WC/carbon nanotube （CNT） nanocomposite was prepared by surface decoration and in situ reduction technique and subsequently was used as an electrocatalyst to prepare the WC/CNT powder microelectrode （WC/CNT-PMEElectrochemical reduction behavior of nitrobenzene on the WC/CNT-PME was investigated by chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry，combined with in situ FTIR，the influences of scan rate and temperature on the electroreduction behavior of nitrobenzene were discussed Results showed that WC/CNT nanocomposite showed better catalytic activity for the electroreduction of nitrobenzene than CNTs and WC nanoparticles, the electroreduction of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol on the WC/CNT-PME was an irreversible process，which was controlled by adsorption.

Alloy negative materials for Li-ion batteries have been paid much attention because of high specific capacity and safety, but the research between alloy negative materials and the electrolytes was very fewIn this work, Cu6Sn5 alloy film electrode has been prepared by electroplating and heat-treatmentResearch result showed that alloy film electrode in LiN(CF₂SO₂)₂(LITFSI) electrolyte presented higher discharge capacity and better cyclic capability than that in LiPF₆ electrolyteCompared to 1mol·L^-1 LiPF₆/PC electrolyte, alloy film electrode in 1mol·L^-1 LITFSI/EC∶DEC(1∶2) electrolyte had lower reaction resistance, larger reaction peak current density and good reversibility for Li+ insertion/desertionThe addition of EC could improve the electrochemical properties of alloy electrode due to the formation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film

An array of microelectrode with different scales were fabricated by micro electro mechanical system（MEMS）technology, and electrochemical microflow systems were designedAccording to the characteristics of electrosynthesis of glyoxylic acid, the electrochemical oxidation of glyoxal was chosen to demonstrate the utility of the microflow system designed in the present study The results showed that the microflow system with simple geometry was easy to control and had the continuous production of products The electrosynthesis of glyoxylic acid from glyoxal without attentionally adding of supporting electrolyte can be carried out in the system

The electrochemical behavior of m-NO₂C₆ H₄SO₃ Na on Cu electrode is investigated in DMF（TBAP），H2O and DMF/H₂O（TBAP） mediaThe working electrode was a Cu electrode，the auxiliary electrode was a large area platinum wire，and the reference electrode was a saturated calomel electrodeIt was shown that the reaction of m-NO₂C₆H₄SO3Na on Cu electrode would undergo two steps in which ArNO₂/ArNO^-₂·was a reversible process controlled by the diffusion of m-NO₂C₆H₄ SO₃ Na in aprotic mediumIn protic medium，the electrochemical reduction of m-NO₂C₆H₄SO₃Na would undergo two steps of oxidation-reduction reaction of ArNO₂/ArNO and ArNO/ArNHOHWhile in mixed medium，due to the hindrance of protonation by DMF，m-NO₂C₆H₄SO₃Na was firstly reduced to ArNO^-₂· and further reduced to ArNHOHThese results could be interpreted by the calculation of qauntum

Ti/SnO2 +Sb2O4/PbO2 electrode was prepared by thermal decomposition and electrodepositionThe electro-oxidation of 2,2-dimethylolpropionaldehyde on Ti/SnO2 +Sb2O4/PbO2 electrode in acid w〖JP〗as investigated by cyclic voltammetryEffects of scanning rate and 2,2-dimethylolpropionaldehyde concentration on the electro-〖JP2〗oxidation of 2,2-dimethylolpropionaldehyde were discussedThe results showed that 2,2-dimethylolpropion acid was formed by oxidation on Ti/SnO₂+Sb₂O₄/PbO₂ electrode and the reaction controlled step was the diffusion process according to Delahay theoryThe Ti/SnO₂+Sb₂O₄/PbO₂ electrode showed good electrochemical catalytic activity to the oxidation of 2, 2-dimethylolpropionaldehyde in sulfuric acid.

Electrochemical reduction of maleic acid in the ionic liquid was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and in situ FTIR spectroscopyThe results demonstrated that the reduction of maleic acid on Pt electrode is a quasireversible process controlled by diffusionThe diffusion coefficient of maleic acid is determined to be 1.0×10^-7cm²·s^-1In situ FTIRS results illustrated that the reduction of maleic acid in ionic liquids occurs on the carboxylThe first step is to generate radical anions, which are reduced to aldehyde species

he transfer coefficient α of nitrobenzene electrochemical reduction in RMimBF₄ was investigated by cyclic voltammetryIt is showed that with the increasing of the concentration of nitrobenzene in RMimBF₄，α decreases，while temperature make reversed effect at the same nitrobenzene concentrationα decreases in the order EMimBF₄＞BMimBF₄＞HMimBF₄，at equal nitrobenzene concentration，the value of α is reduced in EMimBF₄-H₂O at low water concentration and has reversed effect at high water concentration

The nano-TiO2-SnO2-Pt complex catalysts were prepared by sol-gel and electrodeposited methodThe catalyst was characterized using XRD and SEMThe results showed that the structure of TiO₂ particles was improved by adulterating SnO₂Performances of the catalysts for ethanol oxidation were investigated by using cyclic voltammograms and chronoamperometricAccording to the comparison of the electrocatalytic performance，it was found that the catalytic activity and stability of the nano-TiO₂-SnO₂-Pt complex catalysts are higher than those of nano-TiO₂-Pt catalyst.

The casting method to form dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC) mimetic biomembrane on an Au electrode is proposedThe results of ellipsometer and electrochemical methods confirmed that the film is a compact membrane that can block the electron transferring processp-Dihydroxybenzene can reach the electrode surface and occur redox reactions by passing through transient defects in individual bilayersSuch defects occur in biomembranes and are accentuated by relatively small electric fieldsThe electrochemical behavior of p-dihydroxybenzene in this membrane was also investigated p-Dihydroxybenzene is biologically important molecule because of its function of transferring electrons in lipid layersThis reaction occur in the bionic environment, which provide the useful help to study the real reaction of small molecules in the biological organismsStudies on the electrochemical behavior of p-dihydroxybenzene in the DMPC biomimetic membrane provide useful information for elucidating biological electron transfer processes concerning lipid layers

Electrocatalytic reductive dechlorination of trichloroacetic acid on activated silver electrodes was studied in aqueous basic solution by cyclic voltammetry （CV） and controlled-current electrolysis Experiment evidence is presented that silver exhibited powerful electrocatalytic activity for selective dechlorination of trichloroacetic acid to less，or non-halogenated acetic acidThe reduction of trichlo-roacetic acid in a stepwise dechlorination fashion was suggested and trichloroacetic acid--dichloroacetic acid--monochloroacetic acid--acetic acid is the main reductive reaction route

The nano-TiO₂ film loaded Pt nanoparticle electrode（Ti/nano-TiO₂-Pt）was achieved by cyclic voltammetry electrodepositionThe electrocatalytic oxidation of glyoxal was investigated on Ti/nano-TiO₂-Pt electrode by using cyclic voltammetryThe results showed that the Ti/nano-TiO₂-Pt modified-electrode exhibited significant electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of glyoxal，and utilized as high activity catalytic electrode for electrooxidation of glyoxal to glyoxalic acid

A computational fluid dynamics program FLUENT was used to predict the fluid flow in channels of the zinc-bromine flow battery with different flow channelsThe calculation results indicated that the local velocity had the maximum values at the side wallsNon-uniform distribution of local velocity and Reynolds number were found in electrochemical reaction regionFluid distribution could be improved by changing the runner enter electrochemical reaction region which would influence the performances of mass transfer and battery

Dechlorination of pentachloropyridine catalyzed by Zn/Ag bimetal particles was studied in this workThe effects of initial pH of the system, amount of catalyst and reaction temperature on the reaction were studiedThe results showed that the zinc powder could be used to reductively dechlorinate pentachloropyridine to tetrachloropyridine with its yield about 20%Under the catalytic effect of silver, the dechlorination efficiency of pentachloropyridine was greatly improvedWhen the initial pH was about 5, the concentration of silver nitrate was 10 g·L^-1, the yield of tetrachloropyridine could be above 60%The reaction took place on the bimetal surface in a first order reaction, and the rate constant was 0.0097 min^-1

A modified β-PbO₂ doped with fluoride and stainless steel net were used as anode and cathode in our previous work，respectivelyEvidence for hydroxyl radicals generation in electrochemical degradation was shown by electron spin resonance spectroscopy（ESR）and 5，5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide（DMPO）was used as spin trapping agentThe study on electrocatalytic degradation of phenolic compounds and its precursor showed that the ring opening reaction was preceded under the attack of electrochemically generated hydroxyl radicals and the phenolic pollutants were degraded to biodegradable organic acid，such as maleic acid and oxalic acid，further mineralized to carbon dioxide and waterBenzoquinone（BQ）represents one of the first byproducts formed and is the common intermediate before the ring fractureThe common degradation pathway of phenolic pollutants offers a theoretic basis for potential application and costeffective technology

La₂O₃ doped β-PbO₂ electrode（La₂O₃ -β-PbO₂）was prepared by electrodeposition and further characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）and scanning electron microscpy（SEM）It was observed that La₂O₃particles could be incorporated in the deposit uniformlyThe result of electrochemical test demonstrates that the way of La₂O₃ doping can significantly increase oxygen evolution overpotential of lead dioxideCompared with conventional β-PbO₂，La₂O₃-β-PbO₂ not only has fast COD removal rate，but also has high instantaneous current efficiency（ICE）in the process of degrading 4-chlorophenolFor example，the COD removal rate and ICE for La₂O₃-β-PbO₂ reached 61.76% and 3.68% after 480 min electrolysis，respectively，while 30.58% and 1.01% for β-PbO₂ under the same conditionsTherefore，this electrode indicated good prospects of application.

A novel chamberless microbial fuel cell（MFC）with continuous-flow structure was built to study the anaerobic sludge acclimation processThe results showed that COD load of culture medium，anode material and the discharging current can significantly affect the performance of MFCIn initial acclimation period，it is unsuitable to have high COD load and high current，otherwise the normal metabolize of microbes would be interrupted，losing its activity; the current not only affected the anode performance，but also affected the power density of MFCThe graphite/PTFE composite film with 20% PTFE showed the best performance.

Using ammonium metatangstate（AMT） treated by spay drying as precursors，tungsten carbides（WC） sample with meso-porosity were synthesized by gas-solid reaction in the atmosphere of CO/CO₂ at 800℃Pt/WC prepared by vapor phase deoxidation method was applied in catalytic electrode for nitrobenzene（NB） electro-reduction reactionXRD and SEM revealed that Pt particles were dispersed on the WCCyclic voltammetry（CV） data were collected by three-electrode systemthe electrochemical behavior of nitrobenzene was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry with Pt/WC-PME as working electrodeThe results showed that the Pt/WC-PME exhibited an attractive catalytic activity and stability in NB electro-reduction.

2，5-Diphenyl thiophene（DPT），1，4-di-2-thienylbenzene（DTP）and 1，4-di-（3-methyl-2-thienyl）benzene（DMTP）are synthesed by Kumada coupling，and electropolymerized as PDPT，PDTP and PDMTPPDPT is electrochemical unstable，while PDTP and PDMTP have well electroactivity between 0—1.2 VBesides，PDTP and PDMTP display cyan-orange and red-green-blue electrochromism respectively，which could be used in electrochromic devices.

A gas sensor was constructed through direct polymerization of aniline on the insulating gap （0.125 mm） between screen-printing carbon electrodesPolyaniline （PANI） membrane consisted of a network of nanofibres of ca60 nm in diameter was obtained in this wayThe morphologies of the PANI nanofibres were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）The responses of the sensor upon exposure to common VOCs such as toluene，dichloromethane and ethanol vapor were investigated

Active nickel-oxide electrodes prepared by electrochemical oxidation-reduction exhibited electro-catalytic activity for the oxidation of diethylene glycol to diglycolic acid in alkaline mediumAtomic force microscopy （AFM），cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic electrolysis were used to study the surface characterization of active nickel-oxidation electrode and electrochemical performance toward oxidation of diethylene glycolThe results show that nickel-oxide hydroxide layer formed at the surface of electrode behaves as an efficient electro-catalyst for the oxidation of diethylene glycol to diglycolic acid in alkaline mediumThe effects of various parameters such as time of activation，current density，diethylene glycol concentration and medium temperature on the electro-oxidation of diethylene glycol were investigated Depending upon the experimental conditions，the yield of dilycolic acid was 66.7% with the current efficiency of 66.1% and conversion efficiency of 89%

The copolymerization of 1,4-diethoxybenzene （DEB） and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene （EDOT） is achieved electrochemically in acetonitrile containing 0.1 mol·L^-1 tetrabutylammonium perchlorate （TBAP） as supporting electrolyte by direct anodic oxidation of the monomer mixtures on platinum and indium tin oxide （ITO） glass electrodesThe electrochemical properties of copolymer indicate that the electrochemical activity and capacitive property of the copolymers are much higher than that of pure poly （1,4-diethoxybenzene）（PDEB） due to the incorporation of EDOT unit into the copolymersThe structure and morphology of the copolymer are investigated by Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectroscopy，scanning electron microscopy （SEM），respectivelyThe photoluminescence spectrum of copolymer and PDEB show that the emitting wavelength will red shift from 399nm to 530nm by introduction of EDOTThese results indicate that the electrocopolymerization of DEB and narrow band gap moiety provides a simple way to turn the emission color of PDEB

Polyaniline-poly(propylene oxide) (PAN-PPO) was prepared in an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (BMIHSO4) by cyclic voltammetryIn comparison with polyaniline (PAN), the polymerization rate of PAN-PPO in BMIHSO₄ was much higher than that of PANIn addition, PAN-PPO was characterized by FTIR spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)The result of FTIR showed that aniline and propylene oxide have been copolymerized in the ionic liquid BMIHSO₄, and SEM photograph showed that PAN-PPO was composed of nanofibers with diameter about 80 nm

Choline chloride is one of the raw materials to produce high-pure cholineThe choline chloride solution contains many kinds of metal ions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and so onMetal ion has a bad influence on the quality of high-pure cholineWU64-H resin was used to eliminate the metal ions in choline chlorideThe effects of transformation agent, flow rate and concentration were investigatedExperimental result indicated that, the electron-grade tetramethylammonium hydroxide was the best transformation agent,the best flow rate was 5 times as bed volume rate in an hour and the optimal concentration was 2 mol·L^-1Under these optimal conditions, the concentrations of metal ions were significantly decreasedCholine was prepared by electrolysisThe current density was 1000 A·m^-2 and the temperature was 50℃After electrolysis, the contents of metal ions were below 100 μg·L^-1, and came up to the requirements.