Because wastewater treatment processes are generally characterized by variables coupled, significant nonlinearities, parameters shift and time delay, traditional hardware sensors are not applicable, or their high cost or technical limitations hamper their online use.This result makes optimization and diagnosis of wastewater treatment process impossible. Lots of work, therefore, focus on soft sensor application, especially, the use of analysis model, intelligent model and recursive model for modelling soft sensors to measure important parameters.On one hand, this paper reviews data pre-processing methods and summarizes the research and application of soft sensors from modelling, optimization to diagnosis.On the other hand, the drawbacks of popular soft sensors, including lack of robust and self-calibration capacity, problems of integrating intelligent model with analysis model and its difficulty in wastewater treatment diagnosis, are pointed out.Finally, the application prospect and trend are summarised according to the development of soft sensors worldwide and the experience of authors.

The thermal and mechanical sensitivity tests were conducted for the common and ultra-fine pyrotechnics with zero oxygen balance composition: 63%KClO₃+17%Al+20%S.It is found that after one or/and two of the component particles were ultrafined the impact sensitivity was reduced obviously, but the friction sensitivity affected little.In addition, the higher the ultra-fine degree of pyrotechnics is, the lower its initial thermal decomposition temperature, the longer the time required to reach the maximum rising rate of temperature, the lower the pressure reached in the thermal decomposition reaction.

The complex rheological behavior of liquid crystalline polymers solutions in the shear flow with perturbations is investigated using the finite volume method.The perturbations of simple shear can be considered as one arising from the addition of a slight extensional component to the velocity gradient.Firstly，the case in the simple shear flow is focused upon, i.e., the perturbation equal to zero, and some classical solutions can be obtained for various parameter values.This is the preparation for the discussion of perturbation cases, and to check the validity of numerical method.Then, the effect of slight perturbations on the transition to the flow type of liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs) is explored in detail.Results indicate that the mechanism of transformation is different for low and high shear rates.Finally, rheological predictions and some micro properties of orientation are also obtained from the perturbation system, and the results show that the effect of perturbations in flow type can also significantly change the related material functions.

The primary breakup process of coal-water slurry (CWS) of the coaxial air-blast atomizer has been studied by a high-speed camera.The jet core length and oscillating frequency of coal-water slurry in the near-field region were investigated.The results showed that the breakup process of CWS was performed in the non-axisymmetric Rayleigh-type breakup regime in the experiment.The equation of dimensionless liquid jet core length with gas jet velocity and liquid jet velocity was obtained.The oscillating frequency was characterized by the Strouhal number.The relationship between the Strouhal number and Weber number & Reynolds number of liquid was investigated.

In a horizontal condensation tube-bundle, the inundation effect, resulted from local condensation film and falling condensate from upper tube rows, may reduce the condensation heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) considerably.This paper presents an experimental study on condensation heat transfer characteristic of HFC245fa on horizontal tube bundles.A scheme was proposed to reduce the tube row effect resulted from falling condensate with V-type ducts, and the effect of the duct on CHTC of the tube bundles was investigated experimentally.The tube bundle consisted of 4 columns, each with 5 tubes, with smooth tubes and enhanced tubes, separately.Two columns out of the four were equipped with the duct.The equivalent outside diameter and effective length for heat transfer of tubes were 19.05 mm and 1000 mm respectively.In the experiment, water-side heat transfer coefficient was obtained by modified Wilson plot method, the temperature difference between saturated vapor and cooling water was obtained by two-junction thermopiles (precision, ±0.05℃), and the temperature difference of cooling water was obtained by thermocouples with small period standardization method (precision, ±0.02℃).The experimental results show that the condensate flow regime and flow pattern between adjacent tubes, determined by the quantity of flowing condensate, are key factors that affect the inundation effect.The flow regime and flow pattern of the condensate can be well controlled by the V-type duct fixed in the tube bundle.The total CHTC of the smooth tube bundle with ducts is 4.5%—9.5% higher than that of the reference smooth tubes.Due to the structure of the duct and the method of installation, CHTC of smooth tubes and enhanced tubes with ducts are reduced by 10% and 40% respectively.The results can be used to guide the design of high efficient tube bundles for condenser.

Flow boiling heat transfer performance of refrigerant R410A in horizontal micro-fin tubes with different geometric parameters was investigated.The dependence of forced flow boiling heat transfer coefficient on mass flow rate, heat flux and quality was studied and the mechanism of flow boiling heat transfer under each working condition was analyzed.For a comparison, the influences of the fin number and fin height on the heat transfer were also studied.The experimental data for R410A will provide a reliable base for design of evaporators used in refrigeration processes.

Taking a φ2.3 m×55 m carbon rotary kiln for example, numerical simulations were conducted on the gas and solid spaces of the kiln using the Fluent and Matlab softwares.The influences of parameters such as the secondary and tertiary air inlet positions and air flow, turn-down rigs on the kiln lining, filling ratio of solids, rotation speed of the kiln on the kiln temperature were predicted.The results indicate that, if the secondary and tertiary air inlet positions and air flow, or the size and the number of the turn-down rigs are reasonably designed, the kiln temperature will be increased, resulting in the improvement for the quality of the calcined cokes.In addition, properly increasing the filling ratio of solids or rotation speed can increase the kiln output and ensure the quality of the calcined cokes at the same time.

According to fluidization and bond laws for type D particles, the processes from normal fluidization to shut-down controlled by solid-bridge force were investigated by experiment.Near-wall wind and spiral wind were used to improve the bond behavior of coarse cohesive particles in fluidization process.S attractor comparison method was adopted to evaluate various measures.The results showed that both near-wall wind and spiral wind could improve particle bond behavior in total, slowing down bond evolution and decreasing bond effect.Near-wall wind could delay the happening of fluidization abnormalities while spiral wind could bring forward the happening of fluidization abnormalities.S value reflected the bond effect and bond evolution well in various cases, so it could be used as a criterion of fluidization quality in fluidized processes.

The correct identification of two-phase flow regime is the basis for the accurate measurement of flow parameters in two-phase flows.Computerized tomography (CT) is applied to two-phase/multi-phase flow measurement in recent years because of its characteristics of non-invasiveness and visibility.Image reconstruction of CT often involves solving large-dimension matrix equations repeatedly, which is expensive in computation, especially for on-line identification of flow regimes.In this paper, the minimum cross entropy reconstruction based on multi-resolution processing (MRMCE) is presented for fast image reconstruction.Both simulation and experiments have been carried out, showing that the proposed method can reduce the computation time and improve the quality of reconstructed image with suitable decomposition levels.This method can be applied to on-line observation for two-phase flow regime.

In order to study the penetration depth and the spread width in a transverse jet, a flow-visualization based experimental setup was built.A phase tunable laser and CCD system was employed, and several jet to crossflow velocity ratio (r=2, 4, 8, 12, 16) were investigated.Experimental results showed that the jet to crossflow velocity ratio is the key parameter to control the penetration depth and the blending law of the jet, and that larger jet to crossflow velocity ratio resulted in much deeper penetration depth.The experimental data agreed well with the previous reports, and predicting formula was derived as the fitting equation y/rd=1.3615(x/rd)0.5608 with the correlation coefficient R=0.9996.On the other hand, the larger jet to crossflow velocity ratio is not the greater access to the spread width, and in this work, the case of r=8 obtained the largest spread width, and the spread width remains relatively large in a large penetration zone.

Using carbon monoxide and acetylene as probe molecule, their adsorption and acetylene hydrogenation on Pd-Ag/ Al₂O₃ and Pd/ Al₂O₃ catalysts were studied by in-situ DRIFTS.Hydrogenation of acetylene and CO chemisorptions properties over surface of catalysts were investigated.The results showed that the catalyst surface state and its properties were changed by addition of Ag into Pd/ Al₂O₃ due to both geometric and electronic effects.During adsorption and hydrogenation of acetylene, formation of carbonaceous layer that may become green oil and have great effect on the reaction selectivity to ethylene, was observed on catalyst surface.From the infrared spectra, long-chain alkane was tentatively identified as being present in the carbonaceous layer.

Based on the interaction between particles and the internal wall of the reactor and the method of partial least squares (PLS) regression, a PLS model is proposed to predict the amount of coke deposit on catalyst by analyzing the vibration signal power spectrum after denoising at specific superficial gas velocity.Cold model experiments showed that the PLS model was precise for measuring the amount of coke deposit on catalyst at different superficial gas velocities between 0.06—0.12 m·s^-1.The correlation coefficients of the model were all above 0.893, and the values of the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were all below 0.51.Therefore, a sensitive, safe and environmental-friendly method to determine the amount of coke deposit on catalyst was acquired, which is applicable to the online measurement and monitoring of the amount of coke deposit on coked catalyst in reactors.

CuZnAl slurry catalysts were prepared from the solution of these metal salts by a complete liquid phase technology and used directly for single-step synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas.The effects of technological parameters including reaction temperature, pressure, rotator speed, inlet H₂/CO molar ratio in feed gas, as well as the ratios of components in catalyst were studied systematically.It was found that during raising and reducing temperature the activity of CuZnAl slurry catalysts could keep stability, even increased with increase of reaction time.Both conversion of CO and DME yield increased with raising pressure from 2.5 MPa to 5.5 MPa, while the selectivity of DME changed little.The water-gas shift reaction over CuZnAl slurry catalysts proceeded very fast.Among the catalysts investigated in this work, the CuZnAl slurry catalyst with molar ratio of 1∶1∶2.09 was the best one.

A series of Au/CeO₂ catalysts modified by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by deposition-precipitation method.Their catalytic activity and selectivity were investigated by ethanol partial oxidation reaction.XRD, TPR and BET techniques were carried out to characterize the physical and chemical properties of catalysts.The results showed that the addition of CNTs could increase the surface areas and pore volume of Au/CeO₂catalyst.Oxygen adsorption capacity of Au/CNTs-CeO₂ catalysts, as well as selectivity in hydrogen increased with the increase of CNTs content.Selectivity in hydrogen over Au/CNTs-CeO₂ catalysts reached to maximum of 43% when the amount of CNTs is in the range of 6%—10%.Further increasing CNTs content, however, could not increase the selectivity in hydrogen.On the whole, the optimum content of CNTs on Au/CNTs-CeO₂ catalysts is about 10%.It was noteworthy that adding carbon nanotubes could effectively inhibit the production of CO.

The effects of isopropanol, isobutyl alcohol and isoamyl alcohol on the ethanol dehydration to ethylene catalyzed by 2.0% La/HZSM-5 were investigated.With the characterization of NH₃-TPD, BET and TG, the reaction mechanism was analyzed.The three fusel alcohols can result in dehydration, and produce olefin products that are easily polymerized.These products have significant effects on the performance of the catalyst.The coke on the catalyst is aggravated as the number of carbon atoms in the fusel increases, so that the catalytic performance is worse.Compared with HZSM-5, 2.0%La/HZSM-5 has larger surface area and pore volume, more surface acid, stronger weak acid centers, and weaker strong acid centers, presenting better catalytic performance.

Hemicellulose hydrolysis of corn stover catalyzed dilute acid was conducted at mild conditions in a reactor with cycle spray flow-through (DCF). The hydrolysate was analyzed and the effect of temperature, sulfuric acid concentration and reaction time on the concentration of main product xylose was studied.The results show that cycle spray can speed effectively up the process for continuos depolymerization of hemicellulose, and make the yield of xylose over 90% and less degradation products such as furaldehyde.Based on the acid catalyzed reaction mechanism of hemicellulose hydrolysis, hemicellulose and their hydrolysates were classified and lumped by their chemical composition and property, and a lumped kinetic model was proposed on reasonable simplification of reaction network.The kinetic rate constants were obtained by parameters estimation.The lumped kinetic model established can be used to predict the major hydrolysates and their contents at various hydrolysis conditions.The activation energy of xylose formation and degradation, calculated from a modified Arrhenius equation, was 107.1 kJ·mol^-1 and 102.2 kJ·mol^-1 respectively.

Microwave regeneration technology is recognized as a high-efficiency and energy-saving regeneration technology.In this study, in order to decrease the temperature gradient in adsorbent beds under microwave radiation, a novel composite activated carbon with high thermal conductivity was prepared by adding expanded graphite and its regeneration under microwave radiation was investigated.The results show that the thermal conductivity of the composite activated carbon is about 6 times higher than that of the traditional commercial activated carbon while its adsorption capacity decreases a little.And the temperature difference in the composite activated carbon bed under microwave radiation is 10—30℃, less than that in the commercial activated carbon bed.The activation energy for desorption of toluene on the composite activated carbon (18.08 kJ·mol^-1) is smaller than that on the industrial activated carbons (24.84 kJ·mol^-1).Thus the composite activated carbon with high thermal conductivity not only has good adsorption properties, but also has good applicability to microwave radiation.

A new operation mode for ultrasound-enhanced membrane microfiltration was designed in order to reduce energy consumption.Microfiltration of TiO₂ suspension with ultrasound-enhanced multi-channel ceramic membrane was demonstrated.Factors that influenced membrane microfiltration, such as ultrasonic parameters, operating time, TiO₂ concentration, as well as suspension temperature, were discussed.The primary mechanism for enhancing the effect of ultrasound was analyzed.The results showed that with the operation mode, the flux recovery rate and average permeation flux were better, and the ultrasonic energy consumption was reduced by over 90.0%.Lower ultrasonic frequency and higher power density were conducive to restoration of the initial flux.Under the optimum condition, ultrasonic frequency of 45 kHz and power density of 0.33 W·cm^-2, the flux recovery rate could reach 94.0%.With ultrasonic radiation time of 0.167 min and microfiltration for 8 min, the average flux could increase 61.5%.Lower TiO₂ concentration and higher temperature benefited the microfiltration process.

A bi-objective (minimum potential loss of life (PLL) and the maximization economic benefit) model of land-use safety planning for chemical industry park was established by applying the theory of multi-objective decision-making.A procedure of land-use safety planning for chemical industry park was proposed.A case study showed that complete alternatives could be provided by using the method proposed.The optimal alternatives accorded with principles of risk control and ensured maximum economic benefit.The method of land-use safety planning for chemical industry park in this paper had guiding significance for promoting scientific and standardized land-use safety planning for chemical industry park and township development as well.

To deal with reliability of optimal design and operation of water-using systems, an operating window method and its procedure were proposed for sub-optimal designs and operations of water-using systems, in which inlet and outlet concentrations were considered noise factors, while sub-optimal targets of the water-using system were taken as control factors.The searching strategy of operating parameters for sub-optimal operations was also proposed.The operating parameters were obtained through mathematical programming.A case study was used to show the feasibility of the proposed method.It will provide theoretical fundamentals to analyze the sub-optimal design and operational reliability of water-using systems.

Simulation and model reduction of complex reaction networks was studied with propane pyrolysis as an example.Free radical models were established and the reaction rate constants were calculated.Model simulation and reduction was presented.Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for model reduction.Gear algorithm was used to solve the stiff ODEs.Good results were obtained through comparing the calculations with the reduced model and full model.

The Ni-Cu alloy electrodes were prepared by constant current electrodeposition under different conditions.The morphology of Ni-Cu alloy was characterized by SEM.The selective electro-oxidation of benzyl alcohol in alkaline solution was studied with cyclic voltammograms and in-situ FTIR spectroscopy.The Ni-Cu alloy electrode showed the best electro-catalytic activity while the electrodeposition time was 10 min, cathode current density was 4 A·dm^-2, and the electrodeposition temperatures was 45℃.Ni-Cu alloy electrodes showed excellent chemical stability and better catalytic activity than pure Ni or Cu electrode.

The corrosion inhibition and adsorption behavior of lauryl-imidazoline (IM-11), 1-aminoethyl-2-lauryl-imidazoline (AIM-11) and 1-hydroxyethyl-2-lauryl-imidazoline (HIM-11) were investigated as corrosion inhibitors for Q235 steel corrosion in 3% NaCl solution saturated with CO₂ by mass loss and electrochemical polarization curves.The results indicated that the three inhibitors all showed excellent corrosion inhibition performance in CO₂ corrosion environment.The inhibition efficiency order of the three inhibitors was HIM-11 > AIM-11 > IM-11.The adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic and followed Langmuir isotherm.It belonged to mix-type adsorption mainly dominated by chemisorption.The relationship between molecular structure and inhibition efficiency was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) of quantum chemical calculations, and the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was established.The adsorption behavior of inhibitor molecules on Fe(001) surface was simulated by the molecular dynamics method.The results showed that the ring imidazole and heteroatoms of the polar group on the hydrophilic chain preferentially adsorbed when the inhibitors reacted with metal surface, and the adsorption stability weakened gradually in the order of HIM-11, AIM-11, IM-11.The theoretical calculation accorded well with experimental results.

Alginate-chitosan (AC) microencapsulated cell culture was carried out with S.cerevisiae BY4741 (yeast cells) as cell model.By controlling the same membrane formation time or the same membrane thickness of AC microcapsules, the effects of chitosan molecular weight (M_w) on membrane swelling behavior, microencapsulated cell growth and cell leakage from microcapsules were investigated.When keeping the same membrane formation time, the smaller the chitosan M_w, the easier the molecules diffusing into alginate network, resulting in thicker membrane with the ability of resisting swelling.However, when keeping the same membrane thickness, chitosan with larger M_w could provide more binding sites on the surface of alginate network, resulting in more compact membrane with the ability of resisting swelling.Furthermore, all kinds of AC microencapsulated cells prepared with different chitosan M_w by keeping the same membrane formation time and membrane thickness were cultured for 48 h.The growth dynamics of AC microencapsulated yeast cells were investigated.It showed that AC microcapsules prepared with smaller chitosan M_w at sufficient membrane formation time demonstrated higher membrane strength, but the cell growth was lower due to the thicker membrane that occupied more space of microcapsules and increased transfer resistance.It was also noticed that there was almost no cells leakage during the process of microencapsulated cell culture in all experiments.

The hydrogen production of photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) in a micro-channel photobioreactor was experimentally investigated and the interaction between PSB and gas-liquid interface was observed.It was found that the bubble originated at the rough sidewall surface of the microchannel and grew as a result of the gas molecules transfer across the gas-liquid interface.The bubble growth rate was accelerated by increasing liquid flow rate.It was also observed that a bubble gradually shrank down to dissolve in the liquid phase.Meanwhile, the irreversible adsorption of PSB onto the gas-liquid interface and the mutual repulsion between PSB and gas-liquid interface were revealed.The absorbed PSB did not stick on the bubble surface but slipped around the interface.Furthermore, the absorbed PSB on the gas-liquid interface enhanced the mechanical strength and stability of the bubbles, hence resulting in an impediment to the coalescence of bubbles.

The Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (UUV) using batteries as its power had to go back to mother ship or seashore for charging frequently.Aiming at the problem that could not endure a long time in underwater navigation, a new energy system, i.e.closed loop circulation fuel cell system, was proposed and designed, which can prolong the underwater navigation time while the displacement of UUV remained unchanged.Based on chemistry and thermodynamic fluid characteristics of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells(PEMFC) , mathematical model for closed loop circulation fuel cell system was established. The main influence factors for output voltage was analyzed, and a new control strategy by mixing PB arithmetic and fuzzy rules was designed， which allowed to control the power matching of UUV propulsion system.Simulation results show that the new control strategy can meet power demand of UUV, and provide the foundation for development of a experiment system.

Chemical looping combustion is a promising technology for the combustion of fuel with inherent separation of CO₂.The experiments on chemical looping combustion of coal were performed in a 1 kW_th interconnected fluidized bed reactor using a natural Australian hematite as oxygen carrier.The effects of fuel reactor temperature on the gas compositions from both fuel and air reactors were discussed.A comparison of the effects of several factors on coal gasification efficiency, carbon capture efficiency and gasification products conversion efficiency was carried out and the gaseous sulfur compounds released in the system were analyzed.The results indicated that with increasing fuel reactor temperature from 900℃ to 985℃ there was a gradual increase of CO volumetric fraction but a gradual decrease of CO₂ volumetric fraction in the fuel reactor, and CO₂ concentration in the air reactor dropped linearly correspondingly.A higher fuel reactor temperature would contribute to significantly increasing coal gasification efficiency and carbon capture efficiency.An increase in the mass of oxygen carrier and coal, the main factors, would cause the gasification conversion increase and decrease respectively.Sulfur was released primarily as SO₂ in the fuel reactor, and SO₂ concentration increased from 515×10^-6 to 562×10^-6 due to a change in fuel reactor temperature from 900℃ to 985℃.

Experimental research was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor system to determine the interactions of flue gas species and mercury in the temperature range of 200℃ to 800℃.Mercury homogeneous reaction mechanism were summarized and used to develop numerical modeling.The experimental results could be satisfactorily simulated by using CHEMKIN software.Combining the data from experimental and numerical study, the temperature for the highest mercury oxidation rate was determined at （250±10）℃. The influence of sampling process was also investigated.Mercury speciation was found to change significantly to a higher rate of oxidation during sampling, especially when maintained at a lower temperature after fast quenching of flue gas.

The effect of alkali metal（AM）on crystallite structure of chars prepared by the pyrolysis of original and acid-washed coal without and with AM at 800—1050℃ in tubular furnace was investigated by XRD (X-ray diffraction) technique.The pyrolysis of coal samples and the gasification of chars were studied by PTGA (pressurized thermogravimetric analysis).The results show that both coal pyrolysis and gasification is affected by AM.At pyrolysis stage, the existence of AM inhibits the progress of char graphitizing, promotes the pyrolysis reaction and reduces its activation energy; at char gasification stage, AM is a catalyst, reduces gasification activation energy, goes up rate and prolongs the time to reach the maximum gasification rate.Modified random pore model can be used to describe the char-CO₂ gasification process properly.

The combustion of Jiaozuo anthracite and Yunfu bituminous coal chars under O₂/CO₂ atmosphere was studied by isothermal thermogravimetric analysis.The characteristics of coal char combustion at different temperatures were examined in O₂/CO₂ environment.The relationship between reaction rate and carbon conversion of two coal chars was analyzed by the random pore model (RPM), and compared with the simulations from the unreacted shrinking core reaction model (Model Ⅰ) and the integrated model (Model Ⅱ).The results show that the random pore model is the best to fit the experimental data under different reaction conditions, and the correlation coefficient is 0.986.Comparison for the results from RPM, Model Ⅰ and Model Ⅱ shows that activation energy of isothermal combustion of Jiaozuo anthracite under O₂/CO₂ atmosphere is much higher than that of Yunfu bituminous, and the rate constant is larger when the combustion temperature of coal chars is higher.The random pore model is more accurate to describe the characteristics of coal char combustion under O₂/CO₂ atmosphere because the influence of variation of pore structure on coal char combustion can be well reflected by parameter ψ used in RPM.

To solve hydrate-plug problem in hydrocarbon pipelines, decomposition of gas hydrate was studied in a vertical circular vessel under 2.45 GHz microwave (MW) radiation.The samples used are two kinds of typical gas hydrates: methane+ethane+propane ternary gas hydrate and 22.1%—55.4%(vol) methane+methylcyclohexane (MCH) binary gas hydrate.The radiation power density are in the ranges of 7.98—60.22 kW·m^-2 and 13.65—94.34 kW·m^-2.Compared with conventional heating at the same temperature level, MW heating is better for hydrate-removal and the melting time is saved by more than 50%.Under high radiation level, the decomposition of hydrate can be accelerated with the help of interstitial liquid water, while the bulk water may become thermal resistance and overheated.The dynamic distribution of the liquid water during the multiphase porous flow is considered to be a main factor affecting the hydrate removal efficiency of MW heating.

The promoting effect on the formation of granular sludge by inoculating activated sludge in the enhanced process of biological phosphorus removal was studied in a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR).The results showed that the activated sludge kept in stabilized flocculent state at biological denitrification stage, and the average SVI was 138.9 ml·g^-1, while at biological de-phosphorus one the activated sludge flocs became granular sludge gradually as the performance of P removal became better.The average SVI decreased to 74.1 ml·g^-1 and the average diameter of the granules was 0.8 mm.Therefore, the biological phosphorus removal process performed in SBR favored for the formation of granular sludge.Moreover, it was found that a lot of positive charged particles were formed with the release of phosphorus at the anaerobic stage in the biological de-phosphorus process.These particles could serve as the cores of granules to attract the negative charged cells and stimulate the granulation.The granular sludge system of enhancing biological de-phosphorus have an excellent ability for the removal of phosphorus. The average removal rate of P was nearly 100%.

Effects of ferric chloride (FeCl₃) concentration on the product distribution of acidogenic fermentation of sludge, expressed by propionic acid ratio, was investigated in sequencing batch reactor with semi-continuous operation mode.The results show that under these conditions: temperature 32℃, HRT 6.6 d, feed VS 20.43 g·L^-1, pH 5.5—6.0, ORP of fermentation liquid increases gradually while propionic acid ratio in fermentation products changes a little, although FeCl₃ concentration varying from 0 to 232 mg·L^-1.When the concentration of FeCl₃ is at 464—928 mg·L^-1range, ORP increases significantly and at the same time propionic acid ratio goes up from 25.82% to 49.57%.One feasible start-up modes are proposed with aerobic activated sludge for sludge acid-type fermentation using conditions of temperature 32℃, HRT 6.6 d, pH 5.5—6.0, FeCl₃ 464 mg·L^-1.With this start-up mode, acid-type fermentation can run smoothly after 6 day and propionic acid ratio can reach 50%.

Using a two-phase system of water/perfluorodecalin organic solvent loaded ozone, degradation of chloramphenicol in aqueous solution was conducted.Due to perfluorodecalin has a high ozone stability and solubility, chloramphenicol was used to examine the efficiency of the two-phase ozonation system.During the experiments, effects of initial pH and free radical scavenger on the removal rate of chloramphenicol were investigated respectively.The results showed that the efficiency of two-phase ozonation was increased with the increase of initial pH in water.It was also observed that free radical scavenger had no significant negative effect in two-phase ozonation.

A new type of heavy metal chelating agent，potassium diisopropyl dithiophosphate was synthesized and the treatment of sediment contaminated by heavy metals by this chelator was investigated.The results indicated that when the dosage of potassium diisopropyl dithiophosphate was 3%(mass),the stabilization rate of heavy metals in sediment,such as Pb,Cu,Cd,could reach more than 85%, and the effect was better than inorganic stabilization chemicals, like Na₂S and Na₃PO₄. After treatment the sediment could meet the US standards for heavy metals waste  landfill.Meanwhile, the maximum leaching capacity of the treated sediment was much lower than the case with inorganic stabilization chemicals,and such stabilization effect could be obtained in a wide range of pH. The heavy metals in sediment after treatment could be transformed from exchangeable to organically bound and residue, reducing secondary contamination risk when the environment has changed.

There have been 29 producing oilfields in the Bohai Bay rim, belonging to three domestic main oil oilfields companies(Liaohe, Dagang, Shengli).The procedure of production is running the risk of crude oil dripping, dropping, leaking, et al.The leaking crude oil caused severe oil contamination in the coastal territory.It is necessary to conduct a thorough renovation.While the sonochemistry has an unique advantage in the realization of separating oil-soil hybrid system, it is considered as one of the most potential technologies to carry out oil-soil homogeneous system decontamination.In this regard, we perform our investigations on local oilsands systems(MOS) to determine physical characteristics of system, the calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate ion concentrations, ultra-fine silica distribution and oil content distribution in contaminated soil.These are the main factors influencing recovery efficiency and purification extent.The results obtained show that the soil of Yellow River estuary region which is contaminated by petroleum is alluvial fine soil, viscosity of detained oil is substantially affected by the temperature with the features of non-Newtonian fluid and a higher pour point, the iron content of soil sample is adequately high, the maximum content of calcium and magnesium cations is 353.3 mg·kg^-1 and 690 mg·kg^-1 respectively, bicarbonate ion content close to 180 mg·kg^-1.According to its specific size and mineralogical properties, the seaside soil can be considered as one of active solids, which can affect the later oil-soil separation.Furthermore, the rich distribution of soil contaminated by oil is close to the surface, especially in 30 cm depth range or so.

Desulfuration by dry process with chemosorbent has become one of the most important methods in industrial desulfurization.High temperature desulfurization requires high energy consumption, while at room temperature desulfurizing agent suffers declined performance.In this study nano-sized ZnO/attapulgite compounds were prepared by co-precipitation using natural attapulgite as a carrier, and calcination at 150℃，250℃，350℃，450℃，550℃, and were characterized with powder X-ray diffraction，scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption.The samples were used for SO₂ removal at room temperature, and the effect of calcination temperature on desulfurizing performance was studied.The result showed that loading of nano-sized ZnO improved the desulfurizing performance of attapulgite.The nano-sized ZnO/attapulgite calcined at 250℃ had the highest capacity.It suggested that the nano-sized ZnO/attapulgite compounds were effective in removing SO₂ from indoor air at room temperature.

The hydrophobic silica aero-gels were prepared by copolymerization under ambient pressure, and sol-gel two-step catalysis.Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was used as precursor, methacrylic propenyl trimethoxy silane (KH-570) was used as modifier and ethanol (EtOH) was used as solvent.To establish the reaction mechanism and confirm the preparation process steps, in-situ IR was used to monitor the process on line.The pore size distribution, microstructure, surface functional groups and thermal stability were investigated with SEM, BET, FTIR and TG-DSC.The results showed that silica aero-gels modified with KH-570 exhibited good hydrophobic performance with surface area of 877.17 m²·g^-1.This material was composed of accumulated spherical nano-particles.The particle size was in the range of 10—50 nm and the pore size was 1.9—2.5 nm.It was typical nano-mesoporous material.

The effective utilization of urea has been an important research area of environmentally-benign agriculture.In this study the KGM/XG plural gel embedding urea was prepared by the use of the synergism between two kinds of natural polysaccharides, konjac glucomannan (KGM) and xanthan gum (XG) and a simple embedment method.The release performance of urea from the prepared plural gel with different compositions were investigated in aqueous medium under the condition of different pH values and temperatures.The results showed that the release behavior of the dry plural gel embedding urea in neutral water bore the characteristics of three stages.In the initial stage, urea released fast and the accumulative release amount of urea increased with time.In the second stage, the release of urea from the plural gel and the embedding of urea into the plural gel reached basically a balance, and then the accumulative release amount of urea stayed relatively stable. In the third stage after having released for 22—24 h, the swollen plural gel crumbled, leading to quick release of urea, and the new balance came within 32—45 h.The duration of each stage was closely related to the urea-loading amount and the mass ratio of KGM to XG in the plural gel, and also to the temperature of aqueous medium.Besides, the pH of aqueous medium had a strong influence on the release behavior of urea from the plural gel.In the pH>7.0 alkaline medium, the release of urea would be accelerated and the accumulative release amount of urea would increase remarkably.The accumulative release amount of urea was over 90% within 50 h.On the contrary, the acidic medium would repress the release of urea, and the accumulative release amount of urea was only 11.8% at the pH 2.0 aqueous medium within 50 h.Therefore, slow release of urea from the plural gel within a relatively long time could be realized in the acidic medium.

Ultrafine Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 (SDC) solid solution powders were prepared by the combination of sol-gel process and self-propagating low temperature combustion synthesis with glycine as reductant and metal nitrates as oxidant.The phase identification, morphology and specific surface area of SDC powders were investigated by XRD, SEM and BET method, respectively.The results showed that SDC powders calcined at 600℃ with crystallites in the 13—30 nm ranges had a pure cubic fluorite crystalline structure.It was found that the molar ratio of glycine to metal nitrate had a great effect on both the morphology and sinterability of the powders.When the molar ratio of glycine to metal nitrate was 2 and 3, the SDC powders possessed a loose structure.The powders had good sinterability in the experiment and the sintered specimens with relative density up to over 95% could be prepared by sintering at 1400℃ for 2 h.The average grain size of the sintered specimens was 0.5 μm.

Rheological properties of polylactic acid/sisal fiber composites with different sisal fiber mass fraction were evaluated by the method of torque rheometer rheological properties testing.The lengths and widths of sisal fibers in the composites and the molecular weights of polylactic acid, including the processed materials and unprocessed PLA were measured.The effect of sisal fiber mass fraction and rotor speed on the length of sisal fiber in the composites were analysed.The degradation status of polylactic acid was also analyzed.The results showed that the non-Newtonian index of composites presented a peak at the sisal fiber mass fraction about 10%, then decreased with further increasing mass fraction.In the composites, because of the forces that were applied on the rigid sisal fiber by rotor, polylactic acid melt and interaction among fibers, the sisal fibers were snipped and the length-diameter ratio decreased.In addition, polyactic acid degraded due to the effect of rotor speed and sisal fiber content.These factors affected the rheological properties of polylactic acid/sisal fiber composites.

With the seeding method, α-Fe₂O₃/Ag core-shell composite powders were prepared by the reduction of Ag［(NH₃)₂］⁺ with formaldehyde as reductant, and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane as additive.3-Aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS) acted as a “bridge” to connect α-Fe₂O₃ and Ag particles.The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX).The influences of concentration of APS, volume ratio of alcohol to water on the coating effect and performance of nanocomposites were investigated.With pyridine (Py) as a molecule probe, Raman spectroscopy (SERS) properties and stability of the α-Fe₂O₃/Ag core/shell composite particles were studied.The results showed that the obtained α-Fe₂O₃/Ag composites were coated completely, well-dispersed and the average sizes were approximately 65 nm, when the dosage of APS was 0.75%(mass) and the volume ratio of alcohol to water was 5∶1.By coating Ag layer，the intensities of SERS were enhanced at 1010 cm^-1 and 1038 cm^-1.Especially, the signals of Py absorbed on α-Fe₂O₃/Ag substrate were greatly increased at 1038 cm^-1.And this substrate was fairly stable after being placed in air for one month.

Fe/onion-like fullerenes (Fe/OLFs) were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from acetylene with ferrocene as catalyst.Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the morphologies and microstructures of the Fe/OLFs.The results indicated that the Fe/OLFs were quasi-spherical particles with closed concentric shells.The distance between the shells was approximately 0.349 nm that closely matched the lattice parameter d₀₀₂ (0.336 nm) of bulk graphite.Furthermore, Fe/OLFs were added to base lubricant and the tribological properties of Fe/OLFs were investigated with a four-ball type tribometer.The tribological results showed that Fe/OLFs as lubricant additives exhibited good friction-reducing ability at different additive concentrations and applied loads.Meanwhile, they could also strikingly improve the load-carrying capacity of base lubricant.The optimum content of Fe/OLFs was 0.02%（mass） for improving the friction-reducing ability of base lubricant, while the maximum reduction of friction coefficient was about 40.8％.Both Fe/OLFs and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) had friction-reducing ability, while the friction reduction of Fe/OLFs was better than CNTs with the same mass fraction and applied load.

The experiment about explosion venting process of methane-air mixture in linked vessels was conducted.It was compared with the single closed container explosion process.The law of pressure variation in linked vessels and the influence of gas concentration and the way of explosion venting are studied.It was concluded that the maximum explosion pressure usually appeared at the end of the pipe.Vacuum appeared because of pressure vibration in the sphere vessel.The same as single vessel, the explosion pressure was higher when the volume concentration of methane was a little more than stoichiometric ratio comparing with the lower concentration.Two vent ports decreased the maximum pressure in the linked vessels better than only one port.The conclusions provided scientific basis in engineering for safety design of gas explosion venting of linked vessels.