Frequent change of reactants and/or reaction process is common in batch and semi-batch reactors.Detailed time- and resource- consuming studies on reaction kinetics are usually unrealistic.So it is of great importance to develop suitable methods to evaluate the thermal runaway hazards of reactions in batch and semi-batch reactors.Based on a brief summary, the comments are mainly made on the safety boundary diagram and runaway scenario method which are thought to be feasible for the evaluation of some important reactions, though no universal techniques have been founded by now.The safety boundary diagram concerns more parameters, and the secondary decomposition reactions are not considered, but the method can divide dimensionless reaction conditions into four parts: no accumulation, runaway, insufficient initiation and harmless, and provide more information of the desired reaction.The runaway scenario method ignores the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, but analyzes the runaway of desired reaction and the secondary decomposition reaction under given process conditions, and is more comprehensive and easier to perform.

Optically pure epoxides and a broad range of β-substituted alcohols are valuable synthons and pharmaceutical intermediates.In recent years，the biocatalytic method provides a better way to produce these compounds because of its high chemo-，regio- and stereo-selectivity and mild，environmentally-friendly operation conditions.Halohydrin dehalogenases，occurring in the biodegradation pathways of halogenated compounds，enantioselectively catalyze the nucleophilic displacement of a halogen by a vicinal hydroxyl group in halohydrins to yield epoxides and its reverse reaction.The enzymes display a remarkable catalytic promiscuity by accepting a broad range of non-natural nucleophiles，including azide，nitrite，cyanide and even cyanate and isocyanate.Thus，it provides a useful tool for the production of enantiopure epoxides and β-substituted alcohols.This review focuses on recent developments of halohydrin dehalogenases with respect to their catalytic mechanisms and their applications in biocatalysis.At the same time，some perspectives on future research are also presented.

The distributed parameter model（DPM）of internal flow was presented for the cases，where large temperature variation or phase change existed.In this model the boundary conditions，thermo-physical properties，heat transfer and friction correlations all used the local values.By replacing the temperature equation with enthalpy equation in DPM，the governing equation could be unified for both single phase and phase change conditions.Hence，the more precise results of heat transfer and thermodynamics for internal flow could be obtained easily.The result of DPM agreed well with the analytic solution of fully developed laminar internal flow of air.On the basis of DPM，the characteristics of temperature and entropy generation were calculated for glycerol with great change of thermo-physical properties and humid air with phase change.This study is very important not only for the basic research of internal flow but also for the 3D DPM of the heat exchanger.

Two-stage vapor compression refrigeration cycle was accomplished with an intercooler.The state of the refrigerant vapor leaving the intercooler affects the system performance.The thermodynamic analysis of the trans-critical two-stage refrigeration cycle using CO₂ as the refrigerant was made with a condensing temperature of 35℃.When the intercooler operated at about the geometric mean of the evaporating and condensing pressures，compared with the single stage cycle，the coefficient of performance（COP）of the two-stage cycle was improved.As the degree of superheating of the CO₂ vapor leaving the intercooler increased，the COP of the two-stage system decreased.

Kinetic models for extraction process of volatile oil from traditional Chinese medicine are rarely studied at present; therefore, theoretical guidance to optimization of the process parameters is not enough.In this study, based on inner diffusion and gas film controlled diffusion, two new models were proposed by using Fick’s second law of diffusion.In order to evaluate the models, experiments for volatile oil extracted from Rhizoma atractylodis were carried out under different conditions.When the radii of particles were large, the process was controlled by inner diffusion and followed a first-order equation.When the radii were less than 0.090 mm, the process was controlled by gas film diffusion and the volume of volatile oil extracted was proportional to time.The simulations on extraction processes of other traditional Chinese medicines were also investigated.The data of experiment well accorded with the kinetic equation.The kinetic model was feasible to describe the actual extraction process and it provided a theoretical reference for the extraction process of volatile oil from traditional Chinese medicine.

Axial liquid and slurry velocity distributions in a slurry bubble column were measured by Pavlov tube under the condition of high superficial gas velocity（0.12—0.93 m•s^-1）and large solid concentration（0.1—0.3 based on slurry phase）.Experiment results showed that axial liquid and slurry velocity distributions became steeper with increasing superficial gas velocity and scale of bubble columns.On the contrary，velocity profiles did not obviously change with increasing solid concentration.Then normalized velocity profiles under different conditions could be approximately fitted by a single curve，which indicated that center-line velocity was a key parameter to predict bubble column scale-up effects.Under the experimental condition，Nottenkamper’s correlation was suitable for calculating the center-line velocity.Furthermore a one-dimension hydrodynamic model was presented to predict velocity distributions in the slurry bubble column.The model computational results agreed well with experimental data.

The effects of solvent properties and solution ionic strength on the stability of colloidal liquid aphrons (CLAs) were investigated experimentally by conductance measurement, and a stability model was proposed.The obtained electrical conductivity (k_t) vs time curve showed three different regions (a, b and c).According to the variation of slope of the incremental ratio of specific conductivity (k_r) vs time curves and the time taken by region a, the effects of solvent properties and solution ionic strength on the stability of CLAs were analyzed.From the kinetic analysis of region b in which electrical conductivity changed drastically, the stability model of dispersed CLAs was proposed in view of destabilizing factors of CLAs systems, such as buoyant rise, flocculation, coalescence and demulsification of the dispersed CLAs.The agreement of model prediction with experimental data was satisfactory.

The 3D Level Set equations were introduced，which were discretized in space by the fifth order weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme.Its accuracy was proven through capturing 3D moving interface.The governing equations were established for the viscous，incompressible，Newtonian fluids，which were discretized by the finite volume method based on non-staggered grid.The problem of the pressure-velocity decoupling was solved by the algorithm of momentum interpolation（MI）.The 3D flow process of injection molding was simulated by coupling the Level Set method and the finite volume method based on non-staggered grid，which can precisely capture the front surface of melt and predict the flow features，such as pressure and velocity at different times.The results indicated that the method can capture 3D front surface of melt and predict the flow features in injection process.

The lattice Boltzmann method was used to simulate low Reynolds number gas flows through ceramic filter matrixes.The porous structure was generated randomly by computer under the simplification that the ceramic filter matrix was composed of numerous spheres with equal diameter.The relation between Reynolds number and friction factor was calculated，and the calculated values agreed well with analytical values of Blake-Kozeny equation and Ergun equation.The change of microscopic velocity in pores was obtained.In pores，the velocity distributions were parabolic curves approximately and they would reach the maximum on the section of the minimum effective diameter.At one specific point in pores，the ratio of its local velocity to superficial velocity was fixed.

In co-extrusion, the interaction between the polymer melt viscoelastic nature and unavoidable fluctuations of the operating conditions results in fluctuating die swell, which makes the design of co-extrusion die according to the shape of product a technical challenge.To address the technical difficulties, the influence of process parameters and viscoelastic rheological parameters on polymer co-extrusion die swell was investigated with the stable state finite element numerical algorithm established by the authors and the mechanism was studied.Research results showed that co-extrusion die swell was caused by the secondary flow of viscoelastic melt，and depended on the direction and strength of melt secondary flow.The direction of melt secondary flow depended on the sign of difference of secondary normal stress, and the strength of melt secondary flow was proportional to the difference of secondary normal stress.The core melt die swell was proportional to the strength of the outward secondary flow in the exit of die and the inlet of mixing zone, and the skin melt die swell depended on the outward secondary flow relative intensity of its inner surface and outer surface.Moreover, research results also showed that core, skin melt and holistic die swell increased with increasing skin melt viscosity, but decreased with increasing skin melt inlet volumetric flow rate.

A large-scale cold model experimental setup of a riser-fluidized bed coupled reactor was established according to the olefin reduction technology with an auxiliary reactor for FCC naphtha upgrading.Distributions of particle velocity in the riser section were experimentally investigated in the setup.Furthermore，the restriction index of particle velocity was defined to quantitatively show the restriction effects of the riser outlet lotus-shaped distributor and the upper fluidized bed on the particle flow behavior in the riser.The experimental results showed that the riser could be divided into two regions in the longitudinal direction，i.e.，lower traditional transport region and upper restriction region.In the longitudinal direction，the averaged cross-sectional particle velocity in the traditional transport region increased firstly，and then tended to be smooth，while decreased in the restriction region.With the increase of static bed height in the upper fluidized bed，the local particle velocity decreased，and the tendency of change in the core region is more than that in the wall region.Restriction effects of the lotus-shaped distributor and the upper fluidized bed on particle flow behavior enhanced with the increases of superficial gas velocity，solids flux and static bed height in the upper fluidized bed.In the same cross-section，outlet restriction effects enhanced with the increase of the dimensionless radial position r/R，and would not change when r/R≥0.5.

Deterministic simulation approach was applied to simulating viscoelastic complex flows，in which，the SIMPLE algorithm based on collocated grid was used to solve the conservation equations on the macroscopic level and the spectral method was used to solve the Fokker-Planck equation on the mesoscopic level.Here，the transient 4∶1 planar contraction flow for dilute polymer solution was computed by using the coupled technique and the calculated polymeric stress distributions at steady state were identical with the results of continuum approach as well as the corresponding references.Therefore，the presented results indicated that the SIMPLE algorithm based on collocated grid coupled with the spectral method can be used to simulate viscoelastic complex flows effectively.Moreover，the influence of Deborah number and viscosity ratio on polymeric stress was also investigated.

Based on the vortex-velocity method，the dimensionless control equations of three-dimensional flow in single screw extruder were developed，and a new simulation method for the flow of non-Newtonian fluids was presented.A staggered grid arrangement was used，in which the dependent variables were located at different mesh points in the computational domain.The discretization scheme was second-order accurate，resulting from the use of central differencing.The simulation concerned the incompressible fluid obeying power law and the application of the finite volume method to the geometrical configuration of channel with aspect ratio up to 13.The distributions of velocities and stresses were investigated for different longitudinal pressure gradients.It was found that the distributions of velocities and stresses agreed well with the result of the two-dimensional approximation over 84% width scope owing to the large aspect ratio of the cross-section of the channel.The output decreased linearly with the increase of the longitudinal pressure gradients as observed in dimensionless forms.In addition，the center of the recirculating region in the channel cross-section drifted upward with the increase of longitudinal pressure gradients，which had positive influence on mixing performance.

A novel reactor model named cross-flow reactor for aromatics catalytic hydrogenation was proposed.The reactants were divided into two flows: ethylbenzene with thiophene was introduced to the catalyst bed along the axial direction of the columnar reactor, while hydrogen was introduced into catalyst bed through a vertical pipe with openings.Because special areas with high H₂ pressure and low H₂S pressure were formed near these openings, the poisoning of catalyst by thiophene was substantially decreased, and consequently the reaction of ethylbenzene hydrogenation was improved as compared with the traditional reactor with mixed co-flow.Finally, kinetic models were established for this cross-flow reactor and the traditional reactor.And the conversion equations of these two reactors were given.By using these equations, the experiments data were fitted to obtain kinetics parameters.The calculation results agreed well with the experimental data.It was also demonstrated that sulfur poisoning in cross-flow reactor was weakened.

Photodegradation of malachite green (MG) as the model molecule with TiO₂ catalyst by microwave discharge electrodeless lamps (MDELs) was investigated.The effects of different parameters in photodegradation of MG, such as MDEL shape, microwave power, initial solution concentration, and catalyst dosage were discussed.Additionally, the photodegradation of congo red, acid black, acid fuchsine and salicylic acid with anatase TiO₂ catalyst were investigated under the optimal reaction condition.The results showed that the MDEL is a new treatment method for enhancing photodegradation of organic contaminants with TiO₂ catalyst.

The phase equilibrium curve and partition coefficients in the recovery of catechol from o-methallyloxyphenol etherification product at 25℃ was studied through extraction of catechol with different concentrations.The extractant was distilled water and 0.5% sodium carbonate solution.Meanwhile, because xylene has good mutual solubility with o-methallyloxyphenol and insolubility in water, it can be used for auxiliary extraction, and this is a good method for improving the partition coefficient.In addition, after multilevel cross-flow extraction of the etherification product, the extraction yield reached above 90.2%，and the chosen extractants were efficient and practicable.

For separating normal paraffins in naphtha through the adsorption process using 5A molecular sieves, the ideal adsorption solution model for the mixed gas adsorption process has been improved based on the experimental data.The constant-capacity ideal adsorption solution(CIAS) model for the normal paraffins-5A molecular sieves system was established.The model could predict the equilibrium of n-C⁰₄—n-C⁰₁₀ mixed gas in 5A molecular sieves at various temperatures and pressures.The individual equilibrium adsorption capacities of n-C⁰₄—n-C⁰₁₀ and the effects of the pressure on the capacities could be calculated.So the interactions between the normal paraffins with different carbon numbers were discovered in view of thermodynamics, and the competing adsorption behavior of n-C⁰₄—n-C⁰₁₀ could be explained.The total equilibrium adsorption quantity of n-C⁰₄—n-C⁰₁₀ in naphtha predicted by CIAS model was 4%—8% greater than the experimental equilibrium adsorption quantity.The CIAS model also can be used for the mixed gas adsorption process, in which the individual equilibrium adsorption capacities of the adsorbates are approximately the same.

The removal of sulfur-containing compounds from diesel fuel is a great problem in refinery industry.In the world, the goal for super low desulfurization clean fuel oil (sulfur content <10 μg&#8226;g^-1) has been put forward.In this paper, by using continuous extraction-photocatalytic oxidation desulfurization process, the technology for refining FCC diesel fuel by removing sulfurcontaining compounds was investigated.Sulfur content was analyzed by Anteck Analyzer .Sulfur content of refining oil 45 μg&#8226;g^-1 met Europe Ⅳ standard.The experiment results showed that the suitable conditions of extraction and reaction were normal atmosphere, temperature 40℃,solvent/oil ratio 1.5∶1;temperature 40℃, residence time 1 h,and oxidant use 4%.Under these conditions, total sulfur content of two types of FCC diesel fuel met Europe Ⅳ standard, and refined oil yield was above 96%.

In this paper, contrast flask bacterial tests of high arsenic gold concentrate with arsenopyrite type and pure arsenopyrite mineral showed that the pyrite in the concentrate promoted the efficiency of dearsenication rate of the mineral, it was significantly higher than pure arsenopyrite.After 10 d and 15 d of bacterial oxidation of dearsenication, the final dearsenication rates of gold concentrate and arsenopyrite mineral were 93.90% and 64.45%,respectively.Microscope observation and XRD diffraction analysis of arsenopyrite oxide slag showed that arsenopyrite was covered with NH₄Fe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ which isolated arsenopyrite from its environment.This phenomenon eventually led to the slow oxidation rate of arsenopyrite and inadequate dearsenication effect.

Based on the fractal geometry theory，the surface topography including surface roughness and waviness of the end faces of the sealing rings and its change during the frictional wear of mechanical seals were characterized by the fractal parameters with independent dimension.The effect of change of surface topography on leakage path was analyzed.A permissible-leakage-rate-based method of predicting seal life of mechanical seals was developed by using Navier-Stokes equation，and the seal life of a 108 mechanical seal in diesel oil pump was predicted by this method.The 108 mechanical seal worked for 11500 h in 0.8 MPa diesel oil when the pressure on seal face pg was 1.1 MPa，the fractal dimension D was 1.5607，scale amplitude G was 2.0298×10^-9m，and the calculated leakage rate Q reached 2.95 cm³&#8226;h^-1.The seal life exceeded 1400 h as calculated for volatile matter permissible leakage given in API and STLE and the mechanical seal was in dangerous state.The research results indicate that accurately predicting seal life of mechanical seals is essential.The method of predicting seal life of mechanical seals put forward in this paper can be used to make scheduled maintenance and achieve safe，reliable service of mechanical seals.

One new gene of β-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) which could biosynthesize glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronide（GAMG）from glycyrrhizin, was cloned from Penicillium purpurogenum Li-3 by degenerated PCR using primers designed from the conserved amino acid sequences.It is the first time that a β-glucuronidase gene (pgus) (GenBank Accession No.EU095019) was cloned from Penicillium species other than Penicillium canescens.Sequence analysis indicated that the gene of pgus has 1815 base pairs，encoding 604 amino acids with the putative potential molecular weight of 66.7×10³ and 4 potential N-glycosylation sites.The prokaryotic expression system was constructed with pET-28a (+), as the vector.The fusion protein（PGUS-E）with activity was overexpressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) after IPTG induction.The specific activity of enzyme, purified with Ni²⁺-NTA column to homogeneity (accounting for 95% of soluble protein), was up to 6368 U&#8226;mg^-1.The production of soluble PGUS-E was about 25.6 mg&#8226;L^-1 culture medium.The molecular weight of sub-unit was estimated to be about 70×10³ by SDS-PAGE.

Pentose and hexose hydrolyzed from crop straw with acid and enzyme were determined by HPLC.Based on the discussion of corresponding product and enzyme, the metabolic pathway was analyzed.For interdicting lactic acid metabolic pathway and acetic acid metabolic pathway, the parent strain was mutated by soft X-ray of synchronous radiation.In order to improve the balance of H reducing power, the flux ratio of HMP to EMP was modulated by adding citrate.Then the xylulokinase activity was regulated for the co-fermentation of pentose and hexose.The results showed that about 57 g glucose and 11 g xylose were hydrolyzed from 200 g crop straw.Metabolic flux analysis of the parent strain indicated that the flux of succinic acid,lactic acid and acetic acid were 2.547 mmol&#8226;g^-1&#8226;h^-1, 0.726 mmol&#8226;g^-1&#8226;h^-1 and 0.611 mmol&#8226;g^-1&#8226;h^-1, respectively.Lactic acid flux of Ldh mutant strain HF-1 decreased markedly to 0.0296 mmol&#8226;g^-1&#8226;h^-1.Acetic acid flux of anti-fluoroacetic mutant strain HF-2 decreased distinctly to 0.100 mmol&#8226;g^-1&#8226;h^-1.However, the decrease of acetic acid resulted in not strengthening but weakening the metabolism of succinic acid.By adding citrate the flux ratio of HMP to EMP increased from 1.389∶0.389 to 1.684∶0.330 and thus the H reducing power was better balanced, then the succinic acid flux increased from 3.005 mmol&#8226;g^-1&#8226;h^-1 to 3.468 mmol&#8226;g^-1&#8226;h^-1 accordingly.Substituting MgCO₃ for CaCO₃ as neutralizer increased xylulokinase specific activity to 560 U&#8226;mg^-1 from 76 U&#8226;mg^-1, and thus the consumed xylose flux increased from 0.0444 mmol&#8226;g^-1&#8226;h^-1 to 0.453 mmol&#8226;g^-1&#8226;h^-1 accordingly, then pentose and hexose were co-fermented and the succinic acid yield reached 68.7 g&#8226;L^-1.

A novel method for enzymatic synthesis of L-theanine using copper（Ⅱ）-L-glutamine［Cu（Gln）₂］as donor substrate was proposed.The structure of Cu（Gln）₂ was identified by infrared spectrum analysis and its stability was also investigated under the reaction conditions.The enzymatic synthesis of L-theanine catalyzed by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase was carried out by using Cu（Gln）₂ and L-glutamine as donor substrate respectively，and the product yield and conversion rate of donor substrate were compared under the conditions of different ratios of donor and acceptor.The results showed that the transpeptidation reaction could be effectively enhanced by using Cu（Gln）₂ as donor substrate.The conversion rate of donor would increase by 51.5%，44.9% and 27.1% under different reaction conditions，compared to that using L-Gln as donor substrate.When the molar ratio of donor to acceptor was 6∶100，a higher donor conversion of 71.3% was obtained.

The hybrid system of Brayton cycle and ambient pressure gas turbine cycle（APGC）was described and the results of performance study was presented.The performance of the system was calculated by using the commercial process simulation package Aspen Plus.The results revealed that the optimum performance of the hybrid system could be obtained by changing upper cycle pressure ratio and bottom cycle expansion pressure.The expert factor analytic method，which is significant in theoretical design and practical application of a new proposed cycle，was also presented to provide the design pressure ratio of the combined cycle according to the usage of system.

In order to investigate the performance of biological nutrients removal and denitrifying phosphorus removal in the A2O process when treating low C/N ratio domestic wastewater，a reactor，with a working volume of 52.5 L，was used in this study.The volume ratio of anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic zone was 1/1/2 and the major operating parameters were：HRT 8 h，sludge recycle ratio（r）70%，aerobic（nitrate）recycle ratio（R）300%.The results showed that 85.4% of TN and 93.3% of SOP could be removed when the C/N ratio was 7.89.There was denitrifying phosphorus removal in the system.Moreover，up to 25.3% of the SOP could be removed in the anoxic zone by this way.The TN removal efficiency was reduced to 62.2% when decreasing the C/N ratio to 4.20 with the same operating parameters.However，the SOP removal efficiency was kept over 96.0%.The TN removal efficiency was 70.7% and up to 55.2% of SOP was removed in the anoxic zone when changing the volume ratio of anoxic/aerobic to 5/8.With the same anoxic/aerobic ratio，when changing the aerobic（nitrate）recycle ratio to 250%，the maximal denitrifying phosphorus removal could be achieved，removing 77.3% of the TN from the system.Enhanced denitrifying phosphorus removal in the A2O process is an effective way to counteract the disadvantages of carbon shortage for biological nutrients removal.

The microsized atorvastatin calcium was prepared via the antisolvent precipitation process.The effects of the type of surfactants，drug concentration，precipitation temperature and drying method on particle morphology and particle size were investigated，and the optimum conditions were obtained.The as-prepared microsized atorvastatin calcium and the raw atorvastatin calcium were well characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM），powder X-ray diffraction（XRD），Fourier transform infrared spectrometry（FT-IR）and surface area analyzer.The results indicated that methyl cellulose（MC₂₀）was a suitable surfactant to control the particle morphology of atorvastatin calcium.Adjusting drug concentration and system temperature can easily control the particle size and distribution.The spray dried powder with a mean diameter of about 1 μm had a narrow particle size distribution and showed the morphology of granular aggregates composed of smaller spheres.The microsized atorvastatin calcium powder was amorphous，and the specific surface area of the microsized product was higher than the raw atorvastatin calcium.In addition，the possible formation mechanism of granular aggregates composed of smaller spheres was presented.

Monolith-like carbon foams were prepared via a template method using polyurethane foam as template and furfuryl alcohol as carbon precursor.SEM examinations revealed that the as-obtained carbon foams had an interconnected structure and a large porosity made up of macrospores.The effect of carbonization temperature on the morphology, carbonization yield and volume shrinkage of the products was investigated.The polyurethane foam was pretreated with alkaline solution based on its hydrolysis characteristics.The influence factors, such as time, temperature and alkali concentration were studied.The polymers in the closed-cell of the polyurethane foam were removed and the impregnation ability of the template was enhanced after the pretreatment.The carbon foam with higher open porosity, carbonization yield as well as bulk density could be obtained.The results demonstrated that the pretreatment was efficient and necessary in order to improve the structure and properties of the carbon foam synthesized by the template method.

A copolymer hydrogel for immobilized microorganism carrier was synthesized by using sodium alginate（SA），polyvinyl alcohol（PVA）and active carbon as start materials and calcium chloride and boric acid as crosslinker.The ionic diffusion mechanism was analyzed and the diffusibility of NH⁺₄，NO^-₂ and NO^-₃ was measured by the static penetration method.The result showed that the hydrogel prepared by crosslink 4% PVA，2.0% sodium alginate and 0.2% active carbon with 5% calcium chloride and saturated boric acid as crosslinker for 15 min possessed the highest ionic permeability.The degree of equilibrium swelling and ionic diffusion coefficient of the composite hydrogel increased with increasing concentration of PVA.The degree of equilibrium swelling decreased with increasing concentration of SA but the ionic diffusion coefficient first increased and then decreased with increasing SA concentration.The diffusion rate of the inorganic nitrogen-containing ion in the hydrogel decreased as fellows：NH⁺₄> NO^-₂> NO^-₃.The synthesis condition and the start materials ratio had a great impact on the diffusion coefficient of NO^-₂ and NH⁺₄，but a relatively small impact on that of NO^-₃.

The mesoporous carbon materials with different specific surface areas were prepared by using SBA-15 as template and sucrose as carbon source under different carbonization temperatures.By means of infrared spectrometer(IR), low-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm, the effects of carbonization temperature on morphology, specific surface area, pore volume and specific capacitance of the mesoporous carbon materials were investigated.It was found that the optimal carbonization temperature was 700℃.TEM results showed that the sample possessed two-dimensional (2-D) hexagonally ordered mesoporous structure.N₂ adsorption-desorption showed that the pore volume of the sample was 1.88 cm³&#8226;g^-1, the specific surface area was 1394 m²&#8226;g^-1.It possessed mesoporous structure and narrow pore size distribution, and the average pore size was 3.4 nm.The electrochemical behavior of the sample used as electrode material and supercapacitor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV) test.The mesoporous carbon material was found to be a promising electrode material for the application of supercapacitor.The specific capacitance of the electrode was as high as 212 F&#8226;g^-1 in 6 mol&#8226;L^-1 KOH solution at a scanning rate of 1 mV&#8226;s^-1.

Polyvinyl alcohol micro-sphere (PVA-MS) was prepared from PVA and glutaraldehyde after emulsification and cross linking with hemiacetal.FTIR analysis and zeta potential indicated presence of several hydroxy groups and electronegativity.Two PVA-MS dynamic membranes (DMs) of standard blockage filtration type without filter cake and full blockage filtration type were prepared from industrial filter cloth substrate membrane by using self-assembly coating (SA) and pre-coating (PC) methods, and the PVA-MS densities of the self-assembly coating dynamic membrane (SADM) and pre-coating dynamic membrane (PCDM) were determined to be 2.25 g&#8226;m^-2 and 62.0 g&#8226;m^-2, respectively, and their retention particle diameters were 2.1 μm and 0.4 μm respectively.PVA-MS DMs could improve hydrophilicity and negative charge of the filter cloth substrate membrane significantly.The PCDM rejection abilities for the sludge supernatant with turbidity 21.34 NTU and TOC 18.3 mg&#8226;L^-1 were improved by 20% and 30% respectively as compared with the substrate membrane.But, SADM had little impact on the rejection of turbidity and TOC.The efficiency of physical cleaning for the irreversible membrane fouling would increase with increasing coated MS on the filter cloth.SADM could be maintained on the filter cloth even after frequent chemical cleaning; however, regarding the PCDM, physical cleaning could eliminate the irreversible fouling completely, but a repeated precoating was needed to maintain the MS layer on the surface of the filter cloth.

The ternary starch grafted itaconic acid/acrylate acid superabsorbent polymers（S/IA/AA）were synthesized via aqueous solution polymerization with maize starch，itaconic acid（IA）and acrylate acid（AA）as raw materials.The factors that influenced the sample’s properties were investigated.The superabsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR），scanning electron microscopy（SEM）and energy dispersive X-ray detector（EDX）.Preliminary results indicated that S/IA/AA polymer，which was synthesized by using IA in addition to AA，exhibited improved water absorbency compared with that of S/AA polymer.Starch gelatinization optimum conditions were obtained as follows：gelatinization temperature 80℃，gelatinization time 30 min and starch to water ratio 10 g&#8226;g^-1，respectively.The optimized polymerization process of S/IA/AA was concentrations of cross-linker 0.075%，concentration of initiator 4×10^-3 mol&#8226;L^-1，IA to AA ratio 40%，starch to monomer ratio 20%，neutralization degree 50%，and polymerization temperature 50℃.Kinetic curves of composite indicated that S/IA/AA had high absorbency rate and excellent water retention.For starch species superabsorbent，this study was significant for reduced cost of production，widened source of raw material，increased biodegradability and reduced dependence on petrochemicals.

Due to its structural drawback, halogenated organic compound, such as PVC and chloroparaffin is easily degraded under heat to form hydrogen chloride, leading to decomposition of such halogenated compound and damage to process equipment.Addition of thermal stabilizer in the halogenated compound can prevent those disadvantages.The usage of traditional thermal stabilizer come under limitation due to toxic heavy metal.Therefore novel thermal stabilizer, in particular organic thermal stabilizer, is the objective of research.Based on traditional thermal stabilization mechanism, polyols which have better stability or synergistic stabilization effect were chosen as lead compounds.These polyols were modified by esterification and etherification to introduce epoxide groups for enhancing stability and ester groups or ether groups for increasing dissolving and dispersing quality with PVC.The effect of such thermal stabilizers was investigated.Polyol derivatives with higher stability and excellent performance were obtained, such as triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol epoxy resin and bisphenol A type epoxy resin.It will provide a reference for further research on organic stabilizer.

In order to develop a novel bioactive material utilizing cellulose resource, adamantane carboxylic acid esters of cellulose were synthesized through in-situ activation of the adamantane carboxylic acid using N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl as solvent, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride as co-reagent.The structure and properties of adamantane carboxylic acid esters of cellulose were characterized by means of IR, ¹H NMR, TG，etc.The esterification conditions were investigated in detail.The results showed that the degree of substitution was influenced by reaction temperature, reaction time and mole ratios of repeat units of cellulose/adamantane carboxylic acid/p-toluenesulfonyl chloride.Under the optimized reaction conditions, the highest degree of substitution (DS) was 1.9.TG analysis revealed that the thermal stability of cellulose esters was improved with the increase of DS due to the incorporation of adamantane carboxylic acid into chains of cellulose.The products are soluble in various organic solvents, depending on the DS.

Hazard and operability analysis about the manual mistake operation in chemical processes, the computer aided HAZOP analysis technology based on analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and the explosion cases analysis program in chemical processes were discussed.Potential hazards were systematically analyzed from five aspects:material, equipment, process, human factor and environment.All potential process hazards could be found and their probabilities calculated, and all abnormal situations could be arranged in the order of probability.The technology could ensure complete and sound analysis and enhance the pertinence and operability of the safeguard measures.The causes of explosion accidents were classified into 5 categories, 46 kinds.The analysis of nitrobenzene prefractionator was taken as an example to explain real application of prevention and control of mistaken operations and the explosion accidents analysis technology in chemical processes.The analysis result indicated that using the technology and adopting the prevention and control measures recommended could effectively prevent the explosion accidents.