃ with significant enhanced adsorption performance towards methyl blue was synthesized via the solvent evaporation-induced self-assembly method from SB pseudoboehmite sol peptized by nitric acid using triblock copolymer P123 as structure directing agent.The effects of hydrothermal pretreatment on the structure，textural properties，morphology of the as-prepared γ-Al₂O₃ and the adsorption performance towards methyl blue were studied by XRD，TEM，N₂ adsorption and UV-Vis techniques.The results showed that the as-prepared mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃ had excellent adsorption performance towards methyl blue，and the adsorption fitted Langmuir isotherm well.Its equilibrium removal capacities were 267 and 1500 mg·g-1 respectively，when it adsorbed 300 mg·L-1 methyl blue solution for 60 min，and 3000 mg·L-1 methyl blue solution for 150 min，much higher than 150 and 1080 mg·g-1 respectively of the γ-Al₂O₃ obtained from SB.The results also showed that hydrothermal pretreatment could increase its specific surface area and adsorption rate towards methyl blue，while having no significant effects on the uniform mesoporous structure and equilibrium removal capacity of the mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃.This study offers new opportunity for mesoporous alumina in adsorption of dye，such as methyl blue from wastewater.

The curing reaction of bisphenol A epoxy resin and isocyanate was carried out and the curing mechanism was investigated.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)were used to monitor and analyze quantitatively the decrease of the groups of isocyanate，epoxy group and generation of new groups of isocyanurate and oxazolidone.The DSC results showed that three reactions mainly occurred during the curing process of epoxy/isocyanate system corresponding to three exothermic peaks.The FTIR results indicated that when reaction temperature was below 140℃ trimerization of isocyanate groups into isocyanurate was observed；when temperature was up to 200℃ the formation of oxazolidone ring by the reaction between epoxy and isocyanate occurred；when temperature was above 230℃ the transformation reaction of isocyanurate with epoxide group to oxazolidone occurred.The curing reaction time dependence of the conversions of epoxide，isocyanate，isocyanurate，oxazolidone groups at different temperature were studied.

A novel polyimide(PI)/polypropylene(PP)solvent resistant nanofiltration(SRNF)composite membrane was prepared by interfacial polymerization(IP)of metaphenylene diamine(MPD)with 1,2,4,5-benzene tetra acyl chloride(BTAC)on the surface of acrylamide grafted PP support.The effects of monomers concentration，ratio of imidizing solution were investigated.The chemical composition of barrier layer and morphology of the resulting membrane were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectra(FTIR)and scanning electronic microscopy(SEM)，respectively.The rejection，permeation and solvent resistant performance of the resulting membranes were also determined.An orthogonal experiment showed that BTAC concentration was the first affecting factor.A non-defective fine PI selective layer was formed on the PP support，and the resulting membrane presented a negatively charged behavior.The optimized conditions were as follows：concentration of BTAC and MPD 2 g·L-1，8 g·L-1 respectively，and volume ratio among acetic anhydride，triethylamine and benzene in imidizing solution 1∶1∶10.Under an operating pressure of 0.5 MPa，the rejection rates of the resulting membrane to Na2SO4 and acid brilliant blue 6B were 93.8% and 96.9%，respectively.

Double network(DN)hydrogels of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)(PAMPS)/ poly(acrylamide)modified by polyethylene oxide(PEO)were prepared using UV ray initiation polymerization.The structures of the first network hydrogels modified by different PEO solutions were observed with scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Compressive and tensile properties of the modified DN hydrogels and blank DN hydrogel were also determined.The result showed that many folds caused by PEO lamellae were irregularly distributed in the mesh walls of the first network hydrogels modified by PEO，and took part in the role of supporting mesh walls of the first network.When the molecular weight of PEO reached 50000，the supporting effect of folds was the best and mechanical properties of the DN hydrogels would reach a peak.As the amount of PEO increased，the mechanical properties of DN hydrogels were strengthened until the amount reached 0.1% then were weakened when the amount of PEO increased further. Lamellar structures of PEO chains reinforced the skeleton of the first network，which strengthened the compressive properties of DN gels to a maximum(31.6 MPa)，when the amount of PEO was 0.1%.However，further increase of PEO amount caused discontinuous structure of the first network，which resulted in a decline in the mechanical properties of DN hydrogels.

The humic acid with average particle size of 60 nm was prepared by alkali-solution and acid-isolation and high shearing technology using weathered coal as raw material.The optimum condition to prepare nanoscale humic acid was obtained through orthogonal experiment：reaction temperature 60℃，reaction time 150 min，ammonia concentration 25%(mass)，solid-to-liquid ratio 1∶10，and addition amount of crystalization adjusting agent 0.15% of the total reaction solution.The size distribution，chemical structure，crystallization properties，morphology，specific surface area of nanometer humic acid were characterized by laser particle size analyzer，FTIR，GPC,XRD，SEM，and specific surface area analyzer(BET).The results showed that the particle size of the sample was well distributed，meanwhile，the sample had good dispersion，the average particle size was 60 nm，specific surface area was 110.31 m2·g-1,and relative molecular weight was 119.Double bonds in the structure，specific surface area and functional groups increased obviously.

The structure of carboxymethylcellulose/montmorillonite(CMC/MMT)nanocomposites was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)，transmission electron microscope(TEM)and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The nanocomposites were prepared with a solution intercalation technique and the effects of mass ratio of carboxymethylcellulose to montmorillonite，reaction time and reaction temperature on adsorption capacity were investigated.The desorption properties were also investigated. Microscopic observation showed that carboxymethylcellulose intercalated into montmorillonite interlayer via destroying the crystalline structure of montmorillonite，and intercalated-exfoliated structure was formed in carboxymethylcellulose/montmorillonite nanocomposites.The maximum adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite for Congo red dye was as high as 50.42 mg·g-1 using the mass ratio of carboxymethylcellulose to montmorillonite of 1∶1 after being treated at 60℃ for 6 h.The desorption efficiency of the nanocomposite was 80.17% using desorption agent of 0.01 mol·L-1 NaOH after being treated by ultrasonic wave for 50 min.

Grafting of methyl methacrylate(MMA)onto microcrystalline cellulose(MCC)using ceric ammonium nitrate(CAN)as a redox initiator was carried out under ultrasound and microwave synergistic irradiation.The effects of varying monomer concentration，initiator，and reaction time of graft polymerization were studied by determining the grafting parameters，such as grafting percentage.The optimized reaction conditions which resulted in maximum graft ratio of 93% were monomer concentration of 3 ml·（g MCC）-1，initiator concentration of 0.25 mmol·（g MCC）-1 and exposure time of 9 min.The graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)，X-ray diffraction(XRD)，thermo gravimetric analysis(TGA)，and differential scanning calorimeters(DSC)，which elucidated the structure changes in comparison with MCC.The crystallinity of the graft copolymers decreased in comparison with that of MCC，and TGA and DSC revealed that copolymer had more thermal stability.

With the aim of synthesis block copolymers by traditional free radical polymerization，a diblock copolymer，polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate)(PS-b-PMMA)，was prepared by free radical polymerization with a tetra-functional peroxide initiator JWEB50.The unique feature of this initiator is the fact that one initiator contains four peroxide groups which can be sequential decomposited.The polymerization of the formation of the block copolymer was carried out by two stages.First，the polymerization of styrene(St)using JWEB50 was investigated and the polystyrene with peroxide(PSI)was obtained，which was used in the second stage to initiate the second monomer，methyl methacrylate(MMA).Selective solvent extraction was used for separation of the block polymer from the homopolymers.The separation technique was found to be efficient by gel permeation chromatography(GPC).The block copolymer was characterized by gel permeation chromatography(GPC)，1H-nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR)，Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR).The results showed that the polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate)could be synthesised with JWEB50.The transmission electron microscope(TEM)analysis showed that the polymer could be used as the compatilizer to improve the compatibility of PS/PMMA blends.