Abstract:

The urgency of water crisis has attracted more and more research in the field of process systems engineering. Starting from describing the status of water crisis globally and in China, this paper introduces water crisis related policies from government and opinions from academic circles. Documentation retrieval for water network and virtual water studies since 1994 is conducted. The topic is systematically reviewed in three levels according to the scale size. ① Water network integration and optimization in a single enterprise, including water using network (WUN), wastewater treatment network (WWTN), total water network (TWN), complete water network (CWN), and three special problems, which are cooling water systems, WUN with internal water mains, water network for batch processes. Water allocation and heat exchange network (WAHEN) problems and simultaneous process synthesis with heat and water integrations are also included. ② Inter-plant multiple water network integration, including water networks integration in eco-industrial parks. ③ Virtual water and water footprints studies across prefectures/countries. These studies are very useful in water conservation, wastewater reduction, energy efficiency improvement in enterprises and eco-industrial parks, and also provide the basis for policy arrangements for governments particularly those of water scarce areas.

Key words: water network, process systems integration and optimization, water conservation and wastewater reduction, simultaneously optimization of water and energy, eco-industrial park, virtual water, water footprint

摘要：

水危机的迫切性已经引起了全世界过程系统工程领域的普遍关注。首先概述了全球和中国水危机的严重情况, 介绍了政府和学术界的对策, 系统地检索了1994年以来对水网络和虚拟水问题发表的文献著作。分3个层次对国内外的研究做了系统综述:①单个企业内水网络系统集成优化, 包括用水网络(WUN)、废水处理网络(WWTN)、总水网络(TWN)和全水网络(CWN)及冷却循环水系统问题、有中水道水网络和间歇水网络问题3个特殊问题;热量和水耗同时最小化的水配置和换热网络问题(WAHEN);多种工艺与能、水网络系统同时集成优化研究;②跨企业多个水网络系统集成优化;③跨地区/国家的虚拟水与产品水足迹研究。这些研究对企业的、跨企业的生态工业园区以及区域产业系统的节水减排和提高水、能的利用效率可以发挥重要作用, 并对解决缺水地区/国家的政策制定提供依据。

关键词: 水网络, 过程系统集成优化, 节水减排, 水/能同时优化, 生态工业园, 虚拟水, 水足迹