Hydrogen is gaining increasing attention as a kind of energy in the possible future. Biomass is an attractive feedstock for hydrogen production because its use would contribute little or no net carbon dioxide to atmosphere when biomass is grown sustainably. The technology of hydrogen production by catalytic gasification of wet biomass in supercritical water has been identified in bench scale. The previous work on theories and technologies of hydrogen production by biomass catalytic gasification on supercritical water is reviewed and the influence factors are analyzed. The development strategy for this technology application is presented.

Removal of Cu ²⁺ from clay by electroremediation was carried out in a multicompartment apparatus. The batch adsorption and desorption of Cu ²⁺ on clay were firstly studied against buffer composition in terms of pH and electroconductivity. Then effects of particle diameter, washing buffer composition on the magnitude of ζ - potential of clay and on the specific electroosmosis velocity of the clay bed were examined,respectively. In case of using citric acid buffer as the washing solution, 89.9% of the Cu ²⁺ adsorbed on clay could be recovered at the expense of the buffer 1.33 times as much as the clay weight. Finally, scaling-up of the apparatus in terms of the expansion of cross area was attempted. An approximate recovery of Cu ²⁺ was obtained for the packed beds of different cross area operated at an identical current density, indicating a high potential of this technique in large scale soil remediation.

In order to study the rapid process of transfer and reaction kinetics experimentally,an activity determination system was established on the basis of ion selective electrodes(ISEs),and a thermodynamic model was used to calculate the activity coefficients of liquid components in data processing to obtain the accurate concentration of ions.The determination in the proposed system is very rapid,and the minimum time interval is only one second.Meanwhile,the determination results are precise and reliable,with maximum deviation less than 2%.The established system was used to study the dissolution process of potassium sulphate and ion exchange reaction of potassium titanate.The effects of solvent and pH were studied.A process may be completed within several minutes.For this rapid process the existing analysis method is unsuitable,while the established system can obtain a large number of data points and the measured results are accurate.The established system and method can also be used in other processes such as dissolution, crystallization,precipitation,ion exchange reaction,adsorption and diffusion for other systems.

A laser particle size analyzer was used to study kinetics of the flocculation of fine phosphate ore residues in the presence of polyacrylamide(PAM) in a stirred tank. The investigation included the adding method of polyacrylamide and the relationship between flocs particle size distributions and time. A rapid initial flocculation was found. The initial flocculation rate was enhanced by increasing temperature, agitation speed and PAM dosage separately, but decreased with increasing viscosity of fluid and average primary residue sizes. There was an optimal PAM dosage associating with solids concentration. The kind of electricity on residue surface was detected by electrophoresis. From flocculation of residues with different types and different amounts of flocculent, it is shown that the flocculation of residues with cationic APAM in a neutral aqueous solution is carried out mainly by charge neutralization,and the flocculation follows the bridging mechanism in the leaching solution of phosphoric acid.

Alkyl polyglycosides (APG) has been paid more and more attention in surfactant industry, not only because APG has high surface activity, but also because it is not hazardous, not irritant, well biodegradable and is made from naturally occurring renewable raw materials, i.e., starch or glucose. Therefore, APG is called as "surfactant for 21st century", and technical studies on synthesis and manufactures of APG have been developed rapidly since 1990s, but there is a lack of study on reaction kinetics of APG. The reaction kinetics of synthesis of butyl polyglycosides was studied based on "shrinking core model".A solid-liquid interface reaction model, which contains a step of mass transfer resistance, was proposed. In "shrinking core model", only the chemical reaction taking place in the solid-liquid reaction system is involved.Under condition of optimal technology parameters for the synthesis of butyl polyglycosides,in which reaction temperature is in the range of 90-110℃, and stirrer rotation speed is from 6.67-13.33r·s ^-1 ,mass transfer resistance can not be ignored.The ratio of chemical reaction rate constant to mass transfer coefficient,namely, k _r/ k _B,obtained by means of solid-liquid interface model, can directly reflect the relative rate of chemical reaction to mass transfer. At the same time, the chemical reaction kinetic parameters were obtained. The results suggest that solid-liquid interface reaction model is more accurate than the "shrinking core model" in describing the formation of butyl polyglycosides which is the first step of synthesis of APG.

A static force model was proposed for the above emulsion systems and the effects of concentration of salts and interfacial zeta potential on emulsion stability were analyzed with this model. The contradiction between experimental phenomena and modeling results was explained. It was pointed out that during the collision of two liquid droplets in the presence of interfacial zeta potential the interfacial surfactant molecules on the two approaching droplets repelled each other so strongly that it leads to the coalescence between these two droplets.

Properties of reverse micelle of EO _X PO _Y EO _X type block copolymers and their water solubilization in organic solvent are investigated. The results show that water solubilization and critical "reverse" micelle concentration in p -xylene increases considerably with the amount of 1-octanol added to solvent. It is also revealed that for the EO _X PO _Y EO _X type block copolymers/10wt% 1-octanol/ p -xylene systems,the hydrophilic group (ethylene oxide, EO) plays a crucial role in the process of reverse micelle formation. In addition, the ionic strength of the solubilized solutes influences to some extent the formation of polymeric reversed micelles. When the ionic strength is lower than 1, the addition of electrolytes favors the reversed micelle formation process. An increase in temperature causes an increase of CMC for the copolymers studied. The results indicate that thermodynamically stable micelles are formed spontaneously by block copolymers in octanol-xylene. The formation of micelles in organic solvent is exothermic and entropically unfavorable.

According to solubilization of surfactant micelle and phase-separation of nonionic surfactant aqueous system induced by temperature, extraction of phenol with Triton X-100 two-phase micellar system was carried out. The results indicated that specific solubilization of phenol in the surfactant-rich phase was directly proportional to its concentration in the aqueous phase. The proportional coefficient (the equilibrium constant) was determined. On the basis of experiments, a model was proposed, which predicated extraction yield as a function of surfactant concentration, solute concentration and pH of system. It also explained that back-extraction of phenol from surfactant-rich phase to aqueous phase by adjusting the pH of system resulted from the change of proportional coefficient by ionization of phenol.

Although the content of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene is high in the isomerization of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, the process is extremely difficult to be realized industrially because of the accumulation of methylethylbenzene. A unique process using isomerization and alkylation as a union has been studied, in which alkylation is used to relieve the accumulation of metylethhylbenzene whose by-product can be used as parts of raw materials in isomerization to control the side reactions, and isomerization can raise the content of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. Thus 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and the coproduct 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbezene can be produced industrially. Moreover, the production cost can be lowered greatly. Meanwhile, the effects of technological conditions on the reactions have been discussed, and the optimum technological conditions offered. The technology has now been used industrially to produce 600t/a 98.5% 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene.

The hydrodynamics of fine particles in pressurized air-spouted beds with internal diameter of 186 and 80mm, respectively, was studied using alumina and silicon gel particles of the size ranging from 0.26 to 1.7mm at the operating pressure up to 700kPa.A model for the minimum spouting velocity( U _ms )has been established through a series of experiments.There are three different cases in the relationship between the operating pressure and U ms . U _ms increases in a way for a Re _t<2 range, decreases in a way for a Re _t=2-500 range and decreases evidently for a Re _t>500 range with the increase of the operating pressure.The experimental results showed that the spouting stability could be significantly improved by increasing operating pressure.The maximum spouted bed height and spout diameter increase with the increase in bed pressure.It was also found that the fountain height in the bed almost keeps constant with the increase in the operating pressure.

Based on the mathematical model of Hadj-Romdhane and Danner describing the chromatographic process in a packed column, the infinite dilution diffusion coefficients of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene in polyethylene membrane were measured in a temperature range of 341.2 - 363.2K by inverse gas chromatography.The correlation of the experimental data was preformed by using the modified Vrentas-Duda free-volume equation where the hole free volume was introduced to replace the whole free volume in the Vrentas- Duda initial equation.The correlated results show that the modified equation is a quite good description of the relationship between observed diffusion data and temperature.Based on the modified equation, a new generalized free-volume equation was established.The parameters a and b in the new equation are independent of the type of solvent and temperature of system but dependent on the structure of the polymer, so the new equation has the predictive capability.Once the values of the two parameters are determined from some solvent diffusion data of a certain solvent in a certain polymer, the diffusion data of another solvent in this polymer can be predicted by using the new equation.The solvent diffusion data of polystyrene/solvent and poly(methyl methacrylate)/solvent systems reported in literature and those of polyethylene/solvent system measured in this work were applied to verify the predictive capability of the new equation.Meanwhile the predicted results of the former two systems by using the new equation were compared with those calculated from the predictive version of Vrentas-Duda free-volume equation.These two equations have similar predictive accuracy.

Principal component analysis (PCA) is an effective approach to process monitoring and quality control.Although extensive researches related with PCA-based process monitoring approaches have been reported, the characteristics and fault detecting behavior of PCA are still equivocal.The commonly accepted conclusions in this field often conflict with the root cause of process malfunction and lead to incorrect understanding of the detection results.The expectations of T 2 and SPE statistics are studied in this paper and their relations to the statistical parameters of process data are presented.These relationships reveal the influence factors of the T 2 and SPE tests and give a definite description of the detection behavior of PCA.Based on these relationships process disturbances and faults can be distinguished,which make further fault diagnosis more reliable.The acquired results are illustrated and verified by monitoring of a simulated double-effective evaporator.

Riser has the advantage of high gas-solids contact efficiency,high gas/solids flux and so on.But there is relatively significant gas and solids backmixing.On the ether hand,downer has the great advantage of uniform gas and solids residence time, but the entrance structure has great influence on its performance and the solid concentration is much lower than that in riser.A new type of Riser-Downer-Coupling Circulating Fluidized Bed (RDCCFB) is devised in this research, which is a close combination of riser and downer.This new type of CFB takes advantage of both riser and downer.Phosphor particles were used as tracers to study the solid mixing behavior in a cold-model RDCCFB.The results show that the overall Peclet Number is greater than that in a single riser.And the average residence time and the residence time distribution of the particles can be changed according to the requirement.These characteristics make this coupling reactor attractive in many areas.

In the flue gas energy recovery system of catalytic cracking unit,the opening of slip valve is a key parameter.The bigger its value,the safer the system, however,the higher the energy consumed.In this paper,the risk decision theory is used to decide the safe opening of slip valve.Based on the risk probability analysis by Delphi inquiry,which is further corrected by Bayes’ theory, the opening value of the valve is determined by means of the decision tree method.It was used satisfactorily at Jinzhou Petro-Chemical Co.

The paper studies a heat exchanger network with graph theory,symmetric group acting on sets,orbit and equivalent relation.The structure and properties of the heat exchanger networks are defined so that the problem can be converted into multilevel mixed interger programming and the solution with optimality theory canbe given.

The condensation heat transfer and pressure drop investigation of kerosene-air mixture gas (the range of noncondensable gas mass quantity is 5%-52%) in horizontal tube was carried out.According to the liquid film turbulent model,both heat conduction and turbulent heat transfer of liquid film at high speed of gas determine the condensation heat transfer of mixture gas.Condensation heat transfer coefficient could be predicted by Re and Co of liquid film.The correlation of condensation heat transfer coefficient was established.

The effects of carbon source and manganese ion on the production of γ -poly (glutamate) ( γ -PGA) was investigated.The results showed that the production of γ -PGA was different on varions carbon sources, and among those, citric acid and glycerol were much better than others.The production of γ -PGA was increased to 15.72g·L ^-1 by using the citric acid and glycerol as a combined carbon source.It was also found that the production of γ -PGA could be regulated by control of manganese ion concentration in the medium.Without Mn ²⁺ ,there was no γ -PGA produced.The production of γ -PGA was increased by increasing Mn ²⁺ concentration, the optimal concentration of Mn ²⁺ was 39.0mg·L ^-1 .The composition and morphology of γ -PGA were also affected by Mn ²⁺ .

Phase equilibrium and kinetic experiments of phenol on NKAⅡ resin under ultrasonic field and non-ultrasonic field were separately conducted at normal temperature.The model for estimating diffusion coefficient of phenol on the NKAⅡ resin was established.Results showed that application of ultrasound can change the phase equilibrium state of NKAⅡ/phenol/water system which has reached equilibrium under normal condition.The phase equilibrium state of the system shift towards decrease in the amount adsorbed of phenol on NKAⅡ resin.In addition, acoustic cavitation could make diffusion coefficient of phenol in NKAⅡ resin in ultrasonic field increase by one order of magnitude in comparison with the diffusion coefficient determined in non-ultrasonic field.The diffusion coefficient increased with the increase in acoustic power.However,it was found that if the acoustic intensity was larger than 0.057W·cm ^-2 , slight pulverization of the NKAⅡ resin occurred, which should be avoided in application.

The solubilities of SDBS in ethanol-water and in ethanol-NaOH aqueous mixed solvent were measured at 298.15K to 318.15K.The experimental data showed that solubility of SDBS increased with rising temperature and the effect of NaOH on the solubility of SDBS was little. A thermodynamic solubility model of the electrolyte in the mixed solvent was proposed.The solubility of SDBS in the ethanol-water (or NaOH aqueous) or in the isopropanol-water (or NaOH aqueous) at 298.15K to 318.15K was calculated with the solubility equation deduced from this model.The agreement between calculated values and experimental data was good.