Based on a survey of the mechanism for reactive dyes containing β-hy-droxy-ethyl sulfonyl sulfuric ester on the cellulosic fibre, and the structures of non-ionic nature of disperse dyes, a new range of reactive disperse dyes for polyester cotton blends is proposed. The reaction mechanism for such reactive dyes studied on cellulose is represented by the following equations: If dyeing is carried out by the thermosol process, the following reaction would be expected to take place: It would likely happen that the species D-SO2CH=CH2 being formed could react with cellulosic fibre as in (B) and physically retain within the polyester fibre. A range of azo dyes has been synthesized and is represented with the following general formula:where X and Y are non-ionic groups and could be the same or different, as-C2H5, -C2H4CN, -CH2C6H5, -C2H4OCOCH3, -C2H4COOCH3, etc., A is H, R(Alkyl),-NHCOR, etc. and B is H, halogens, -OR. etc. No ionic groups are present in the dye molecule. The β-hydroxy-ethyl sulfonyl sulfuric ester group serves both as reacting group and solubilizing group which renders the dyes to be water soluble. These dyes are found to be suitable for dyeing and printing on the polyester-cotton blend fabrics in the presence of weak alkali by the thermosol process between 190-210℃ for 1.5-2min. The formation of covalent bond between the dye and cellulosic fibre is proved by unique extraction method. The detention of vinyl sulfone dye formed in the polyester portion of polyester-cotton blends is evidenced by chromatography, IR spectroscopy and NMR identifications.

Starting from isothermal excess volume data (two or more than two sets), and based on the "pseudo-2-fluid theory", a computation procedure of vapor-liquid equilibrium data is proposed: (1) Calculation of characteristic parameters of pure components:Vi, Pi and Ti; (2) Calculation of characteristic parameters of pseudocomponents:Vim, Pim and Tim;(3) Calculation of excess enthalpy H; (4) Calculation of Gibbs free energy G or its Q function; (5) Calculation of bubble point; ( 6 ) Calculation of vapor-liquid equilibrium data. The computation results for benzene-cyclohexane, benzene-n-hexane, ben-zene-n-heptane, benzene-n-octane, carbon tetra chloride-benzene, carbon te-trachloride-cyclohexane and carbon tetrachloride-n-heptane, compared with the corresponding vapor-liquid equilibrium experimental data and the data calculated directly from excess enthalpy, are satisfactory. Therefore, the proposed computation procedure is also appropriate to non-polar and slightly polar binary systems under relatively low pressures.

The empirical bond energy bond order (BEBO) approach has been extended in order to make predications of the energies of activation of reactions for H2 and O2 on transition d-metals. Thus, for the Rideal-Eley mechanism of the surface reaction the 24 d-metals with different catalytic properties are predicated to be approximately classified into four groups A, B, C and D. In accordance with Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, the surface reaction for each of the 24 d-metals has higher energy of activation or reaction potential energy than these from the Rideal-Eley mechanism reasoning. In this paper, favourable comparisons are made between the results of this approach and available experimental data. The "low chemisorption heats -high catalytic activities" rule for some catalytic oxidation reactions has been fully discussed.

The fluid thermodynamic properties involving partial derivatives are related in some specific correlations with compressibility factor Z, derivative compressibility factors Zp and Zr and specific heat Cp. In order to recommend general formulas and tables for the calculation of ZP and ZT, two general analytical expressions of Zp(O)or(R) and ZT(O)or(R) based on Lee-Kesler equation are developed, and the tables of Zp(O),Zp(1), ZT(O), Zr(1) are provided, over the range Pr=0.1-10,Tr=0.3-4. Using the ZP(O)or(R),ZT(O)or(R) expressions or tables provided, the thermodynamic properties of non-polar or light polar fluids, such as the exponent of isentropic process, speed of sound, the difference or the ratio of specific heat Cp-Cv, Cp/Cv etc., can be calculated manually or with a computor. Some calculations of the thermodynamic properties indicated above for CO2, F-22, N2 show that the results are in good agreement with the data published. The error is allowable for engineering applications.

The vapor liquid equilibrium data of benzene-a-picoline binary system at 760 mm Hg are determined by a modified Rose equilibrium still. A large number of experimental data have shown that this binary liquid phase is a perfect solution which is confirmed by Raoults law in either of the cases where the nonideality of vapor phase is considered or not.

The isobaric vapor liquid equilibrium data of a-picoline-water binary system at 760 mmHg are determined by a modified Rose equilibrium still. The experimental data are correlated by Wilson equation, multi-parameter Wilson equation and NRTL equation with fairly good agreements.

The present paper delineates the characteristics of a new efficient low pressure drop distillation packing which is made from protruded thin metal ribbon. Test data are given on the packing in 100 millimeter diameter column by distillation of mixtures of methylcyclohexane and toluene, ethyl alcohol and water under atmospheric condition. Because of the capillary nature of the metallic barrier surface on which liquid hydrocarbon or aqueous alcohol can be automatically spread, the packing is readily wetted, and greatly aids the attainment of equilibrium thereby. Consequently, considerable time is saved in getting the distilling operation started. Since the packing is made from thin flat metal, a relatively inexpensive starting material, it is less expensive than packings made from wire gauze. Experimental results have shown that among the advantages of this packing as mentioned above, it features a H.E.T.P. of 111 to 172mm, and a pressure drop of 2.7 to 3 mm of water per theoretical plate, depending upon the gas load F-factor varying in the range of 1.22 to 2.25. Thus it would appear that the packing is also a promising low pressure drop packing suitable for vacuum distillation.

The effects of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and melt-spinning conditions of polypropylene resins on texture formation and non-uniformity of polypropylene fibers were investigated. The as-spun polypropylene fibers produced by melt spinning frequently exhibit diameter fluctuations. Pure rheological studies on this phenomenon were made by many authors, but our experiment showed that the orientation fluctuation and the crystal-linity difference of as-spun fibers make trouble much more severe than fiber diameter fluctuation does in the polypropylene spinning process. Since the mechanical properties of fibers, such as yield stress and initial modulus, depend on the orientation and crystallinity of as-spun fibers, the stretchability of as-spun fiber becomes worse with increasing orientation fluctuation and cry-stallinity. That means flow-induced crystallization plays a predominant role in fiber uniformity of polypropylene spinning process. Therefore, in order to improve the streching behavior of the as-spun fibers and the quality of the product fibers, the texture together with its uniformity of the as-spun fibers should be controlled by a reasonable choise of polypropylene resin as well as spinning condition.

Entrainment rate and flow regime on large hole flow-guiding sieve tray were investigated in an air/water simulator. The results showed that the flow regime on a tray was interrelated with the change of entrainment rate. At certain gas velocities, increasing and/or decreasing the liquid load gradually, it was found that the entrainment rate would change as the shape of a saddle. The clear liquid height, Zc, corresponding to the lowest point of saddle is about 30-40mm. This point is defined as the turning point of the entrainment rate. And the gas-liquid phases while clear liquid height, Zc, is less than turning point is spray (spray dominant) regime; conversely, it is froth (froth dominant) regime. The entrainment rate turning point is the transition point from spray to froth regime. It was observed that the regime transition was a gradual instead of a sudden change. The parameters that affect the entrainment rate and the characteristics of regime transition were discussed. It is proposed that, in general, the prevalent entrainment correlation, i.e. Hunts equation, may only be applied to the froth regime but not to the spray regime.

2~ethyl-2-hexenal was hydrogenated to 2-ethyl hexanol in both laboratory and pilot equipment. Trickle bed reactors were used. We find that log is proportional to (LHSV) 3 and L 3 , where L is the height of catalyst bed. It is shown that their relationship under operating conditions can be expres- sed as follows.(LHSV)-2/3 =-0.206-16.853log. and logAi/A0=-0.027-0.0027 L 1/3 From these formulae the greatest LHSV and minimum catalyst bed height under operating conditions at which reactants can completely convert into products are calculated. The formula showing the relationship between catalytic activity and LHSV agrees with that in literature. The variation of the catalyst bed height will affect the result of hydrogenation, which is mainly due to the change of liquid rate. The data obtained are useful for development, design and operation of trickle bed reactors.

Liquid dispersion process with a sinusoidally vibrated jet was investigated. The course of deformation and breaking of liquid jet from the nozzle was recorded and studied via a holographic technique. Experimental results with water and dibutyl phthalate were taken and the mechanism of dispersion was suggested.