Experimental study on suppression of pyrolysis gas explosion of lithium battery by ultrafine water mist with the binary system of CAB35@OPC

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250160

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to improve the suppression effect of ultrafine water mist on the explosion of lithium battery pyrolysis gas (LBPG) and reduce the potential corrosion and environmental risks of conventional ultrafine water mist suppressants, the bio-based surfactant CAB35 and antioxidant OPC were selected as additives for ultra-fine water mist. The experiments were conducted on the suppression of LBPG explosion by the no ultra-fine water mist, the pure ultra-fine water mist, the monetary system ultra-fine water mist with CAB35 or OPC, and the binary system ultra-fine water mist with CAB35@OPC based on the LBPG explosion propagation and suppression experimental system. By analyzing the suppression characteristics of ultrafine water mist of different fog fluxes, different concentrations of mono-system and binary systems on LBPG explosion overpressure and its peak value, explosion flame shape, explosion flame speed and other parameters, it was found that the explosion flame under different working conditions showed Searby characteristic flame. The monetary system ultra-fine water mist with CAB35 or OPC had certain suppression effects on LBPG explosion and were superior to the pure ultra-fine water mist. Within the experimental range, the enhancement trend of the suppression effect of the monetary system ultra-fine water mist gradually slowed down with the increase of mist flux. The optimal suppression concentrations of CAB35 and OPC were 0.5%(mass) and 1.0%(mass), respectively. But in contrast, the binary system ultra-fine water mist with 0.5%CAB35@1.0%OPC had a better suppression effect than the monetary system. With the increase of the fog flux, the suppression effect becomes significantly stronger, the flame deformation is more obvious, and the buoyant flame appears earlier. When the fog flux is 12.6 ml, the explosion overpressure peak value under the action of ultrafine water mist is 14.3 kPa, which decreases by 60.3% compared to the case without thewater fog and the arrival time of the overpressure peak value is delayed by 11.8 ms, and the average flame speed and peak speed are 10.2 m/s and 20.7 m/s respectively, which decreases by 71.8% and 68.4% compared to the pure water fog. Based on the theory of fire and explosion prevention, the synergistic suppression mechanisms of the binary system ultra-fine water mist with CAB35@OPC are clarified. The research results can provide technical support for the development of green and efficient LBPG explosion suppression strategies.

Key words: pyrolysis gas of lithium battery, ultrafine water mist, binary system, explosion suppression characteristics, buoyancy flame

摘要：

为提高超细水雾对锂电池热解气体（LBPG）爆炸的抑制效果，降低常规细水雾抑爆剂潜在的腐蚀与环境风险，选用生物基表面活性剂CAB35和抗氧化剂OPC作为超细水雾添加剂，利用LBPG爆炸传播及抑爆实验系统，开展了无细水雾、纯水超细水雾、CAB35和OPC一元体系及CAB35@OPC二元体系超细水雾抑制LBPG爆炸实验研究。通过分析不同雾通量、不同浓度一元及二元体系超细水雾对LBPG爆炸超压及其峰值、爆炸火焰形状、爆炸火焰速度等参量的抑制特性，发现不同工况下的爆炸火焰均出现了Searby特征火焰。CAB35和OPC的一元体系超细水雾对LBPG爆炸均有一定抑制作用且优于纯水超细水雾，随着雾通量的增加，一元体系水雾抑制效果的增强趋势渐缓，CAB35与OPC的最佳抑爆浓度分别为0.5%（质量）和1.0%（质量）。相比之下，0.5%CAB35+1.0%OPC的二元体系超细水雾抑爆效果优于一元体系，随着二元水雾体系雾通量的增加，其抑制效果显著，火焰变形更为明显，浮力型火焰出现得更早。当雾通量为12.6 ml时，二元体系超细水雾作用下的爆炸超压峰值为14.3 kPa，相较于无水雾下降了66.3%，超压峰值时间延后了11.8 ms，火焰平均速度以及速度峰值分别为10.2 m/s和20.7 m/s，相较于纯细水雾分别下降了71.8%和68.4%。基于防火防爆理论，阐明了CAB35@OPC二元体系的协同抑爆机理。研究成果可为开发绿色高效的LBPG爆炸抑爆策略提供技术支持。

关键词: 锂电池热解气体, 超细水雾, 二元体系, 抑爆特性, 浮力火焰

CLC Number:

X 932

Hailin JIA, Zheng FU, Xiaoping WEN, Shili PAN, Ligang ZHENG. Experimental study on suppression of pyrolysis gas explosion of lithium battery by ultrafine water mist with the binary system of CAB35@OPC[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(10): 5495-5509.

贾海林, 符峥, 温小萍, 潘仕利, 郑立刚. CAB35@OPC二元体系超细水雾抑制锂电池热解气体爆炸实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(10): 5495-5509.

Figures/Tables 19

Fig.1 Experimental system for explosion propagation and suppression of LBPG

Fig.2 Pyrolysis gas composition of lithium battery with 100% SOC(volumn fraction)

Table 1 Information of bio-based additives for ultrafine water mist

添加剂种类	名称	分子式	生产厂商
两性表面活性剂	椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱（CAB35）	C₁₉H₃₈N₂O₃	飞阳生物科技有限公司
抗氧化剂	原花青素（OPC）	C₃₀H₂₆O₁₃	百川生物科技有限公司

Fig.3 Surface tension of water solution with CAB35 at different concentrations

Fig.4 Propagation process of LBPG explosion overpressure and flame without the water mist

Fig.5 Explosion overpressure peak and corresponding time of LBPG under the pure water and monodic system ultra-fine water mist with different fog fluxes and concentrations

Fig.6 Explosion overpressure curves of LBPG under the pure water, monodic system and binary system ultra-fine water mist with different fog fluxes

Table 2 Effects of the explosion overpressure peak value of LBPG under the pure water， monodic system and binary system ultra-fine water mist with the fog flux of 1.8 ml

水雾体系	超压峰值			峰值时间特性
水雾体系	超压峰值/kPa	下降值/kPa	下降比例/%	峰值时间/ms	延长时间/ms	延长比例/%
pure water	44.0	4.0	8.3	4.7	0.1	2.2
0.5%CAB35	32.9	15.1	31.5	9.5	4.9	106.5
1.0%OPC	27.7	20.3	42.3	10.8	6.2	134.8
0.5%CAB35+1.0%OPC	25.4	22.6	47.1	11.8	7.2	156.9

Table 3 Effects of the explosion overpressure peak value of LBPG under the pure water， monodic system and binary system ultra-fine water mist with the fog flux of 7.2 ml

水雾体系	超压峰值			峰值时间特性
水雾体系	超压峰值/kPa	下降值/kPa	下降比例/%	峰值时间/ms	延长时间/ms	延长比例/%
pure water	43.5	4.5	9.3	4.8	0.2	4.3
0.5%CAB35	30.9	17.1	35.6	9.9	5.3	115.2
1.0%OPC	23.2	24.8	51.7	12.4	7.8	169.6
0.5%CAB35+1.0%OPC	19.8	28.2	58.8	14.7	10.1	219.8

Table 4 Effects of the explosion overpressure peak value of LBPG under the pure water， monodic system and binary system ultra-fine water mist with the fog flux of 12.6 ml

水雾体系	超压峰值			峰值时间特性
水雾体系	超压峰值/kPa	下降值/kPa	下降比例/%	峰值时间/ms	延长时间/ms	延长比例/%
pure water	42.4	5.6	11.7	4.9	0.3	6.5
0.5%CAB35	27.7	20.3	42.3	10.3	5.7	123.9
1.0%OPC	20.8	27.2	56.7	14.3	9.7	210.9
0.5%CAB35+1.0%OPC	14.3	33.7	70.2	16.7	12.1	263.7

Fig.7 LBPG explosion flame image under different working conditions

Table 5 The time of plane flame appearing and the time of flame reaching the end of the pipeline under the monodic system ultra-fine water mist with CAB35 at the different fog fluxes

CAB35/%	1.8 ml水雾		7.2 ml水雾		12.6 ml水雾
CAB35/%	平面火焰出现时间/ms	火焰到达管口时间/ms	平面火焰出现时间/ms	火焰到达管口时间/ms	平面火焰出现时间/ms	火焰到达管口时间/ms
0	7.0	13.7	7.3	14.4	8.2	13.8
0.01	8.2	16.8	9.4	19.2	11.2	22.1
0.05	9.8	19.8	12.8	24.4	14.7	27.7
0.1	11.8	24.0	13.5	26.7	15.1	29.3
0.5	14.5	27.3	15.3	29.9	16.4	32.1

Table 6 The time of plane flame appearing and the time of flame reaching the end of the pipeline under the monodic system ultra-fine water mist with OPC at the different fog fluxes

OPC/%	1.8 ml水雾		7.2 ml水雾		12.6 ml水雾
OPC/%	平面火焰出现时间/ms	火焰到达管口时间/ms	平面火焰出现时间/ms	火焰到达管口时间/ms	平面火焰出现时间/ms	火焰到达管口时间/ms
0.1	9.3	18.2	11.8	20.2	13.4	26.3
0.5	12.0	22.0	14.5	25.8	16.6	30.1
1.0	15.4	29.3	18.2	34.1	21.3	39.7
1.5	12.6	25.1	12.4	23.9	13.1	24.1

Fig.8 Effects of fog fluxes of the binary system ultra-fine water mist on explosion flame structure of LBPG

Fig.9 Effects of fog fluxes of the binary system ultra-fine water mist on explosion flame position of LBPG

Fig.10 Effect of fog fluxes of the monodic system ultra-fine water mist on the velocity propagation characteristics of LBPG explosion flame

Fig.11 LBPG explosion flame velocity curve under the pure water, monodic system and binary system ultra-fine water mist with different fog fluxes

Table 7 Maximum and average velocity of LBPG explosion flame under the pure water， monodic system and binary system ultra-fine water mist with different fog fluxes

水雾体系	1.8 ml水雾		7.2 ml水雾		12.6 ml水雾
水雾体系	火焰速度峰值/(m/s)	平均速度/(m/s)	火焰速度峰值/(m/s)	平均速度/(m/s)	火焰速度峰值/(m/s)	平均速度/(m/s)
pure water	70.1	36.5	68.7	34.7	65.5	36.2
0.5%CAB35	38.6	18.3	34.9	16.7	30.3	15.6
1.0%OPC	41.5	17	37.1	14.7	32.2	12.6
0.5%CAB35+1.0%OPC	36.1	16.2	27.6	12.6	20.7	10.2

Fig.12 Synergistic mechanism of explosion suppression under the binary system ultra-fine water mist with CAB35@OPC

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