Interaction of surface with water plays a key role in the blood compatibility of biomedical materialIn this article, the research progress in hydrophilic functionalization for the surface of medical polyurethane as the typical model of biomedical polymer was reviewed, and the functions of water to block nonspecific adsorption of blood proteins and the formation of thrombosis were also discussedThe behavior of water molecules and their effect on the blood compatibility of the modified polyurethane, functionalized by the active materials such as hydrophilic vinyl monomer, polyethylene glycol and its derivates, heparin and zwitterionic materials, was exploredThe knowledge of the functionalities of water and hydration layer during the interactions between blood and biomedical materials would benefit surface design and application of biocompatible polymer

The chemical preparation technique of silver nanoflakes has attracted comprehensive attention and researchThe chemical preparation technique of silver nanoflakes can be summarized in four categories: chemical reduction aggradation, soft template, electrochemical deposition and annealing depositionThe formation mechanism of silver nanoflakes prepared by the chemical preparation technique is especially discussedSilver nanoflakes exhibit unique chemical and physical properties, including optical, thermal, electronic, magnetic and catalytic properties due to surface and quantum size effectsSilver nanoflakes have extensively been applied to conducting electricity, bactericidal, catalysis and biological fieldThe chemical preparation technique of silver nanoflakes has shown attractive potential in development

The solubility of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) in ethanoldiethyl carbonate (DEC) was determined with the laserscattering methodThe results showed that the solubility of DPC in the mixed solvents always increased with rising temperature.At 283.15—333.15 K, the solubility decreased with the increase of ethanol concentrationThe experimental data were further correlated with Wilson equation and λh equation, and model parameters were regressed For the DPC- C₂H₅OH-DEC system, the agreement between the experimental solubilities and calculated values was satisfactoryThe mean deviation was less than 2.0%.Obviously, the correlated results using Wilson equations were superior to those obtained from λh equation.

The salinity of free water affects directly the formation and decomposition of methane hydrateThe phase equilibrium of methane hydrate in porous media under the condition of different compositions and concentrations of anions and cations was studied by using the orthogonal experimental designThe experimental results showed that the equilibrium temperature of methane hydrate under the same pressure conditions would decrease with the presence of ionsThe increase of ions concentration would cause the gradual decrease of equilibrium temperatureAnalysis of variance demonstrated that only Mg²⁺ had significant influence on the equilibrium point of methane hydrateThe influences of the concentration of three anions on the equilibrium point of methane hydrate were all significantThe induction time of methane hydrate was irregular and was rarely affected by the kind and concentration of ions

Two alpha functions (BM, SRW) and three different mixing rules (MHV2, WS, HG) for the PR and RKSEOS were investigated in the vaporliquid equilibrium calculation of related binary systems for FischerTropsch synthesis oil systemFurthermore, two different equations of states (EOS) of SR-POLAR and PC-SAFT, together with two activity coefficient equations of UNIF-DMD and UNIF-HOC were investigatedThe results showed that various prediction methods had similar deviations for weakly polar systemsHowever, these method had different prediction abilities for other systemsUNIF-DMD, RKS-HG and RKS-MHV2 models gave more accurate prediction for nonassociating strongly polar system, RKS-MHV2 and UNIF-HOC models showed the smallest deviation for associating strongly polar system containing water, UNIF-HOC and SR-POLAR models showed the smallest deviation for associating strongly polar system containing acids, and UNIF-HOC, SR-POLAR models showed the smallest deviation for other associating strongly polar systems, while RKS-MHV2 and RKSHG took the second placePC-SAFT model would bring big deviation for unsymmetrical system when binary parameters were lacking, but would give small deviation for all systems when binary parameters were available.

Experimental investigation was conducted to explore the heattransport capability of pulsating heat pipe (PHP) working with different working fluidsThe heat transfer characteristics of PHP with water as working fluid were studied under different liquid filling rates, different heat loads and different inclination angles (0°and 90°).The heattransport capabilities of pulsating heat pipes with different working fluids (FS39E microcapsule fluid, water, Al₂O₃ nanofluid) were comparedThe results showed that the heattransport capability of PHP could be enhanced by using functional thermal fluids (FS39E microcapsule fluid and Al₂O₃ nano-fluid) as working fluid under specific conditionWhen using vertical bottom heating mode (inclination angle=90°), 1% FS-39E microcapsule fluid was the better working fluidWhen using horizontal heating mode (inclination angle=0°), 0.1% Al₂O₃ nanofluid was the better working fluidBut the stability of microcapsule fluid was much better than Al₂O₃ nanofluid

Numerical calculations were performed to analyze the characteristics of air flow and heat transfer inside the elliptical tube finned channels of air cooler used in power stations，and the effects of fin pitch，fin thickness，head wind air velocity and ambient temperature on heat transfer coefficient and flow resistance were discussedNumerical simulation results showed that both heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increased with the increase of head wind air velocity.The fin pitch had little effect on heat transfer coefficient，but had a significant effect on pressure drop and the total amount of heat transfer inside the finned channelsIn addition，the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increased with the increase of fin thicknessThe results will provide a reference to the design and experiment of the air coolers used for the power stations.

The energy accumulation in the reaction zone of lean premixed combustion in porous media was analyzedDimensionless excess enthalpy function was theoretically derived based on a onedimensional, twotemperature modelIt was shown that the superadiabatic temperature was controlled by the combined effect of the modified Lewis number, the thermal conductivity ratio between solid and gas phases, the porosity of packed bed and the dimensionless combustion wave speedAn examination of the four source terms in the H-equation indicated that the modified Lewis number was the dominant one among the four terms and basically determined the distribution of the excess enthalpy function.

Loop heat pipe (LHP) is a kind of heat transfer device whose operating principle is based on the evaporation and condensation of a working fluid, and uses the capillary pumping forces to ensure the fluid circulationA series of tests were performed with a miniature loop heat 〖HJ*3〗pipe (mLHP) with flat evaporator and a finandtube type condenserThe loop is made of pure copper with stainless mesh wick and with acetone as the working fluidAt some low heat loads, temperature oscillations were observed throughout the loopDetailed study was conducted on the characteristics of temperature oscillation of the flat mLHP at heat fluxes from 15 W·cm^-2 to 4 W·cm^-2.The amplitude and frequency of the fluctuations were very high at evaporator wall and evaporator inlet, and the temperature oscillations of other sections had a smaller amplitudeThe compensation chamber was found to be the most critical component of the mLHP, and its hydrodynamic state dictated the extent and characteristics of the temperature oscillations for the input heat loadThe heat leaks from the evaporator to the compensation chamber, the heat loss to the surrounding and the subcooled liquid temperature dictated the vapor condition inside the compensation chamber, and the rate of vapor growth or dissipation dictated the nature of the temperature oscillationThe effects of liquid charging ratio and tilt angle on the temperature oscillation were studied in detailWith the increase of charging ratio, the zone of heat load in which temperature oscillation occurred narrowed but the amplitude became larger. With the increase of tilt angle, the amplitude increased while the frequency decreased, and the limit of heat load at which temperature oscillation occurred increased.

An adjustable ejector with a spindle in the nozzle was developed for a wider adjustment rangeAn experimental study was carried out on the performance of the adjustable ejectorTo change the spindle position axially the nozzle throat sectional area could be changedThe ejector flow parameters，such as flow rate，pressure and entrainment ratio，at different spindle positions were measuredThe results showed that the adjustable ejector could be used in a wider range of fluid flow rateWhen the throat area was reduced，the ultimate discharge pressure would be lower but the entrainment ratio would increase greatly.

A simple hydrodynamic model, including additional terms in both the gas and solidphase momentum equations based on the twofluid theory by considering particlefluid interactions under a quasiequilibrium state, was used to investigate numerically the effects of jet gas velocity, slit size, annular gas velocity and static bed height on the jet penetration depth in gassolid fluidized bedsCFD simulations were conducted for a 2.00 m (high) × 0.30 m (wide) twodimensional bed with a central jet and the corresponding experiments were carried out in the rectangle fluidized bed with a thickness of 0025 m under the same operating conditionsResin particle with a diameter of 670 μm and a density of 1474 kg·m^-3 was used as solid materialComputational procedures were performed in the platform of CFX4.4, a commercial CFD software package, by integrating the userdefined Fortran subroutinesThe numerical results showed that the voidage contour of 0.8 was suitable to determine the jet boundary, and the jet penetration depth increased with increasing jet gas velocity or slit sizeThe effect of annular gas velocity (u_c) on jet penetration depth was divided [JP+3]into three stages: (1) Jet [JP+3]penetration depth increased when u_c [JP] increased from zero to the minimum fluidization velocity (u_mf); (2) At u_c=u_mf, jet penetration depth reached its maximum;(3) Jet penetration depth then decreased with increasing u_c although this tendency became weak when u_c was greater than 2.5u_mfJet penetration depth decreased with increasing static bed height and this influence was more obvious when jet gas velocity was high.

umerical simulations employing RNG κ-ε turbulent model and κ-ε turbulent model respectively were made to investigate the effect of swirling chamber structure on the forward flow and reverse flowNumerical results were in good agreement with experimental dataBased on the numerical simulation，computations with different structures and geometrical parameters were performed for both flow directionsThe optimal structure was obtainedThe results showed that the converging chamber had the largest resistance for the reverse flow，the thin cylindrical chamber had the smallest resistance for the forward flowAs to the overall performance，the converging one is the best，with an increase of 30%The height of the chamber center should be designed following the equivalent velocity principle，and the best value was slightly less than 1/4 of the diameter of the axial pipe.

Flow behavior of gas and particles was simulated in the spouted beds by using an Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model on the basis of kinetic theory of granular flowThe frictional-kinetic constitutive model for dense assemblies of solids was incorporatedThe kinetic stress was modeled by using the kinetic theory of granular flow, while the friction stress was from the combination of the normal frictional stress model proposed by Johnson et al to account for strain rate fluctuations and slow relaxation of the assembly to the yield surfaceAn inverse tangent function was used to provide a smooth transition from the plastic and viscous regimesThe distributions of concentration, velocity and granular temperature of particles were obtained in the spouted bedCalculated particle velocities and concentrations in spouted beds were in agreement with experimental data obtained by He et al Simulated results indicated that prediction of flow behavior of particles was affected by

Taking pulverized coal and dry air or CO_{2 }as the experimental materials, the blockage critical state of pulverized coal dense-phase pneumatic conveying with pipelines of 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm (ID) were studied respectively.The blockage critical characteristics, such as solids gas ratio, transporting velocity, pressure signal were obtained through reducing gas flow rate.Characteristic parameters and characteristic frequency of different stages were obtained by analysis of pressure signal characteristics and power spectrum analysis.The results showed that the blockage critical velocity was related to pipeline diameter and carrying gas characteristics.A dimensionless equation describing the relationship between blockage critical velocity and aforementioned parameters was finally established. Fluctuation of pressure signal was significant and vibration frequency converted to low frequency near blockage critical state.The criterion for blockage was obtained by mathematical calculation of pressure signal.

The axial and radial profiles of the gas holdup and bubble parameters in an external-loop airlift reactor of inner diameter 0.09 m and height 1.8 m were measured with the differential pressure method and dual-tip electrical conductivity probe at different superficial gas velocities.Air and water were used as the gas and liquid phases，respectively.The experimental data of the average and local gas holdups，bubble size and its distribution，bubble rising velocity，bubble frequency and gas-liquid interfacial area were obtained，and were analyzed based on the gas-liquid flow field and bubble-bubble interaction.The local gas holdup was correlated in terms of superficial gas velocity，axial height and radial position based on the experimental data.

In order to solve the problem of slow reaction rate for non-catalyzed hydrolysis of phenylacetonitrile in high temperature liquid water (HTLW), a new method was proposed to accelerate the reaction by the addition of NH₃ to the HTLW.Hydrolysis reaction kinetics of phenylacetonitrile and phenylacetamide as its intermediate at different temperatures and ammonia concentrations was determined.From the reaction kinetics data of phenylacetonitrile hydrolysis, the yield of phenylacetamide increased from 26.9% without addition of ammonia to 50.8% at the ammonia concentration of 919.4 mg·L^-1.From the reaction kinetics analysis, the addition of ammonia could greatly promote the reaction rate of phenylacetonitrile hydrolysis to phenylacetamide, but have relatively small impact on the hydrolysis of phenylacetamide to phenylacetic acid, indicating possibly a higher yield of phenylacetamide.For non-catalyzed hydrolysis of phenylacetonitrile in HTLW, the reaction kinetics data were in good agreement with the first order reaction kinetic equation, but second order reaction kinetic equation fitted the data well for phenylacetonitrile hydrolysis in NH₃-enriched HTLW.At the ammonia concentration of 229.8 mg·L^-1, the activation energies for phenylacetonitrile and phenylacetamide hydrolysis lowered to 57.2 kJ·mol^-1 and 67.7 kJ·mol^-1, respectively.All these data gave hints that the addition of ammonia to HTLW may change the pathway of phenylacetonitrile hydrolysis.This work will not only provide basic data for environmentally benign preparation of phenylacetamide and phenylacetic acid, but also improve the applicability of organic synthesis in HTLW.

The combustion process of two kinds of single coal chars particle was studied by using the TGA method.The effect of mass transfer of gas, ash layer diffusion and inherent oxidation reaction resistances on the combustion process was investigated.An analysis method for single coal char particle combustion process and a new method determining inherent combustion reaction constant were established.It was found that the total resistance of combustion decreased with the combustion process.While the reaction approached the end, the total resistance of combustion reached a fixed value.At this point, combustion resistance was equal to inherent combustion reaction resistance, and thus the inherent kinetics constant was obtained.By experimental investigation under different air flow rates, temperatures or particle diameters, the consistency of this method was verified.The inherent combustion reaction constant and activation energy were measured with this method, and agreed well with the traditional method.

Two kinds of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivatives mono-6-(N-histamino)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin (6-His-β-CD) and mono-2-(N-histamino)-2-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin (2-His-β-CD) were prepared by reacting β-CD withp-toluene sulfonyl chloride, displacement the monotosylate with iodide, and finally the reaction of cyclodextrin iodide with nucleophile L-histidine.From these derivatives, the β-CD-Cu(Ⅱ) complexes (Cu(Ⅱ)/6-His-β-CD， Cu(Ⅱ)/2-His-β-CD) with polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were synthesized.The derivatives and the complexes were characterized with elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrometry.The complexes were used as catalysts for the oxidation of catechol using O₂ as the oxidant, which was monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometer.The effects of temperature and pH value on the reaction were also studied.The results indicated that the PPO mimics exhibited high catalytic activities.Cu(Ⅱ)/2-His-β-CD showed higher PPO activity than Cu(Ⅱ)/6-His-β-CD.The kinetic studies showed that all three factors, the hydrophobic environment provided by β-CD, the Cu(Ⅱ) bound to the histamine and the base catalysis contributed to the PPO activity.

A non-equilibrium plasma decomposition reaction kinetics model of gaseous pollutant was developed.The reaction rate constants of various pollutants were obtained by substituting the decomposition experimental data reported from literature into the model equation.The result showed that under different conditions of discharge mode, electrode structure, and operation parameters, the decomposition reaction rate constants were almost unchanged for the same pollutant, which proved that the model had wide applicability and was independent of the discharge mode and reactor structure.The reaction rate constants of pollutants could be classified according to their molecular structure.Then the relationship between reaction rate constant and the dissociation energy of the easiest dissociating chemical bond (EDCB) in pollutant molecule was discussed.It was found that the reaction rate constants of pollutants with lower dissociation energy of EDCB were larger than those of pollutants with a steady structure and higher dissociation energy of EDCB.For example, sulfide, amine, alkene and substituted alkene had much larger reaction rate constants (about 10^-2 m³·W^-1·h^-1) than aromatics, alkane and substituted alkane (10^-4—10^-3 m³·W^-1·h^-1).

A new hydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquid (HIILsBr) supported on MCM-41 was prepared by grafting HIILsBr onto porous MCM-41 with 3-chloropyltriethoxysilane.It was found that the immobilization condition had an obvious effect on the activity of catalyst.The immobilization time, immobilization temperature , ratio of ILs to carrier and solvent had an important effect on the performance of HIILs/MCM-41.In order to obtain optimum immobilization stability, the immobilization condition must be kept at a proper temperature, time, ratio of ILs to carrier range and with a proper solvent.Its performance for the synthesis of propylene carbonate(PC)from CO2 and propylene oxide was also investigated.Under the reaction condition(115℃, 2.0 MPa, 4 h), the yield of PC was 89.9% and the selectivity of PC was 99.5%.

The capability and process characteristics of ultrafiltration membrane technology treating soy whey wastewater were investigated by using regenerated fiber membrane (RC) and PES membrane (PES) with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 5000, 10000 and 30000, respectively.The permeation flux, membrane attenuation coefficient, rejection rate of protein, carbohydrate permeation rate of all kinds of membranes were studied through the test.The results showed that by comprehensively considering flux, decline factor, protein rejection coefficient and carbohydrates permeation rate, RC-10000 was the suitable membrane for separating soybean whey.The experimental results demonstrated that the optimal operation pressure of ultrafiltration membrane was 30 kPa, the optimal pH was 9, concentration ratio was 3∶1, and temperature was 20℃.The permeation flux was 31.2 L·m^-2·h^-1 and rejection rate of protein and protein content were 78.46% and 51.37%, respectively.In order to optimize operation parameters and predict the permeation flux of the ultrafiltration membrane for soy whey wastewater treatment, a simulation model of operation parameters was established based on curve fitting and back-propagation neural network (BPNN).Simulated results by the simulation model analysis were basically consistent with experimental values.This indicated that the simulation model on the basis of curve fitting and BPNN was practical.

The distribution of the liquid film in a new-type cyclone separator was investigated by two parallel-wire conductance probes which were designed based on variation conductance.It was found that the liquid film on the section surrounding the entrance was distributed asymmetrically with a spiral path.The maximal value of steady liquid film appeared at about 160°.The distribution area of liquid film increased with inlet gas velocity, which was good for separation because of larger centrifugal power.But the thickness of the liquid film decreased, which was bad for lowering abrasion.The change of the inlet angle had a significant influence on the liquid film surrounding the inlet.A larger inlet angle would decrease the distribution area of the liquid film around the inlet.In addition, the size of vent-pipe had no significant influence on the distribution of liquid film, and the thickness of the liquid film increased with the vent-pipe diameter.

It is significant to recover CO₂ from industrial tail gases.Adsorption of low concentration benzene on activated carbon was studied.Activated carbon was treated with wet oxidized reagent and N₂ reduction.Pore structure of modified activated carbon was characterized by N₂ (77 K) adsorption isotherm.Boehm titration, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the surface properties.N₂ reduction increased the surface area of AC and total pore volume, reduced the amount of surface groups and improved benzene adsorption.With CO₂ regeneration at 150℃, the capability of activated carbon adsorbents had a little decrease at the beginning but remained unchanged with recycling.

The supply chain network of Chinese organic chemical industry in 2006 was established and analyzed based on complex network tools.The analysis of the enterprise-product two-mode network showed that the supply chain network had excellent connectivity.With the increase of node degree, the frequency reduced gradually, and the tail parts of the distribution followed power laws.The network structure is of strong heterogeneity.The average path length between any two nodes of the supply chain network was much smaller than that of random networks with the same scale, showing strong capacity of information transmission in the network.

A model of no-constraint two-objective land-use planning for chemical industry park was constructed by applying the theory of multi-objective optimization, and the two objectives were the minimum potential loss of life (PLL) and the maximum total benefit.The optimization process of the model was designed and realized based on vector evaluated genetic algorithm (VEGA).Some conclusions were made from this study: (1) The model and optimization method proposed in this paper were feasible and a part of Pareto-optimal solutions could be found and they had good reference values for land-use planning of chemical industry park.(2) The mode of coding and decoding in this paper was simple and intuitive and the transform problem between binary system and real number was avoided when the function values of chromosomes were calculated and they were propitious to designing and realizing the algorithm.(3) The non-dominated elimination operator introduced at the end of VEGA could help to peel off Pareto-optimal solutions from final solutions speedily.(4) The search power of VEGA was insufficient for this model and it was necessary to try using better algorithms.

The corrosion resistance of X80 pipeline steel was investigated in simulated solution of Geermu soil in Qinghai province,by using mass loss method, electrochemical measurement, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.The results showed that the average corrosion rate of X80 steel decreased obviously, but corrosion tendency increased.This was induced by the change of corrosion morphology from uniform corrosion to pitting corrosion.Cathodic reaction was dominated by oxygen depolarization reaction.The corrosion product was basically FeOOH (surface layer) and Fe₃O₄ (inner layer).The corrosion resistance and corrosion morphology of X80 steel samples was dependent on the integrity and compactness of corrosion product films.The content of Cl- dominated the corrosion severity.

Process oscillation characterized by a long oscillation period and a large oscillation amplitude was observed in continuous ethanol fermentation with Saccharomycescerevisiae under very high gravity（VHG）conditions.Flow cytometry was used to determine the cell cycle distributions at different time points in the duration of the oscillation.Analysis for the yeast cell cycle indicated that no cell cycle-dependent synchronization happened within the duration of the oscillation.Metabolic flux analysis was carried out and the results illustrated that the carbon flux within the metabolic network oscillated correspondingly.Ethanol inhibition and the lag response of yeast cells to ethanol inhibition were experimentally validated to be the root reason triggering this phenomenon，which was further supported by the synchronized accumulation of the intracellular trehalose，a stress-resistant agent.

Glycerol production by repeated batch fermentation of Candida glycerinogenes was studied by using not only synthetic medium but also complex medium.The results showed that the increase rates of glycerol production, glycerol yield on initial glucose and glycerol productivity were beyond 15.0%, 15.0% and 37.0% when yeast cells are recycled 13 times in low phosphate synthetic medium, 9 times in low phosphate complex medium and 14 times in low phosphate complex medium with supplemented trace elements, respectively.The number of recycling in low phosphate complex medium was fewer than that in low phosphate synthetic medium.It is because low phosphate synthetic medium only limited phosphate concentration, while low phosphate complex medium limited both trace elements and phosphate.The shortage of trace elements solution influenced cell growth and glycerol synthesis, and reduced recycling number of yeast cells in low phosphate complex medium.The limitation of phosphate concentration in repeated batch fermentation medium was helpful to promoting the ability of glycerol synthesis of C.glycerinogenes.

Electrochemical performance of boron-doped diamond (BDD) film electrode and electrode process during anodic degradation of cyclohexanone on BDD film electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and stead-state polarization method.The influences of current density, concentration of supporting electrolytes, initial cyclohexanone concentration and pH value on the effect of electro-degradation towards wastewater containing cyclohexanone were investigated.The result of experiments showed that cyclohexanone could be electro-degraded by BDD film electrode steadily and effectively.Through the orthogonal optimization method, the optimum conditions were obtained as follows: anodic current density 5 mA·cm-2;pH value 7;concentration of supporting electrolyte（Na₂SO₄）10 g·L-1;initial concentration of cyclohexanone 20 mmol·L^-1.Under these conditions, the removal of COD was 92.95% and current efficiency was 80.81%.The effect of degradation was excellent.

Oxygen transfer is limited in aerobic granules by compact microbial spatial structure.Aerobic granules were supposed to be spherical， and kinetic parameters were calculated through tests.A simplified equation of mass balance for steady-state diffusion of oxygen was set up and verified.Effective diffusivity was 0.45×10^-9 m²·s^-1， through dissolved oxygen(DO)change of deactivated granular sludge. Oxygen specific consumption rate and oxygen half saturation coefficient were 0.10 g O²·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1 and 0.65 mg·L^-1 through beaker test under the condition of COD 400 mg·L^-1 and NH₄^-N 100 mg·L^-1.The higher the oxygen concentration and concentration gradient， the stronger and the further oxygen could penetrate.When the radius of granular sludge was more than 1.5 mm， oxygen could not penetrate， despite oxygen concentration was 4.0 mg·L^-1.When r/R was between 0.49 and 0.65， the concentration gradient became zero.When the radius was very small （less than 0.5 mm)， oxygen could fully penetrate into granules.At the same time， Thiele modulus was very small and effectiveness factor was near to 1， oxygen diffusion limitation could be neglected.Effectiveness factor was larger with the increase of oxygen concentration， which made oxygen limitation less.

Adsorption experiments of vapor-phase elemental mercury were carried out by using bromine (Br) - and iodine (I)-modified kaolin, zeolite, bentonite and chitosan (CTS) in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor.VM3000 online mercury analyzer was used to detect the inlet and outlet Hg0 concentrations.The characterizations of the sorbents were analyzed by using the method of nitrogen (N₂₎ adsorption/desorption, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR).It was observed that the porosity and specific surface area decreased after modification.The FTIR spectra demonstrated that iodine was found in the internal layer of bentonite, and the chemical reactions of iodine and sulfate ion with the amide of CTS occurred.Fixed-bed adsorber tests showed that compared with kaolin and zeolite, the modified bentonite exhibited excellent mercury capture because of its unique structure.Mercury removal efficiency of CTS sorbents could be significantly enhanced when an appropriate amount of H₂SO₄ was added.Generally, the iodine-modified sorbents demonstrated higher mercury capture efficiency than that of bromine-modified sorbents.The mercury removal efficiencies ofthese sorbents increased with temperature.Bentonite’s capacity for mercury uptake decreased with the presence of moisture while chitosan’s capacity for mercury uptake exhibited an opposite tendency due to their absolutely different physicochemical properties.

The electrocatalytic dechlorination of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in aqueous solution was studied by using a palladium-nickel bimetallic composite catalyst deposited on nickel foam (Pd-Ni/Ni foam) as the cathode.The Pd-Ni composite particles with a diameter of less than 50 nm were finely dispersed on the Ni foam surface.The Pd-Ni/Ni foam electrode exhibited higher dechlorination efficiency than single Pd or Ni supported on Ni foam electrodes.High-performance liquid chromatography analysis verified that phenol was the main dechlorination product.For an applied current of 20 mA, a bulk solution temperature of 15℃, and an initial 4-CP concentration of 1 mmol·L^-1, dechlorination efficiency of 82% was observed.Based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopic results and the current efficiency of 4-CP dechlorination at different applied currents on various electrodes, the authors determined the rate-limiting step under various polarization conditions in the experiments.

The coal water slurry (CWS) prepared from low rank coals (LRC), such as lignite or subbituminous coals always has a higher viscosity and poor fluidity while the solid concentration is smaller than high rank coal water slurry.The reason is there are larger inherent moisture and oxygen composition in LRC.Under high temperature and high pressure conditions, LRC was upgraded in hot water in a short time period of an hour.The heating value of LRC was also increased in such a process, and the physical and chemical characteristics of LRC changed meanwhile to improve its slurry ability which meant a higher solid concentration with a lower viscosity.The results showed that after hot water treatments, the maximum solid concentration of Xiaolongtan CWS increased from 44.6% to 64.55%, while that of MIP CWS increased from 39.71% to 64.61%.The improvement of LRC slurry ability depended much on the final temperature of hot water treatments.The mechanism was explained by the chemical analysis of oxygen-containing groups and the measurement of contact angle between coal surface and water.

Particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope were used to investigate the dynamic membrane composition and filtration performance under optimal operation parameters.Energy dispersion spectroscopy was used to determine the elemental composition of the dynamic membrane.The results indicated that the mass concentration of cake layer was 39.27 g·m^-2, with contents of colloid, volatile suspended solids and inorganic matter 5.75 g·m^-2, 26.5 g·m^-2 and 7.02 g·m^-2 respectively.Self-generated dynamic membrane mainly consisted of porous structure with high porosity.Filamentous bacteria which acted as matrix of dynamic membrane structure could be obviously observed.Most of the particle size range from 70μm to 130μm.O, K, Na, Ca, P, S, Cl, Mg, Si were the main elements in the dynamic membrane.

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was mechanically activated by a stirring-type ball mill.Graft copolymer (SCB-g-PAA) of SCB with different mechanical activation times and partially neutralized acrylic acid (AA) was synthesized by free radical polymerization using ammonium persulfate/sodium sulfite redox pair in aqueous solution.The effects of activation times, ratio of SCB to AA, reaction time and reaction temperature on the grafting ratio and grafting efficiency were investigated.The granule morphology, functional groups, crystal structure of the SCB with different activation times and SCB-g-PAA were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was found that the graft co-polymerization was strengthened obviously by mechanical activation, and grafting ratio and grafting efficiency increased with activation time.This could be attributed to that mechanical activation broke the sealing of cellulose by lignin, decreased the degree of crystallinity of cellulose, made it more accessible to AA, and improved the reactivity of cellulose.Grafting ratio and Grafting efficiency were obtained in the values of 165.29% and 82.70% by graft co-polymerization of bagasse activated for 1.5 h and acrylic acid in the conditions: reaction time 3 h, ratio of acrylic acid(volume) to sugarcane bagasse(mass) 6 and reaction temperature 60℃.

The partition of acrylamide（AM）in poly〖DK〗（acrylamide〖DK〗）〖DK〗（PAM〖DK〗）-poly〖DK〗（ethylene glycol〖DK〗）〖DK〗（PEG〖DK〗）-H2O aqueous two-phase system was systemically studied through measuring the AM concentration in each phase by the improved bromating method.It was found that the monomer partition coefficient decreased with the increase of PEG concentration and PEG molecular weight，and with the decrease of PAM concentration and PAM molecular weight.Furthermore，the monomer partition coefficient decreased at first with rising temperature and then turned to increase when the temperature increased sequentially.Based on this study，the monomer partition evolution in the process of AM aqueous two-phase polymerization in the PEG aqueous solution was investigated.At the same time，the effects of PEG and initial monomer concentrations as well as the polymerization temperature on the monomer partition in the process of AM aqueous two-phase polymerization in the PEG aqueous solution were also studied.

Dialkyldithiophosphate (DDP) capped Fe nanoparticles were synthesized in a two-phase system of tetrahydrofuran/saturated electrolyte with NaH₂PO₂ as reductant and DDP as modification agent.The structure and mophologies of surface modified Fe nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, TGA and TEM. The tribological properties were investigated by four-ball test machine,and the worn surfaces of the balls were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and EDS.The results showed that the surface modified Fe nanoparticles exhibited excellent solubility in low polar organic solvents and good anti-wear properties.SEM result of wear scar indicated that the main reason for the tribological properties was the formation of a layer of film composed of Fe, S, P and O element.

A novel cationic and acrylamide-type surface-active monomer, dimethyltetradecyl (2-acrylamidopropyl) ammoniumbromide (DTAB), was successfully synthesized, and cationic DTAB-co-acrylamide (AM) copolymer p(DTAB-co-AM)with hydrophobically associative property was prepared by free radical homogeneous copolymerization of DTAB and AM in aqueous solution, which had both ionic and hydrophobic groups.The effects of the hydrophobe content in the polymer chains, inorganic salts (NaCl), sodium dodecyl sulfate（SDS）and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide（CTAB）on the hydrophobic association behavior were studied by viscosimetry and fluorescence probe method.It was found the copolymer with 0.3%(mole) hydrophobic units exhibited pronounced positive salinity sensitivity because of strong hydrophobic association.The critical association concentration (CAC) decreased from 0.15 g·dL^-1 in pure water to 0.11 g·dL^-1 in 1%(mass) NaCl solution.When the content of hydrophobic units was below 0.3%(mole), the copolymer solution showed positive salinity sensitivity in aqueous solutions only at concentrations of NaCl above 5%(mass) because hydrophobic association was largely enhanced by the strong polarity of solution.SDS could significantly increase the viscosity of copolymer solution by two orders of magnitude (from 12 mPa·s to 1634 mPa·s) compared with thatof their corresponding aqueous solutions，which was attributed to both hydrophobic association and electrostatic interactions.However, the viscosity of copolymer solution with the addition of CTAB was only slightly enhanced due to weak hydrophobic association.

Avidin was immobilized on chemically oxidized silicon substrate by means of the surface self-assembling method，and consecutive tethered lipid bilayer membrane was formed after vesicle fusion on such modified substrate.The structures of this tethered membrane were investigated by atomic force microscopy（AFM）.Due to the introduction of a 5 nm water cushion layer between the lipid bilayer and the substrate，a ripple phase was observed in this tethered membrane.The structure of such tethered membrane was different from the simple supported bilayer.These experimental observations demonstrated that the thickness increase of water-layer could effectively reduce the interaction between lipid bilayer and substrate.