Phase equilibria of quaternary system CaCl2-CaSO4-CaB6O10-H2O at 308.15 K

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20191148

Abstract

Abstract:

In this work, an isothermal dissolution method was used to study the phase equilibria for the quaternary system (CaCl₂-CaSO₄-CaB₆O₁₀-H₂O) at 308.15 K. The solubilities, densities, refractive indices and pH were investigated experimentally. According to the experimental data, the phase diagram, water-phase diagram and the diagrams on physicochemical properties including density, refractive index and pH against composition were plotted. The phase diagrams for the quaternary system at 308.15 K include one invariant point, three univariate solubility curves and three crystalline regions corresponding to CaCl₂·4H₂O, gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) and gowerite (CaB₆O₁₀·5H₂O). The crystallizing area of gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) is the largest, the gowerite (CaB₆O₁₀·5H₂O) is the second, and the CaCl₂·4H₂O is the smallest, indicating that the gypsum is most easily crystallized. In addition, the quaternary system was of the hydrate type I, neither double salt nor solid solution were formed. The physicochemical properties change regularly with the increasing of CaCl₂ concentration and appeared a turning point at invariant point. The distributive behaviors of density and refractive index against the concentration of calcium chloride in the equilibrium solution are similar. On the contrary, the change law of pH is opposite. The phase equilibrium study of quaternary system (CaCl₂-CaSO₄-CaB₆O₁₀-H₂O) will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of calcium and boron resources in oilfield brines.

Key words: salt-water system, phase equilibria, the method of isothermal dissolution equilibrium, calcium borate

摘要：

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系CaCl₂-CaSO₄-CaB₆O₁₀-H₂O在308.15 K下的稳定相平衡。测定了该体系的溶解度及平衡溶液的物化性质(包括折射率、密度和pH)。根据实验数据，分别绘制了该四元体系的干基图、水图以及相应的物化性质–组成图。研究结果表明：该体系在308.15 K时有1个共饱点(CaCl₂·4H₂O + CaSO₄·2H₂O + CaB₆O₁₀·5H₂O)，3条单变量溶解度曲线，3个单盐结晶区,分别对应于CaCl₂·4H₂O、硬石膏(CaSO₄·2H₂O)和高硼钙石(CaB₆O₁₀·5H₂O)。其中，硬石膏CaSO₄·2H₂O结晶区最大、高硼钙石CaB₆O₁₀·5H₂O结晶区次之，而CaCl₂·4H₂O结晶区最小，表明硬石膏最易于结晶析出。此外，该四元体系在308.15 K下没有复盐和固溶体生成，属于简单水合物I型。平衡液相的物化性质随着CaCl₂浓度的增大呈规律性变化，并在共饱点处发生转折。其中，折射率和密度的变化规律相近，而pH的变化规律则与之相反。对该四元体系的稳定相平衡进行研究，将为综合开发利用油田卤水中的钙、硼等资源提供理论依据。

关键词: 水盐体系, 相平衡, 等温溶解平衡法, 钙硼酸盐

CLC Number:

O 642.4

Fei YUAN, Jiangtao SONG, Jiayin HU, Yafei GUO, Shiqiang WANG, Tianlong DENG. Phase equilibria of quaternary system CaCl₂-CaSO₄-CaB₆O₁₀-H₂O at 308.15 K[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(1): 209-215.

袁菲, 宋江涛, 胡佳音, 郭亚飞, 王士强, 邓天龙. 四元体系CaCl₂-CaSO₄-CaB₆O₁₀-H₂O 308.15 K相平衡研究[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(1): 209-215.

Figures/Tables 8

References 31

1	付建龙, 于升松, 李世金, 等. 柴达木盆地西部第三系油田卤水资源可利用性分析[J]. 盐湖研究, 2005, 13(3): 17-21.
	Fu J L, Yu S S, Li S J, et al. Development availability for tertiary oil-field brine resourc: es in the west of Qaidam basin[J]. Journal of Salt Lake Research, 2005, 13(3): 17-21.
2	李青海, 顾同欣, 于升松, 等. 南翼山油田卤水低温结晶过程研究[J]. 物理化学学报, 2011, 27(8): 1803-1808.
	Li Q H, Gu T X, Yu S S, et al. Study on the precipitation pathway of Nanyishan oilfield brine at subzero temperatures[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2011, 27(8): 1803-1808.
3	张永兴, 谭秀民, 张利珍, 等. 萃取法从油田卤水中提硼的试验研究[J]. 化工矿物与加工, 2016, 45(10): 25-28.
	Zhang Y X, Tan X M, Zhang L Z, et al. Research on extracting boron from brine in oil field with extraction method[J]. Industrial Minerals & Processing, 2016, 45(10): 25-28.
4	李洪普. 柴达木西部南翼山构造富钾深层卤水矿的控制因素及水化学特征[J]. 地球学报, 2015, 36(1): 41-50.
	Li H P. Control factors and water chemical characteristics of potassium-rich deep brine in Nanyishan structure of western Qaidam Basin[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2015, 36(1): 41-50.
5	Chen S Q, Cui W J, Hu J Y, et al. Phase equilibria and phase diagrams for the aqueous ternary system containing sodium, sulfate, and metaborate ions at 288.15 and 308.15 K and 101.325 kPa[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2019, 64(6): 2809-2815.
6	Chen S Q, Wang M X, Hu J Y, et al. Phase equilibria in the aqueous ternary systems (NaCl + NaBO₂ + H₂O) and (Na₂SO₄ + NaBO₂ + H₂O) at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2018, 63(12): 4662-4668.
7	任永胜, 何婷婷, 谢娟, 等. 333.15 K K⁺, NH₄⁺//Cl^-, SO42--H₂O和K⁺, NH₄⁺//Cl^-, SO42--(CH₂OH)₂-H₂O体系固液相平衡[J]. 化工学报, 2018, 69 (7): 2838-2850.
	Ren Y S, He T T, Xie J, et al. Phase equilibria in systems K⁺, NH₄⁺//Cl^-, SO42--H₂O and K⁺, NH₄⁺//Cl^-, SO42--(CH₂OH)₂-H₂O at 313.15 K[J]. CIESC Journal, 2018, 69(7): 2838-2850.
8	宋彭生. 水盐体系相图与盐湖资源开发利用[J]. 盐湖研究, 2016, 24(3): 35-49.
	Song P S. The phase diagram of salt-water systems and utilization of salt lake resources[J]. Journal of Salt Lake Research, 2016, 24(3): 35-49.
9	桑世华, 张婷婷, 傅超, 等. 四元体系Li⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//B₄O₇^2–-H₂O 273 K相平衡[J]. 化工学报, 2017, 68(9): 3343-3349.
	Sang S H, Zhang T T, Fu C, et al. Phase equilibria in quaternary system Li⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//B₄O₇^2–-H₂O at 273 K[J]. CIESC Journal, 2017, 68(9): 3343-3349.
10	Lei L Y, Li L, Cao L N, et al. Solid–liquid phase equilibria of the aqueous ternary system (CaCl₂-CaB₆O₁₀-H₂O) at 308.15, 323.15 K and 0.1 MPa[J]. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 2017, 50(4): 1-5.
11	Deng T L, Li D C, Wang S Q. Metastable phase equilibrium in the aqueous ternary system (KCl + CaCl₂ + H₂O) at T = 288.15 and 308.15 K[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2008, 53(4): 1007–1011.
12	孟令宗, 李丹, 邓天龙, 等. 三元体系Mg²⁺//Cl^-, borate-H₂O在308.15 K时稳定相平衡研究[J]. 世界科技研究与发展, 2011, 33(5): 784-786.
	Meng L Z, Li D, Deng T L, et al. Phase equilibrium of ternary system Mg²⁺//Cl^-, borate-H₂O at 308.15 K[J]. World Sci-Tech R＆D, 2011, 33(5): 784-786.
13	罗炳威, 邓天龙, 李丹. 三元体系Mg²⁺//Cl^-, borate-H₂O在323.15 K时相平衡研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2011, 43(1): 15-18.
	Luo B W, Deng T L, Li D. Phase equilibrium in ternary system (Mg²⁺//Cl^-, borate-H₂O) at 323.15 K[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2011, 43(1): 15-18.
14	Wang M X, Lei L Y, Guo Y F, et al. Phase equilibria of the reciprocal quaternary system (Na⁺, Ca²⁺//Cl^-, Borate-H₂O) at 288.15 K and 0.1 MPa[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2018, 63(11): 4005-4011.
15	桑世华, 彭江, 魏丽娜. Mg²⁺, K⁺//Cl^-, B4O72--H₂O四元体系288 K固液相平衡[J]. 物理化学学报, 2009, 25(2): 331-335.
	Sang S H, Peng J, Wei L N. Solid-liquid phase equilibrium of the quaternary system Mg²⁺, K⁺//Cl^-, B4O72--H₂O at 288 K[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2009, 25(2): 331-335.
16	桑世华, 唐明林, 殷辉安, 等. Na₂B₄O₇-K₂B₄O₇-H₂O三元体系288 K相平衡研究[J]. 盐科学与化工, 2002, 31(1): 16-18.
	Sang S H, Tang M L, Yin H A, et al. Phase equilibrium in ternary system Na₂B₄O₇-K₂B₄O₇-H₂O at 288 K[J]. Journal of Salt Science and Chemical Industry, 2002, 31(1): 16-18.
17	曾英, 王瑞林, 林晓峰, 等. Na⁺, K⁺//Cl^-, B4O72--H₂O四元体系273 K介稳相平衡[J]. 物理化学学报, 2008, 24(3): 471-474.
	Zeng Y, Wang R L, Lin X F, et al. Metastable phase equilibria of the quaternary system Na⁺, K⁺//Cl^-, B4O72--H₂O at 273 K[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2008, 24(3): 471-474.
18	Kakiage M, Shiomi S, Yanase I, et al. Low-temperature synthesis of calcium hexaboride powder via transient boron carbide formation[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2015, 98(9): 2724-2727.
19	Yilmaz D, Koc N, Turan S. Synthesis of calcium hexaboride powder via boro/carbothermal reduction with a gel precursor[J]. J. Ceram. Sci. Tech., 2016, 356: 7-349.
20	Yilmaz D, Savaci U, Koc N, et al. Carbothermic reduction synthesis of calcium hexaboride using PVA-calcium hexaborate mixed gels[J]. Ceramics Int., 2018, 44: 2976-2981.
21	丁士文, 李岩. 水热法制备纳米CaB₆O₁₀润滑油添加剂[J]. 河北大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 34(2): 154-159.
	Ding S W, Li Y. Hydrothermal synthesis of nano-CaB₆O₁₀ used as lubricant additives[J]. Journal of Hebei University (Natural Science Edition), 2014, 34(2): 154-159.
22	李强. 硼酸镁与硼酸钙基质发光材料的制备及发光性能研究[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学, 2016.
	Li Q. Research of preparation and lumin-escent properties about mangesium and calcium bornate substrate materials[D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University, 2016.
23	李廷伟, 谭红兵, 樊启顺. 柴达木盆地西部地下卤水水化学特征及成因分析[J]. 盐湖研究, 2006, 14(4): 26-32.
	Li T W, Tan H B, Fan Q S. Hydrochemical characteristics and origin analysis of the underground brines in west Qaidam Basin[J]. Journal of Salt Lake Research, 2006, 14(4): 26-32.
24	李武, 董亚萍, 宋彭生. 盐湖卤水资源开发利用[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2012.
	Li W, Dong Y P, Song P S. Exploitation and Utilization of Salt Lake Brine Resources[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2012.
25	王文侠, 李洪岭. 硼酸钙的合成方法探析[J]. 河南化工, 2001, (5): 4-6.
	Wang W X, Li H L. Analysis of the synthesis method of calcium borate[J]. Henan Chemical Industry, 2001, (5): 4-6.
26	王文侠. 四水合六硼酸钙的合成研究[J]. 天津化工, 2002, (4): 23-24.
	Wang W X. Synthesis of calcium hexaborate tetrahydrate[J]. Tianjin Chemical Industry, 2002, (4): 23-24.
27	邓天龙, 周桓, 陈侠. 水盐体系相图及应用[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2013.
	Deng T L, Zhou H, Chen X. Salt-water System Phase Diagrams and Applications[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2013.
28	牛自得, 程芳琴. 水盐体系相图及其应用[M]. 天津: 天津大学出版社, 2002: 172-182.
	Niu Z D, Cheng F Q. The Phase Diagrams of Salt-Water Systems and Its Applications[M]. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, 2002: 172-182.
29	Meng L Z, Li D, Guo Y F, et al. Stable phase equilibrium of the aqueous quaternary system (MgCl₂-MgSO₄-MgB₆O₁₀-H₂O) at 323.15 K[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2011, 56(12): 5060-5065.
30	中国科学院青海盐湖研究所分析室. 盐湖卤水分析[M]. 2版. 北京: 科学出版社, 1988.
	Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes of CAS. Analytical Methods of Brines and Salts[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Science Press, 1988.
31	Wang X, Zhao K Y, Guo Y F, et al. Experimental determination and thermodynamic model of solid-liquid equilibria in the ternary system (LiCl + CaCl₂ + H₂O) at 273.15 K[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2019, 64(1): 249-254.

Related Articles 15

[1]	Xudong YU, Qi LI, Niancu CHEN, Li DU, Siying REN, Ying ZENG. Phase equilibria and calculation of aqueous ternary system KCl + CaCl₂ + H₂O at 298.2, 323.2, and 348.2 K [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3256-3265.
[2]	Ke CHEN, Li DU, Ying ZENG, Siying REN, Xudong YU. Phase equilibria and calculation of quaternary system LiCl+MgCl₂+CaCl₂+H₂O at 323.2 K [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(5): 1896-1903.
[3]	Jingbo GAO, Qiang SUN, Qing LI, Yiwei WANG, Xuqiang GUO. Hydrate equilibrium model of hydrogen-containing gas considering hydrates structure transformation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(2): 666-673.
[4]	Jin CAI, Xiaohui WANG, Han TANG, Guangjin CHEN, Changyu SUN. Prediction of the phase equilibrium of semi-clathrate hydrate in TBAB aqueous solution [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(1): 408-415.
[5]	Qian LIU, Xianglan ZHANG, Zhiping LI, Yulong LI, Mengxing HAN. Screening of deep eutectic solvents and study on extraction performance for oil-hydroxybenzene separation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(9): 3915-3928.
[6]	Huan ZHOU, Mengli ZHANG, Qing HAO, Si WU, Jie LI, Cunbing XU. Process mechanism and dynamic behaviors of magnesium sulfate type carnallite converting into kainite [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(9): 3841-3850.
[7]	Tengfei GAO, Guoxuan LI, Zhigang LEI. Solvents selection for separation of biphenyl from FCC diesel: experimental and computational thermodynamics [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(12): 5314-5323.
[8]	Changwei PENG, Shihua SANG, Ruizhi CUI, Hongbao REN. Studies on three-dimensional phase diagram of the quinary system NaBr-KBr-MgBr₂-CaBr₂-H₂O at 298.15 K [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(11): 4850-4858.
[9]	Qian LIU, Xianglan ZHANG, Zhiping LI, Zhuoqi LI, Hong YU. Multiscale screening of ionic liquids as extractive solvents for oil-hydroxybenzene separation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(11): 5011-5024.
[10]	Siying REN, Xudong YU, Jun LUO, Xia FENG, Zhixing ZHAO, Zhihao YAO. Phase equilibria of aqueous quaternary system Li⁺, K⁺, $N H 4 +$ // Cl^- - H₂O at 298.2 K [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(10): 4335-4344.
[11]	LI Dongchan, WANG Jiayu, WANG Shiqiang. Phase equilibria and phase diagram of the quaternary system (Li⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, borate-H₂O) at 308.15 K [J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(6): 3170-3178.
[12]	LUO Jun, WANG Lin, HUANG Qin, REN Siying, YU Xudong, ZENG Ying. Phase equilibria for ternary system CsCl-PEG8000-H₂O at 288.2, 298.2 and 308.2 K [J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(6): 3140-3148.
[13]	SONG Jiangtao, YUAN Fei, YU Yan, GUO Yafei, DENG Tianlong. Experimental and predictive phase equilibria for the quaternary system LiB₅O₈ + NaB₅O₈ + KB₅O₈ + H₂O at 298.15 K [J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(6): 3179-3187.
[14]	HUANG Qin, YU Xudong, LI Maolan, ZHENG Hong, ZENG Ying. Experimental and thermodynamic simulation for ternary systems KCl+PEG10000/20000+ H₂O at 308.2 K [J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(4): 1895-1905.
[15]	Ying ZENG, Peijun CHEN, Xudong YU. Phase equilibria for quaternary system Rb⁺, Cs⁺, Mg²⁺ // SO₄^2- - H₂O at 298.2 K [J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(8): 3460-3468.

No.	Liquid composition, w_B/%				Dry-salt composition, Z_B/[g·(100 g·S)^-1]				Solid phase
No.	CaCl₂	CaSO₄	CaB₆O₁₀	H₂O	CaCl₂	CaSO₄	CaB₆O₁₀	H₂O	Solid phase
1, A	51.98	0.23	0	51.56	99.56	0.44	0	91.51	CaCl₂·4H₂O + Gyps
2	51.65	0.19	0.15	48.01	99.35	0.37	0.29	92.34	CaCl₂·4H₂O + Gyps
3	51.74	0.16	0.45	47.65	98.83	0.31	0.86	91.02	CaCl₂·4H₂O + Gyps
4	51.70	0.15	0.62	47.53	98.53	0.29	1.18	90.59	CaCl₂·4H₂O + Gyps
5, E	49.59	0.14	1.00	49.27	97.75	0.27	1.98	97.12	CaCl₂·4H₂O+Gyps+Gowerite
6, B	50.01	0	0.04	49.95	99.92	0	0.08	99.80	CaCl₂·4H₂O + Gowerite
7, C	0	0.63	1.55	97.82	0	29.04	70.96	4705.16	Gyps + Gowerite
8	0.50	0.85	1.97	96.68	15.08	25.50	59.42	2916.50	Gyps + Gowerite
9	1.40	0.71	1.47	96.42	39.11	19.83	41.06	2693.30	Gyps + Gowerite
10	3.00	0.40	0.79	95.81	71.60	9.55	18.85	2286.63	Gyps + Gowerite
11	7.02	0.11	0.77	92.09	88.86	1.41	9.73	1164.98	Gyps + Gowerite
12	10.82	0.11	0.95	88.12	91.08	0.93	7.99	741.72	Gyps + Gowerite
13	27.19	0.48	0.80	71.53	95.50	1.69	2.81	251.25	Gyps + Gowerite
14	42.41	0.32	1.83	55.44	95.18	0.72	4.10	124.43	Gyps + Gowerite
15	48.28	0.27	1.89	49.55	95.71	0.54	3.75	98.23	Gyps + Gowerite

No.	Liquid composition, w_B/%				Dry-salt composition, Z_B/[g·(100 g·S)^-1]				Solid phase
No.	CaCl₂	CaSO₄	CaB₆O₁₀	H₂O	CaCl₂	CaSO₄	CaB₆O₁₀	H₂O	Solid phase
1, A	51.98	0.23	0	51.56	99.56	0.44	0	91.51	CaCl₂·4H₂O + Gyps
2	51.65	0.19	0.15	48.01	99.35	0.37	0.29	92.34	CaCl₂·4H₂O + Gyps
3	51.74	0.16	0.45	47.65	98.83	0.31	0.86	91.02	CaCl₂·4H₂O + Gyps
4	51.70	0.15	0.62	47.53	98.53	0.29	1.18	90.59	CaCl₂·4H₂O + Gyps
5, E	49.59	0.14	1.00	49.27	97.75	0.27	1.98	97.12	CaCl₂·4H₂O+Gyps+Gowerite
6, B	50.01	0	0.04	49.95	99.92	0	0.08	99.80	CaCl₂·4H₂O + Gowerite
7, C	0	0.63	1.55	97.82	0	29.04	70.96	4705.16	Gyps + Gowerite
8	0.50	0.85	1.97	96.68	15.08	25.50	59.42	2916.50	Gyps + Gowerite
9	1.40	0.71	1.47	96.42	39.11	19.83	41.06	2693.30	Gyps + Gowerite
10	3.00	0.40	0.79	95.81	71.60	9.55	18.85	2286.63	Gyps + Gowerite
11	7.02	0.11	0.77	92.09	88.86	1.41	9.73	1164.98	Gyps + Gowerite
12	10.82	0.11	0.95	88.12	91.08	0.93	7.99	741.72	Gyps + Gowerite
13	27.19	0.48	0.80	71.53	95.50	1.69	2.81	251.25	Gyps + Gowerite
14	42.41	0.32	1.83	55.44	95.18	0.72	4.10	124.43	Gyps + Gowerite
15	48.28	0.27	1.89	49.55	95.71	0.54	3.75	98.23	Gyps + Gowerite

No.	Liquid phase composition CaCl₂, w_b/%	Physicochemical properties
No.	Liquid phase composition CaCl₂, w_b/%	Refractive index, n_D	Density, ρ/(g·cm^-3)	pH
1, A	51.98	1.466014	1.50209	4.87
2	51.65	1.466722	1.51007	4.69
3	51.74	1.467257	1.51089	3.84
4	51.70	1.467872	1.51525	3.34
5, E	49.59	1.470097	1.51522	2.80
6, B	50.01	1.473100	1.52760	2.01
7, C	0	1.334924	1.00666	7.77
8	0.50	1.336978	1.01205	7.70
9	1.40	1.335609	1.00898	7.75
10	3.00	1.337875	1.01887	7.69
11	7.02	1.349667	1.05984	7.25
12	10.82	1.360155	1.09354	6.84
13	27.29	1.401389	1.26400	5.50
14	42.41	1.443401	1.40641	4.24
15	48.28	1.457317	1.48112	3.42

No.	Liquid phase composition CaCl₂, w_b/%	Physicochemical properties
No.	Liquid phase composition CaCl₂, w_b/%	Refractive index, n_D	Density, ρ/(g·cm^-3)	pH
1, A	51.98	1.466014	1.50209	4.87
2	51.65	1.466722	1.51007	4.69
3	51.74	1.467257	1.51089	3.84
4	51.70	1.467872	1.51525	3.34
5, E	49.59	1.470097	1.51522	2.80
6, B	50.01	1.473100	1.52760	2.01
7, C	0	1.334924	1.00666	7.77
8	0.50	1.336978	1.01205	7.70
9	1.40	1.335609	1.00898	7.75
10	3.00	1.337875	1.01887	7.69
11	7.02	1.349667	1.05984	7.25
12	10.82	1.360155	1.09354	6.84
13	27.29	1.401389	1.26400	5.50
14	42.41	1.443401	1.40641	4.24
15	48.28	1.457317	1.48112	3.42

Phase equilibria of quaternary system CaCl₂-CaSO₄-CaB₆O₁₀-H₂O at 308.15 K

四元体系CaCl₂-CaSO₄-CaB₆O₁₀-H₂O 308.15 K相平衡研究

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 8

References 31

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments