Experimental solubilities of terephthalic acid (TA) dissolved in N,N-dimethyl propionamide (DMP), N,N-diethyl propionamide (DEP) and N,N-diethyl acetamide (DEA) were determined in the temperature range of 303.2—363.2 K.The experimental results showed that the solubility of TA increased significantly with an increase in temperature and had different temperature sensitivities in different solvents.The solubility data were correlated by Buchowski equation, and the parameters h and λ were regressed, which gave good agreement with all experimental data.

The temperature difference function（TDF）reflecting the thermodynamic efficiency in the low-temperature multi-effect distillation（LT-MED）processes was developed，which provided a convenient tool to analyze the irreversible behavior and evaluate the thermodynamic efficiency of this system.Based on TDF，the effects of several key factors，including the total number of effects of evaporator，the terminal temperature difference of condenser，the heating steam temperature in the first effect and the ratio of thermal capacities，on the thermodynamic efficiency of LT-MED were investigated.The results showed that the exergy loss increased with increasing terminal temperature difference of condenser，increasing heating steam temperature in the first effect and increasing ratio of thermal capacities，but decreased with increasing the total number of effects of evaporator.

Experimental investigation was conducted on closed-loop pulsating heat pipe（CLPHP）working with a mixture of water and mercury.The temperature fluctuation of the evaporator section at different inclination angles was measured at constant heating load，and the phenomenon of start-oscillation in micro inclination angles was observed.Then the operation characteristics of Hg-H₂O PHP and pure H₂O PHP was compared in the same fill ratio.Lastly，a comparison of heat transfer performance of Hg-H₂O PHP with different inclination angles was made.The results showed that the addition of mercury into water effectively assisted the start-oscillation in micro inclination angles which increased the application flexibility of the PHP system.Thermal resistance decreased as heating load increased.Up to a certain magnitude，different inclination angles had very close thermal resistance.It was discovered that the critical heat flux of start-oscillation was related to heating history.

A mathematical model, including additional terms in both the liquid- and solid-phase momentum equations based on the two-fluid theory by considering particle-fluid interactions under a quasi-equilibrium state, was employed to explore hydrodynamics in a 0.1 m (long) × 0.1 m (wide) × 0.5 m (high) 3D fluidized bed.The main features of this model are that the characteristic length in the model is of the order of the particle diameter and only a correlation for drag force coefficient is necessary to close the governing equations.Water and particles with a diameter of 2.5×10^-3 m and density of 3000 kg·m^-3 were used as liquid and solid phases, respectively.Spatio-temporal evolutions were simulated in the platform of CFX 4.4 by adding user-defined Fortran subroutines as liquid inlet velocity was suddenly changed.When liquid inlet velocity increased, both the internal interface and bed surface increased with simulation time, but the internal interface was wave-shaped.When liquid inlet velocity decreased, however, increasing internal interface and decreasing bed surface exhibited linear relation with time.Meanwhile, simulated transient response time was in good agreement with the two-dimensional experiments of Didwanla and Homsy and the one-dimensional theory of Gibilaro, indicating that this model could be used to predict the hydrodynamics of liquid-solid system in three-dimensional fluidized beds.

Specially designed internals were used in a novel two-stage internal-loop airlift reactor to effectively decrease liquid backmixing by analogy with the tanks-in-series concept.The effects of the inter-stage internal type, superficial gas and liquid velocities and gas-liquid separator on the gas holdup and liquid circulation velocity in each stage were experimentally studied.The results showed that superficial gas velocity had a significant effect on the difference between gas holdups in the riser and the downcomer and liquid circulation velocity in the second stage (the top stage), but had a smaller effect on those in the first stage (the bottom stage).The gas holdups both in the riser and the downcomer slightly decreased with an increase in superficial liquid velocity.A mathematical model for predicting liquid circulation velocity was proposed based on the balance between driving and resistance forces, and a good agreement was obtained between the calculated and experimental data.

Linked polymer solutions (LPSs), consisting of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and aluminum citrate for enhanced oil recovery, were prepared and their flowing and diverting behavior in an unconsolidated sand pack was investigated by the core flooding method in the present study.Using a mixture of a polymer solution and a crosslinker solution prepared prior to injection, the experiments were conducted in a sand pack holder of 1500 mm in length and 40 mm in I D,filled with unconsolidated quartz sands.The effects of interstitial velocity and LPS injection amount on the plugging location were studied by on-line measurements.The results showed that LPSs flowed through the sand pack in plug-flow.During the LPS injection, frequent pressure fluctuations took place and finally gave rise to non-uniform plugging at certain positions in the sand pack, where abrupt increase in pressure drop appeared.The distance from the inlet to the place where significant plugging occurred increased nonlinearly with increasing interstitial velocity.It was found that most possibly there existed a critical LPS injection amount, above which plugging would happen.

In order to study the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow structure，a high-speed dynamic camera was utilized to acquire the dynamic image information of seven typical gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns in vertical and inclined 30° upward pipes with the testing ranges of superficial water velocity 0.02—0.4 m·s^-1 and superficial gas velocity 0.005—2.7 m·s^-1.The gray level co-occurrence matrix（GLCM）was used to quantitatively characterize 2D information in the local neighborhood of image for analyzing flow pattern image features and the four time-varying characteristic parameter indices which represented image texture structures of different flow patterns were extracted.Then the transition of flow structure in the development process of flow patterns and calculated Lempel-Ziv sequence complexity of the four time-varying characteristic parameter indices were analyzed，and compared with the complexity measurement，fractal scale and recurrence plot determinism calculated by conductance fluctuating signals.The study showed that the dynamic parameter evolution trends of flow pattern image texture structure characteristics described the variation of different flow pattern structures and dynamics complexity，and the correlation index（COR）was more effective to reflect the complexity of flow pattern dynamics than others.It indicated that the proposed dynamic image analysis method was helpful to understanding the flow pattern temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and also was an effective approach to identifying the gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns.

A measurement model of gas volume fraction（GVF） was deduced based on the energy equation，and the relationship of friction pressure drop between two vertical sections of U tube was considered.The measurement errors were investigated through experiment under low pressure annular-mist and wispy annular two-phase flow.The effects of gas mass friction，gas volume friction and flux density on gas volume fraction were analyzed and gas volume fraction was corrected with flux density.This correction improved the accuracy of gas volume fraction，and the correction method was verified through another independent test.

When it was used for gas-liquid-solid three-phase methanol synthesis, an impinging stream reactor showed good heat and mass transfer performance.In the impinging stream reactor, the catalyst slurry was atomized into droplets of several micrometers in size which provided a huge interface between gas and slurry phase.The effects of temperature, pressure, gas flow rate, slurry recirculation flow rate and number of nozzles on methanol productivity were investigated.The results showed that a pressure increase from 3.8 MPa to 5 MPa doubled methanol productivity,and at a gas flow rate up to 22.4 L·min^-1, methanol productivity kept constant.The increases in slurry recirculation flow rate and in the number of multi-nozzle also resulted in the increase of methanol productivity.When space velocity was low, the impinging stream reactor had the same methanol productivity as compared with other reactors such as fixed bed reactor, agitated reactor and slurry bubble column.However, at a high space velocity the impinging stream reactor had higher methanol productivity than those of other reactors.

The mechanism of B(C₆F₅)₃ catalyzed Si—H/Si—OR polycondensation reaction was studied through the quantum chemistry methods.Poly(silphenylene-siloxane)s were prepared by polycondensation of 1,4-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene (BDSB) and dimethyldimethoxylsilane, vinylmethyldimethoxylsilane and diphenyldimethoxylsilane respectively.The microstructure of the polymer was characterized by ²⁹Si NMR and the influence of vinyl and phenyl groups of alkoxylsilane on the microstructure of the polymer was also discussed.B(C₆F₅)₃ first activated Si—H to form weak adduct, then Si—OR attacked Si—H/B(C₆F₅)₃ adduct to break Si—H and form oxonium ion complex.The decomposition of the complex occurred by the H- transfer to one of the three electrophilic centers, which explained the competition between condensation and Si—H/Si—OR exchange.Vinyl or phenyl group of alkoxysilane decreased the positive charge of Si atom and increased the positive charge of C which bonded to O, and it also reduced the strength of C—O, resulting in more alternated polymers.

The decarboxylation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to levulinic acid is a key step in the preparation of levulinic acid from biomass.In order to study the feasibility of producing levulinic acid by hydrolyzing biomass with dilute sulfuric acid, the decomposition kinetics of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was systematically investigated at initial 5-hydroxymethylfurfural concentration of 1—9 mg·ml^-1, sulfuric acid concentration of 0.05%—0.4%(mass) and temperature from 150℃ to 190℃.A parallel reaction mechanism was proposed to data reduction, in which the main reaction was to form levulinic acid and the side reaction was to form undesirable humins.With the first-order kinetics equations, the activation energies evaluated were 78.5 kJ·mol^-1, 98.0 kJ·mol^-1 and the reaction orders to H⁺ concentration were 1.16, 0.722 for main and side reactions respectively under the experimental conditions.The results indicated that the selectivity of levulinic acid could be improved at a lower reaction temperature and a higher sulfuric acid concentration.

Catalytic oxidation of NO with O₂ over Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ was carried out in a tubular reactor with varying space time(0.090—0.720 s), inlet NO concentration (0.03%—0.2%,vol), O₂ concentration (2%—10%,vol) and at 473—573 K.At 5000 h^-1 space velocity, 0.05% inlet NO concentration and 5% O₂ concentration, the steady-state conversion of NO oxidation increased from 22.4% to 45.5% and 74.3% with temperature increasing from 473 K to 523 K and 573 K.Based on the experimental observations, a mechanism consisting of 12 elementary reactions was proposed, and the kinetic model with the reaction between gaseous NO and dissociately adsorbed O as the rate-limiting step was established and well fitted the experimental data.From the kinetic model, the activation energy of reaction was determined to be 80.01 kJ·mol^-1.

A typical electrode reaction of electro-organic synthesis usually takes place with competing side electrode reaction and homogeneous reaction.To enhance the electrode polarization for increasing reaction rate will considerably reduce the reaction selectivity.Packed bed electrodes can reach higher current densities at relatively low electrode polarizations，which is favorable to mitigating the inconsistency between reaction rate and selectivity.In this paper，the typical process of electro-organic synthesis in a differential reactor of packed bed electrode（PBEDR），was theoretically analyzed with emphasis on the effect of lateral distribution of over-potential on the selectivity.A generalized mathematical model was developed to describe the distribution of over-potential.Dimensionless variables μ and ω that characterize the polarization and influence of side electrode reaction in the system，were derived from modeling.Adomian’s decomposition method(ADM）was used to solve the nonlinear differential equation of the model to obtain an approximate analytical solution，which was in the form of algebraic expressions of infinite power series.By the solution，the relationship between over-potential distribution and average selectivity could be easily calculated without solving the nonlinear model time and again.Finally，an analysis of electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene in a PBEDR was presented，and the characteristic size of the reactor，namely the thickness of the packed bed electrode，was theoretically optimized.The results showed that the calculated results were consistent with experimental data satisfactorily.

The concentrations of naphthalene in CO₂-rich phase for the ternary system CO₂ + ［bmim］［PF₆］+ naphthalene were determined by a static method with online high-pressure ultraviolet detection, under the conditions of naphthalene molality in the liquid phase ranging from 0.0169 to 0.378 mol·kg^-1, and temperature 313—333 K,pressure 8—20 MPa.It was found that the naphthalene mole fraction in the CO₂-rich phase decreased with increasing temperature, increased with increasing pressure, and decreased with decreasing naphthalene concentration in the liquid phase.The logarithm of naphthalene mole fraction in the CO₂-rich phase was shown to be approximately linear, at the same temperature and pressure, with the logarithm of naphthalene concentration in the liquid phase.All the solubility data were correlated to the Chrastil’s association model and the mean relative deviation was found to be 14.9%.Moreover, operation modes of supercritical CO₂ extraction were discussed base on the solubility data.It was found that batch operation was better than continuous operation for organics extraction from ionic liquids using supercritical CO₂.

By using the molecular imprinting technology，the novel Pb（Ⅱ）imprinting chitosan-coated diatomite beads with Pb（Ⅱ）as imprinted ions（PbCSDE）were prepared.The adsorption behavior for heavy metal ions from water-extraction liquid of Rhodiola L.was studied.The effects on adsorption ability of such factors as adsorption time，pH value of the initial solution were investigated.Adsorption ability for lead and copper ions of PbCSDE was 2 times higher than that of 732 resins.Moreover，the influence of adsorption on salidroside was analyzed by the UV spectra and HPLC.The results revealed that the salidroside in the water-extraction liquid of Rhodiola L.did not change after adsorption by PbCSDE.

The distillation process is used for purifying dimethyl ether (DME), when one-step synthesis of DME from syngas is adopted.Experimental flow of distillation for DME refining was built and the results were measured under operation conditions.A mathematical model was presented to research the distillation process on the basis of equilibrium stage theory.The cyclical nested-iteration method in sequential convergence was developed for solving the model equations, since the liquid phase was non-ideal and the components had a big difference in boiling point under normal conditions.The model yielded satisfactory results for laboratory data and the simulation results showed that for distillate DME product with concentration no less than 99%(mole）, the following operating conditions were recommended.The distillation process is at operating pressure 1.0 MPa, and the feed mass flow rate of less than 8.65 mol·m^-2·s^-1 is desirable.The distillation mixture is fed into the middle of the packing section and the reflux ratio is rigorously controlled in a certain range according to the DME concentration in feed.It is necessary to keep CO₂ concentration in feed as low as possible in order to improve DME purity and yield.

Initial reverse osmosis composite membrane (IniM) is a thin-film-composite (TFC) membrane prepared through the interfacial polymerization technique without post-treatment, such as water washing, heating, etc.Trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and m-phenylenediamine (MPD) were used to prepare some IniMs through the interfacial polymerization technique on the polysulphone supporting membrane without heat-treatment and washing.Then the in situ modification was performed with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) on the surface of IniMs.Modified membranes were characterized by using X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS), contacting angle and permeation experiments with salt water of different pH values.The results showed that tetraethylenepentamine reacted with acyl chloride (—COCl) on the surface of IniM, because the ratio of O/N of the modified membrane surface was lower than that of unmodified membrane.Furthermore, the contacting angle of modified membrane was larger than that of unmodified membrane.It is interesting that the water flux and rejection of modified membrane decreased with increasing pH value for sodium chloride solution, while the unmodified membrane was just on the contrary.The reason was that functional groups on the modified and unmodified membrane were different, the former were amino (—NH₂) and imino (=NH), and the latter was carboxyl (—COOH).

Modeling and control of fed-batch fermentation processes are inherently difficult due to the characteristics of complex non-linearity, non-steady-state behavior and batch-to-batch variation.Moreover, the process variables are always hard to measure online and the quality of the product is difficult to define.A novel key kernel network (KKN) was proposed for online modeling of nonlinear MIMO processes.The model complexity could be controlled by the criterion of only adding the “key nodes” to the learning machine; further, the prior knowledge of the process could be easily combined.Consequently the generalization ability and modeling speed were improved.The forward learning of KKN was efficiently updated whenever a new key node was introduced.The proposed KKN was applied to the online modeling of fermentation processes.The simulations on the fed-batch penicillin fermentation process showed that the biomass and penicillin concentrations could be predicted simultaneously with high precision and fast learning ability.Furthermore, the modeling precision can be improved because the process knowledge could be accumulated batch-to-batch.

Pinch design method of heat exchanger networks(HEN)can be done for a specific operational condition, however the operational condition always fluctuates in a certain range.During practical process operation, it is often difficult to implement optimal control, since operating pinch point and the minimum temperature difference deviate from the design values.Therefore the study of pinch technology and the bypass optimal control of HEN have caught more attention, but integration of pinch technology with HEN optimal control is still not well established.The operating pinch point was studied for a given HEN, and the change of operating pinch point was qualitatively analyzed.Bypass optimal control was proposed and the bypasses were placed around the operating pinch point.Through the bypass optimal control of HEN, to which pinch point technology was applied, the total utility cost was minimized, and at the same time the commands on control performance could be reached, which was shown by the simulation of a heat exchanger network.

A next-generation adaptive model predictive control (MPC) controller is proposed.The adaptive MPC consists of three modules: a MPC control module, an online identification module and a performance monitor module.The three modules work together coherently in real-time.With the right design, the rest is automatic.In MPC commissioning, the online identification module performs automated plant test and automatic model identification.When all expected models become good, the MPC controller is automatically commissioned.When the MPC controller is online, the control monitor module continuously monitors the MPC performance and model quality.When control performance degradation and considerable model error are detected, monitor module will activate the online identification module.The identification module will re-identify the model and replace the old model.It makes the closed loop performance of the MPC system at its best.The effective performance is proved by the PTA application of the adaptive MPC.

Electrochemical noise was used to detect the corrosion process of the weld zone of 304 stainless steel（SS）in 50% NaOH solution at boiling point, its morphology was observed and its characteristic parameters were analyzed.The result showed that the weld’s corrosion potential dropped from -445 mV to below -560 mV during the experiment.When localized corrosion cracking was initiated, the amplitude was large and termination appeared.A high frequency plateau appeared in the power spectrum by use of the fast fourier transform（FFT）and high frequency roll-off slope K >-20 dB·dec^-1 in the power spectral density (PSD) plot.Electrochemical noise of 304SS specimens at room temperature in 50% NaOH solution showed that different specimens had different corrosion potentials and electrochemical potential noise time spectra.The noise was produced by fluctuations in the electrochemical process and larger fluctuations would typically be indicative of a more localized process.Moreover, the use of the roll-off slope K in the PSD plot could detect whether the localized corrosion occurred or not.Further development work is expected to lead to a useful, real time detection of localized corrosion.

Tafel polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to study the inhibition of corrosion of AZ40 magnesium alloy by molybdate in simulated cooling water.The surface morphology and elemental composition of AZ40 magnesium alloy exposed in the simulated cooling water with or without molybdate were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).The results showed that the corrosion of magnesium alloy in simulated cooling water was inhibited by addition of molybdate.The highest inhibition efficiency was achieved when the concentration of molybdate was 1000 μg·g^-1.Molybdate mainly inhibited the anodic reactions of magnesium alloy through weakening the adsorption of aggressive Cl^- on the alloy/medium interface and forming a compact protective layer that covered the magnesium alloy surface active sites.

An occluded corrosion cavity (OCC) simulated cell was designed，and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization curves measurement were employed to study the effect of MoO₄^2- on the development of underscale local corrosion of carbon steel in neutral NaCl solution.The results suggested that MoO₄^2- could abate pH decrease and Cl^- enrichment, and inhibit the auto-catalyzing acidification effect inside the OCC, so retard the development of underscale local corrosion obviously.The inhibition mechanism of MoO₄^2- was that MoO₄^2- transformed the hydrate ferrous oxide deposition film from anions selective to cations selective，and the cathodic process of underscale local corrosion was suppressed when it migrated into OCC.Meanwhile, the migrated MoO₄^2- resulted in increasing the impedance of the film on the substrate metal and so inhibited the anodic process of the corrosion reaction inside the OCC.

A simple UV spectroscopic method for determination of sugars was developed.Calibration models were established by the spectral measurement of a set of hydrolyzed standard sugar solutions by treating with concentrated sulfuric acid and a chemometrical software.The sugar contents in the sample can be predicted with the models by using the multi-wavelength spectral signals of its hydrolyzed solution.The present method does not need organic reagents and can provide the information of pentoses, hexoses, and total sugars in samples, and is suitable to be used for sugar analysis of the lignocellulosic biomass extraction process in bio-refinery research.

To find out the modification method for removing the cyanogens group of ricinine, the basic quantum chemistry parameter of ricinine was calculated and the bond energy of the molecule was analyzed.Under the condition of microwave power 600 W at 150℃ for 4.5 h with added concentrated hydrochloric acid solution, the cyanogens group was successfully removed from ricinine molecule.The decrease in insecticidal effect of ricinine after modification indicated that the cyanogens group played an important role in insecticidal effect of ricinine.

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a novel combustion technology with inherent separation of the greenhouse gas CO₂.The feasibility of using NiO as an oxygen carrier during chemical looping combustion of coal was investigated at 800—960℃.The experiment used a laboratory fluidized bed as the reactor, where steam acted as the gasification-fluidization medium.The reaction between oxygen carrier and solid fuel occurred via the gasification intermediates, primarily CO, H₂ and CH₄.The oxygen carrier particles exhibited high reactivity above 900℃.The flue gas component variation as a function of reactor temperature and reaction time was discussed, respectively.With increasing CO₂ generation rate as the result of increased reactor temperature,C residual rate decreased correspondingly.At 800—960℃, CO₂ concentration (dry basis) in flue gas presented a monotone increasing curve, and CO, H₂ and CH₄ concentrations (dry basis) decreased monotonously.The variation of CO₂, CO, H₂ and CH₄ generation rates in exhaust gas as a function of reaction time presented a parabolic curve, respectively.Moreover, the peak value of H₂ generation rate was less than the value of CO.With an increase in reactor temperature, CO₂ generation rate increased remarkably, while CO, H₂ and CH₄ generation rates decreased rapidly.The reaction between oxygen carrier and solid fuel, or overall coal gasification was accomplished in nine minutes above 900℃, and CO₂ concentration was greater than 92%.

A novel industrial-scale process combined circulating biological aerated filter (CBAF) and filtration was used to treat the slightly polluted wastewater for reuse in a petroleum refinery.The influences of packing size and height, hydraulic retention time and dissolved oxygen concentration on treatment efficiency for the CBAF process were investigated.The CBAF process can simultaneously carry out carbonation, nitrification and solids filtration in one unit.The wastewater was treated by the CBAF process under optimal conditions: hydraulic retention time of 100 min, dissolved oxygen concentration of about 3 mg·L^-1 and the backwashing cycle of every 2—3 days.The results of the combined process showed that the average removal efficiency of COD, oil pollutants, NH₃-N and SS was 62.6%, 71.7%, 92.6% and 97.0%, respectively.And the average effluent concentration of COD, oil pollutants, NH₃-N and SS was 14.4 mg·L^-1, 0.75 mg·L^-1, 0.49 mg·L^-1 and 2.4 mg·L^-1, respectively.The quality of the effluent can meet the requirements of industrial water reuse.

Intermittent running was carried out in a 6 L ASBR by using glucose as substrate, and with influent COD 6700 mg·L^-1.Alkalinity added into the influent was gradually lowered down, and the ratios of COD₀ to alkalinity (COD₀/Alk) were respectively 1.0∶1, 2.0∶1, 2.5∶1, 3.4∶1, 4.2∶1 and 4.8∶1.The aim of this work was to investigate the change of pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), bicarbonate alkalinity (BAlk) and CO₂ pressure in anaerobic sequencing batch reactor （ASBR）for treating high-strength carbohydrate wastewater, and demonstrate the efficiency and stability of ASBR process at a lower pH.The results showed that alkalinity dosage had significant influences on VFA, BAlk, CO₂ pressure and pH, especially acid-production rate within the first 0.5 h of reaction periods.When COD₀/Alk was 1.0∶1, the pH values were always above 7.20.There was a higher acid-production rate and partial pH below 6.5 at the ratio of 3.4∶1, which indicated that the digested-liquid became acidic.It was found that the pH values were almost maintained at less than 6.5 while the ratios were 4.2∶1 and 4.8∶1, but methanogenic process was stable.During the whole operation, the process behavior was steady with COD removal efficiency higher than 97%, which proved the feasibility of methane production with ASBR at a low pH and low alkalinity.

The influence of pH and alkalinity on the process performance of simultaneous anaerobic sulfide and nitrate removal was studied in Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor.When the influent pH was controlled between 7.5 and 8.0, the maximum sulfide and nitrate removal loading rate were 2.96 kg·(m³·d)^-1 and 0.47 kg·(m³·d)^-1, respectively.The basifying reaction and remnant sulfide led to increasing pH values that were finally beyond the bacteria toleration and caused process instability at high loading rates.When the reaction pH was controlled between 6.9 and 7.1, the maximum sulfide and nitrate removal loading rates were 4.78 kg·(m³·d)^-1 and 0.99 kg·(m³·d)^-1, respectively.The alkalinity should be adjusted at （454.1±40.5）mg ·L^-1 to keep a neutral condition.The alkalinity change in the process can indicate the style and extent of the dominant reaction.When S/N=5∶2 (with sulfur as main product), S/N=5∶8 (with sulfate as main product) and S/N=5∶5 (with the mixture of sulfur and sulfate as main product), the ratios of removed sulfide to decreased alkalinity were 2.27, 2.00 and 5.00.

The electrochemical deposition behavior of Pd-Ni bimetal on glassy carbon (GC) electrode was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) based on orthogonal experiments.The optimum preparation conditions of Pd-Ni/GC electrode were Ni²⁺=8.5 mmol·L^-1, Pd²⁺=3 mmol·L^-1, pH=7.0, J_k=15 mA·cm^-2, and T=30 min.The hydrogen adsorption peak on Pd-Ni/GC electrode of -24.83 mA was obtained at about -500 mV (vs Hg/Hg₂SO₄).Pd-Ni/PPy/GC electrode modified by polypyrrole film was prepared.CV results revealed that the hydrogen adsorption peak of -32.33 mA was obtained at about -500 mV (vs Hg/Hg₂SO₄), which was larger than that on Pd-Ni/GC electrode.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that PPy film changed the deposition configuration of Pd-Ni particles evidently.The diameters of Pd-Ni microparticles were smaller and the dispersion degree was higher.

Three parallel lab-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors were employed to evaluate the start-up process of bio-hydrogen production from molasses wastewater.With other start-up parameters controlled the same, the effect of inoculating sludge pre-treatments was studied.Two methods of pre-treatments (pre-heating and pre-aeration) were conducted for the inoculating sludge in two reactors compared with a non-pre-treatment reactor (control reactor).The results showed that the reactors with pre-treatment performed better in the start-up process than the control one.The hydrogen-producing bacteria were efficiently enriched at the start-up period, shortening the start-up process.At the end of the start-up stage, the acidification rate of the pre-treatment reactors was 10%—30% more than the control one, and hydrogen production increased by 1.69—1.82 times.Considering cost and feasibility, the authors suggest applying the pre-aeration method to treat the inoculating sludge to get more efficient start-up in the industrial scale bio-hydrogen production plant.

In this paper, the temperature rise characteristics of Huadian oil shale, its semi-coke and mixture were examined in the microwave field.The results showed that oil shale was a poor microwave absorbing material and can not be pyrolyzed while semi-coke produced can be used as microwave absorbent due to its high heat-up rate in the microwave field.The mixture of oil shale and semi-coke can be pyrolyzed by microwave radiation.The pyrolysis in the microwave field was performed and the effect of mixed ratio, microwave power and particle size were discussed.It was found that the more the semi-coke added, the more the oil yield produced.The higher the microwave power, the more the oil yield and gas loss, while the less the semi-coke yield in the same time.The influence of particle size was small on the pyrolysis except the particle size <0.2 mm due to its serious entrainment in the experiment.

For the recovery of arsenic in waste acid water produced in copper smelting, a two-stage operation was investigated, in which arsenic from waste acid water was first precipitated by ferrous sulfide, then lime was used to adjust the pH, and arsenic was removed further.The experiment showed that the parameters including dosage of material, pH of solution, reaction and aeration time affected the efficiency of arsenic removal.The experimental results indicated that the first stage required 3 h for the precipitation by ferrous sulfide at room temperature, the second stage required 30 min for aeration, and the best dosage of ferrous sulfide was two times of the calculated molar quantity.In this condition, after the two-stage treatment, the arsenic concentration in waste acid water was reduced from 6240 mg·L^-1 to 0.5 mg·L^-1.The average removal rate of arsenic from waste acid water was more than 99.9%, and the content of arsenic in the sludge was above 15%.

Two kinds of ionic liquids，1-（2-hydroxylethyl）-3-methyl imidazolium chloride（［HeMIM］Cl）and 1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride（［AMIM］Cl）were synthesized，and the chemical structures of the ionic liquids were confirmed by FT-IR and NMR spectrum.The solubilities of the ionic liquids for fir powder activated with different concentrations of NaOH were studied respectively.The chemical structure and crystalline form of fir powder before and after dissolution were analysed by FT-IR and XRD.It showed that the ionic liquids all had a good solubility for cellulose in activated fir powder，and the solubility of ［HeMIM］Cl was better than that of ［AMIM］Cl.When the concentration of NaOH to activate fir powder was 25％，the solubility was the best，and the crystallinity of the regenerated cellulose after dissolution decreased.

The effects of melt flow behavior and adjacent weld line formation behind the obstacle on the flow induced birefringence in the weld line region of the parts were investigated.Polystyrene parts with weld lines were injection-molded under various process conditions by means of a specially designed plate cavity with an obstacle.The photo-elasticity method was used to determine the gapwise-averaged birefringence along the flow direction of injection-molded parts.The results showed that melt temperature and packing pressure had a significant impact on the birefringence distribution of the molded parts.Birefringence pattern around the weld line region just behind the obstacle was apparently different from other regions of the part, which was attributed to the local flow behavior and molecular orientation distribution after the melt flow fronts met.The maximum value of gapwise-averaged birefringence along the weld line occurred at a small distance from the obstacle.Heat shrinkage test results of different locations at the adjacent weld line region were also consistent with the above results.

Organized mesoporous alumina was synthesized in a rotating packed bed (RPB) by the traditional precipitation method.Aluminum nitrate was used as the source of aluminum, ammonium carbonate was used as precipitator, and polyethylene glycol 1540 (PEG 1540) was used as template.Then the effects of rotation speed, reactant mixing style, temperature and the addition rate of precipitator on the structure of mesopores were investigated.The experimental results indicated that the structure of mesoporous alumina was controlled by the high gravity technology.High surface area, narrow pore size distributions and ordered wormlike pores were obtained, and the high gravity technology had a significant effect on pore structure in the synthesis of mesoporous alumina.

Li_1+x-yNb_1-x-3yTi_x+4yO₃ microwave ceramic tapes were prepared by aqueous tape casting using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as co-binder.The effects of PVAc contents and solid loadings on rheological behavior and mechanical properties were studied.The apparent viscosity and yield stress of the slurries were markedly decreased with increasing PVAc content.As the solid loading was increased, the rheological characteristics of the slurries varied from Bingham model to Casson model.The tensile test indicated that the failure characteristics of the green tapes showed a transition from ductile fracture to brittle fracture with the increase of PVAc content.In addition, the microstructure of the green tapes was homogeneous.

Hydrophobically modified anion polyelectrolytes based on Fenugreek gum（HmCmFG）were prepared by fixation of dodecyl（Dod）or cetyl（Cet）chains onto carboxymethyl Fenugreek gum backbone via ester functions.Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of probe pyrene and UV spectra were used to investigate the hydrophobically associating behavior of HmCmFG in solutions.The experiment data showed that hydrophobically associating behavior was significantly affected by the length and substitution degree of alkyl chains and concentration of low molecular electrolyte NaCl，the increase of which was in favor of the formation of hydrophobic microdomains.Viscometric experiments were carried out to study the interactions between HmCmFG and NaCl，〖HJ〗hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide（CTAB）or sodium dodecyl sulfate（SDS）.The addition of NaCl mainly strengthened intermolecular hydrophobic interactions for HmCmFG with the substitution degree of dodecyl lower than 5.7，leading to increasing viscosity of solutions.The effect of CTAB on the viscosity of solutions of HmCmFG with dodecyl substitution degree lower than 5.7 was greater than that of SDS.As for Dod 10.2 and Cet 6.3，the addition of NaCl，CTAB or SDS decreased solution viscosities by strengthening intra-molecular hydrophobic aggregation.

According to typical liquefied chlorine pipeline leakage, which is common in chemical production, the diffusion processes in different stages were simulated by using the Box model and Gauss puff model respectively.At the same time, the hazard area and degrees of influence were determined by using the intoxication accident consequences simulation techniques.The results showed that if 20 kg of liquefied chlorine leaked instantaneously, the heavy gas formed would change to neutral gas at 50 m to the leeward side.The hazard area could be divided into death zone, severe injury zone, slight injury zone, and breathe-in reaction zone.The death zone extended as far as 85 m to the leeward side, in which the death rate could reach up to 95%, and the duration of exposure should not exceed 10 min.The severe injury zone extended as far as 200 m to the leeward side, in which the death rate was 4%, and the duration of exposure should not exceed 60 min.The results of the simulation were in agreement with the consequences of such an accident caused practically.Therefore, it is reliable to simulate the accident results of unexpected leakage by choosing a suitable diffusion model and correlation parameters, and it is very important for supervising disaster reduction and salvage.