With Guangdong Dapeng liquefied natural gas（LNG）first term project put into production,China has come into the age of mass importing LNG.Learning from the practice，LNG laws and standardization system plays an important role in LNG industry.How to following the country’s laws，referring to the international standards，and building Chinese LNG specified standards，industry standards and enterprise standards and finally constructing whole laws and standardization system is the probe task in the decade for China National Offshore Oil Corporation，while our country’s LNG industry developing deep and ripe，awaiting for the LNG laws and standardization system established and consummated.

The LNG hazards and the safety issues on LNG plants are discussed.The trends on the development and upgrade of the LNG safety standards and codes are reviewed according to the latest study on the world-wide LNG standards and code and following up the recent revision activity on NFPA 59A.The safety issues are essential for the LNG industry development and this study will provide a practical and effective guidance for the improvement and upgrade of the China national LNG standard system,and is benefit to the healthy and orderly development of the national LNG industry as well as its coordination with the international LNG society.

The long-term contracts were the base of upstream and downstream in the liquefied natural gas（LNG）industry chain.Through analyzing the current of upstream LNG cooperate development，combined with the Guangdong Dapeng LNG project’s successful experience，this paper pointed out that cross-shareholdings and jointed development were the key guarantee to fulfill those long-term LNG contracts.The LNG’s trade mode was reasonable by the perspective of specific assets in economic theory.Thereby，through equity capital penetration and acquisitions，establishing the relational contracts，these are the strategic choice of the domestic energy company for expanding overseas business.

The article introduces the development of LNG floating storage and re-gasification terminal and updates the operation situations.It is proposed to make full use of its advantage and implement this technology in China to meet the short-term and seasonal LNG demand.

Offshore liquefaction of natural gas，including associated gas，a ‘by-product’ of offshore oil production and marginal gas field presents several unique characteristics and design challenges including the effect of dynamic sea motion on equipment performance，space and weight limitations，LNG sloshing in inner storage tank and offloading system，and increased safety concerns due to a more compact layout and limited space.Considering the environment condition of South China Sea as well as the specific components of associated natural gas，the overall layout of typical LNG-FPSO unit is first reviewed，and then the various pre-treatment and liquefaction technologies and processes are compared and discussed.In what following，the LNG storage，offloading，power supply and skid-mounted modules are suggested.

Coal based substitute natural gas industry is advocated to develop on a large scale with the aim of reducing gas supply gap in China.Compared with natural gas coming from other approaches，will coal based substitute natural gas show environmental and economic advantages? Therefore life cycle assessment is adopted here.Coal based substitute natural gas is compared with pipe natural gas imported from Russia and liquefied natural gas imported from Australia in term of energy consumption，environment emission and economic benefit.In the calculation，the related items in gas consumption link are omitted.Included industry links are construction link，mining link，production link and transportation link. Environment emission from production link of substitute natural gas project is serious.Although CO₂ produced from coal transform process can be compressed and used in oil field to increase oil yield，substitute natural gas project still shows the highest CO₂and SO₂ emission.As admitted，coal mining regions have already involved severe ecology destroy.It is no doubt that coal based substitute natural gas industry which always develops in coal mining regions will sharpen environment deterioration there.Construction link of pipe natural gas project involves the largest amount of emission in the whole industry chain.So does the liquefied natural gas project.But Russia and Australia possess excellent environment capacity.The same amount of emission will produce less damage in Russia and Australia than in China.Therefore pipe natural gas project and liquefied natural gas project show advantages in term of environment emission.Energy efficiency of coal based substitute natural gas industry is about 35%.If the final gas burning efficiency is computed too，then it can be concluded that the efficiency of the whole industry chain will lower than that of coal power industry， which is the general coal consumption routine in China.The price of wood coal，the raw material of substitute natural gas industry，grows fast nowadays.The economic benefit of coal based substitute natural gas industry is sensitive to the price of wood coal.As a result，economic prospect of coal based substitute natural gas industry is suffering challenge in term of economic benefit.

Three floating liquefaction concepts aiming at offshore natural gas recovery，Liquefied Natural Gas（LNG），Heavy Liquefied Gas（HLG）or another similar concept Pressurized Liquid Natural Gas（PLNG）and Liquefied Unprocessed Well Stream（LUWS）have gained interest in the past decade，control or prevention of solid formation is crucial for all these processes.In this work，the solubility of carbon dioxide and heavy hydrocarbons in the gas mixture at low temperature is simulated and compared with literature data.Using Soave-Redlich-Kwong（SRK）equation of state（EOS）for the fluid phase and a fugacity model for the solid phase，the simulation of carbon dioxide solid behavior agrees with experimental data.The phenomenon of carbon dioxide and benzene solids existing together in gas mixture is analyzed，the result shows the difference in dealing with the potential solid formation components in the offshore liquefaction concepts.

The propane mixed refrigerant cycle（C3/MRC）is the most cost-effective and reliable base-load LNG process.In this paper，two kinds of representative raw natural gases No.1 and No.2 are chosen to study this cycle by using Aspen HYSYS process simulation software，taking into account changes in the cyclic pressures and compositions of mixed refrigerant.Through the research，the functions of mixed refrigerant component N₂，CH₄，C₂H₆，and C₃H₈ in the refrigeration for C3/MRC cycle，are obtained.More importantly，the interrelations between mixed refrigerant composition and raw natural gas’s specific heat vs temperature（c_p-T）property，as well as the mixed refrigerant cyclic pressures，are also obtained，thus fully demonstrating the refrigeration functions of mixed refrigerant components in the cycle.On the above basis，the energy consumptions of C3/MRC cycle are compared between the natural gases No.1 and No.2 under different cyclic pressures of mixed refrigerant condition.The results show that the c_p-T property of raw natural gas is the dominant factor to determine the level of the whole cycle’s energy consumption，while the mixed refrigerant composition and cyclic pressures are secondary factors relatively，which should be selected appropriately in terms of the c_p-T of raw natural gas to make the cycle design more reasonable.

Liquid natural gas with different density and temperature could stratify in a storage tank.This paper describes the evolution process of stratified liquid natural gas（LNG）from its stratification formation to its breakdown（rollover）.The authors simulated the density field and heat transfer process of stratified LNG in a storage tank based on salt water modeling experiments，according to the similarity law.Through a series experiment of stratification formation and stratification breakdown under different heat flux condition.The goal of this paper is to develop and validate tools that can be used to make predictions about the conditions under which stratification and rollover could happen，and the effect on stratification and rollover caused by the initial density，heat flux，etc.

Numerical simulation of cooling heat transfer to supercritical methane was investigated with Lam-Bremhorst low Reynolds turbulence model in a vertical circular tube，and the influences of flow direction，mass flow rate，heat flux and buoyancy were studied.The results showed that heat transfer coefficient of supercritical methane increased with mass flow rate increasing;heat transfer coefficient increased as heat flux increased in the gas-like region，while it was irrespective of heat flux in the liquid-like region;heat transfer coefficient was free of flow direction in the gas-like region，while heat transfer coefficient in upward flow was high than that in downward flow;density variations made heat transfer coefficient increase in gas-like region，while in the liquid-like region，heat transfer coefficient was increased in upward flow and decreased in downward flow.

The catalytic properties of the Ni-Rh/Al₂O₃ catalysts for the hydrogen-deuterium exchange of methane were tested with the fixed-bed micro-reactor.The results indicated that the conversion of methane increased by increasing reaction temperature when the temperature was less than 692K，the conversion of methane is not changed with increasing temperature when the temperature was higher than 692K under the same feed composition conditions.The conversion of methane was reduced with increasing the flow of reactants when the temperature was less than 692K，the conversion of methane did not change with increasing temperature when the temperature was higher than 692K under the same feed composition conditions.The conversion of methane was significantly reduced with increasing the flow rate of HD/CH₄ when the flow rate was 1.1—2.5.

C₂⁺ light hydrocarbons, which are resources with high additional values, can be separated from LNG with low power consumption by efficiently utilizing its cryogenic energy, and LNG is gasified meanwhile.A novel light hydrocarbons separation process is proposed in this paper: the demethanizer works at higher pressure, thus the methane-rich natural gas can be compressed to pipeline pressure with low power consumption; the deethanizer works at atmosphere pressure, consequently liquefied ethane and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas, i.e.C₃⁺) at atmosphere pressure can be produced directly, which are easy to be stored and transported.The heat consumption of the reboiler in the demethanizer is provided by the combustion of the separated natural gas, which account for about 1% of the total amount; the cold energy of the condenser in the deethanizer is provided by the cryogenic energy of LNG.The recovery rate is more than 90% for light hydrocarbons, and about 85% for ethane.On the basis of one typical feed gas composition, the effects of the ethane content and the ethane price to the economics of the process are studied.The results show that recovering light hydrocarbons from LNG by this process can gain great profits.

Comparative experiments were carried out to analyze the impact of the formation of the activated carbon on the behavior of methane adsorption.Acrylate was selected as a binder and different ratios of activated carbon to binder were chosen to form the activated carbon SAC-02 prepared from coconut shell.Six adsorption isotherms of methane on formed and unformed activated carbons were respectively measured at equilibrium pressure-temperatures from 0 MPa to 15 MPa and 268.15 K to 338.15 K, adsorption isosteres were then plotted to determine the isosteric heat of adsorption.A storage vessel packed with formed and unformed activated carbons was employed to undertake quick charge and discharge tests at ambient temperature under four pressures (6.5 MPa, 5.5 MPa, 4.5 MPa and 3.5 MPa).The temperature at the central region of the storage vessel was recorded for evaluating the impact of the formation of the activated carbon on the behavior of methane in the dynamic storage process.Results show that formation of the activated carbon cut down the adsorption amount due to a smaller specific surface area of the formed activated carbon, however, the isosteric heats of adsorption on the formed and unformed activated carbons are all within the range of 13—20.5kJ·mol^-1.Results also reveal that the formation of the adsorbent brings about a stronger fluctuation in the temperature in the initial state of quick charge and discharge processes.Conclusions are drawn that the heat conductivity of the binder and the transport resistance of the formed activated carbon should also be taken into account while forming the activated carbon.

Many typical chemical dynamic systems include uncertain parameters, which can put a lot of influences to the system design and performance.The system optimization problems become more complexity when systems cherish with uncertain parameters and time delay together.The effect of the time delay on the result of the dynamic optimization for chemical process system with uncertain parameters is considered in this paper.In order to solve this complicated optimization problem, the improved finite collation method is provided.By the improved optimization algorithm, the optimization problem of dynamic systems including uncertainty and time delay can be solved availably.The validity of the proposed approach is demonstrated by the analysis and simulation result of the reactor-separator chemical system train with delayed recycle and the non-adiabatic reactor case study.So a quantitative analysis method and theory is provided finally for the dynamic system design and operation optimization under uncertainty and time delay.

To meet the conditions of PEMFC application, a hydrogen production system including natural gas steam reforming, water gas shift reaction and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) purifying process has been developed.The conditions of steam reforming and PSA process were especially studied.The effects of temperature, space velocity and steam to carbon ratio on reforming process were investigated and the optimal process operating conditions were acquired.When temperature was 650℃, steam to carbon ratio was 6 and space velocity was 42 h^-1, the hydrogen content in product gas was 70.21% and methane conversion was 77.41%.The effects of temperature and velocity on the PSA process used to remove CO were analyzed.When the pressure was 0.2 MPa, the temperature was 40℃ and the adsorption and desorption time was 120s individually，the CO content in product gas could be lower close to 1×10^-6.After rotating several periods, the quality of the product gas was stable.Highly pure hydrogen which satisfies the requirements of 80W PEMFC could be acquired continually.

The LNG receiving terminal is used to unload, save and boil off the liquefied natural gas transferred by the marine LNG tanker before it is sent to the customer.Cooperated with the PTC, IRC designed a small experimental facility with rated flow rate of 2m³·h^-1 to simulate the operation and manipulation process of a practical LNG receiving terminal.Inside the general unload, save and boil off processes, the facility can provide the experimental base for the LNG flow characteristics, inspection of the cryogenic valve and the risk evaluation in case of the LNG leakage, and the extensive construction in the future is also considered.The aim of the facility is to accumulate the operating and manipulating experience on the aspect of the LNG receiving terminal.The present paper provides the design of the flow chart for the facility and the numerical simulation results are also presented with the software AspenPlus.

In the field of natural gas liquefaction, the small-scale natural gas liquefier has attracted more and more attention at home and abroad, due to its small volume, mobile transportation, convenient start-up and shut-down, as well as skid-mounted package.In this paper, technologic design of the small-scale liquefied natural gas plant in skid-mounted package is carried through based on No.1 station outgoing gas of 23th gas field of Zhongyuan oil field.The simulative calculation of the small-scale LNG project achieves temperature, pressure, enthalpy, entropy, flow rate, component mole fractions in liquid and gas phase of every node in the whole process that using the methods of compound modularized adsorption technology and SP-MRC refrigeration.The result shows LNG recovery is more than 90% and power consumption cost is only 0.379 kW·h·m^-3, which is worth 0.19 CNY·m^-3.

The mobile LNG refueling station can provide regular LNG refueling for LNG vehicles and container users.It can also provide emergency natural gas to the city gas distribution pipeline，anywhere and anytime in the city.The process flow diagram and the principle of the mobile LNG refueling station are introduced.Equipment sizing and selection and operation procedures are analyzed.An integrated technical solution is provided for engineering such systems.

Dapeng Sun is the first LNG (liquefied natural gas) ship made in China, and it completed the gas trial for the new ship in Guangdong Dapeng LNG Terminal, which has historical significance in LNG area.The background, gas trial process, gas trial preparation and steps, gas consumption quantity calculation method etc.are introduced, which is the experience summary for the gas trail, and has certain reference meanings.

Settlement of LNG trading is normally based on the delivered LNG energy under different standard and trading terms, and unit price specified in various LNG sales and purchase agreements.This article is aiming to introduce the basic module of delivered LNG energy and related cargo documentation briefly.

Chitosan-polyether hydrogels were prepared with chitosan and polyether using glutaraldehyde as crosslinker.The swelling mechanism of chitosan-polyether hydrogel was studied,the concentration of glutaraldehyde affecting swelling ratio, swelling rate and swelling kinetics of this hydrogel were researched.The result showed that the concentration of glutaraldehyde was not only the main factor affecting the swelling ratio，which reduced when the concentration of glutaraldehyde increased, but also a factor affecting its dynamic swelling behavior, which fitted with Fickian model when the concentration of glutaraldehyde was 0.107 mol·L^-1 while non-Fickian model when it was 0.320 mol·L^-1 and 0.533 mol·L^-1 respectively.

The inorganic antibacterial agents were prepared with Maifanshi containing Ag⁺ and Zn²⁺ by liquid ion exchanging reaction in this paper.The antibacterial activities of the as-prepared Maifanshi antibacterial agents were examined by Bacteriastasis ratio, and the microstructures of it were characterized by XRD and SEM, and the durability of it were studied by Sustained-release method.The results show that the excellent antibacterial activities and long durability of Maifanshi antibacterial agents have been obtained by the reaction of 0.1 mol·L^-1 Ag⁺ and 2 mol·L^-1 Zn²⁺ with Medical stone powers in the solution of pH 8 for 4 h at 60℃.The reasons for causing the above results are that silver and zinc ions entering the framework of Maifanshi through ion exchanging and adsorption can be released slowly to kill bacteria.