PEMFC modeling is the foundation for the design and development of fuel cell system. This article divides all the PEMFC models into empirical model and theoretical model. The progress of the study of empirical model is introduced，and the characteristics of theoretical model are presented along the development from one-dimensional models to three-dimensional models. Meanwhile，the commonly used modeling softwares are also briefly introduced. Literature review indicates that the trends of further research on modeling of PEMFC should be：microcosmic，authenticity，and systematism.

An equation of state developed in the authors’previous work by applying the second-order perturbation theory and Chiew’s PY2 approximation of integral equation for square-well chain fluid with variable range was applied to model vapor-liquid equilibrium of pure refrigerants and their mixtures. The molecular parameters for 18 refrigerants were obtained by fitting saturated vapor pressure and liquid molar volume data. The overall average deviations of saturated vapor pressure and liquid molar volume were only 1.11% and 0.92%, respectively. Coupling with one fluid mixing rule, this model was extended to mixtures. It was found that the experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium for binary and ternary mixtures could be well predicted, except at the vicinity of critical point. When using one independent-temperature binary adjustable parameter, the correlated precisions could be greatly enhanced indicating that the new equation could be used to model vapor-liquid equilibrium of refrigerants.

An exergy balance analysis was made for the novel bi-ejector refrigeration system under a given operating condition. The exergy efficiency and the total exergy losses of the system, the exergy loss rate and exergy efficiency of each component were calculated, and the effects of generator temperature and evaporation temperature on the exergy efficiency and the total exergy losses of the system were discussed. The results indicated that the exergy loss in the solar collector was the maximum and its exergy loss rate was 91%. The second largest exergy loss was in the gas ejector with an exergy loss rate of 5%. As the other conditions were fixed, there exited an optimal generator temperature, at which exergy efficiency was the highest and the total losses were the lowest. The total energy efficiency and exergy efficiency respectively varied in the ranges of 10%—18% and 0.3%—0.65% for generator temperature 75—120℃, evaporation temperature 7—15℃ and condensation temperature 35℃.

Under the operation conditions of rotating speed from 400 to 1400 r·min^-1, liquid flow rate from 0. 1 to 0.5 m³·h^-1 and sufficient steam, the heat transfer characteristics of a rotor-stator-reactor (RSR) and the distribution of liquid were studied via water and water vapor. The heat transfer coefficient increased with the increase of rotating speed and liquid flow rate. But the slope of increase reduced with the increase of liquid flow rate. At a small liquid flow rate of 0.1—0.3 m³·h^-1 and a low-rotating speed of 400 r·min^-1, the temperature rise was non-uniform and the liquid distribution was uneven. Finally an empirical correlation of the heat transfer coefficient was derived through dimensional analysis. The statistical tests showed that the results predicted by the correlation equation were in good agreement with the experimental data.

Mass transfer performance of two commonly used liquid desiccants: LiBr aqueous solution and LiCl aqueous solution was compared at the same solution temperature and surface vapor pressure. The heat capacities of the two desiccants were about the same at the same volumetric flow rate, while LiBr solution had a higher density and a smaller specific heat capacity. The key factors influencing performance were heat capacity ratio of air to desiccant and mass transfer unit, according to the analysis of the analytical solutions of heat and mass transfer processes. The change of mass transfer coefficient with air and desiccant inlet parameters was derived based on the experimental results. The mass transfer performance of LiBr solution was a little better than that of LiCl solution at the same desiccant volumetric flow rate within the experimental operating range.

Based on the axial bed depth model of straight rotary kiln proposed by prior researchers，the equation of mean residence time of solids in carbon rotary kiln with variable diameter and turn-down rig was developed. Cold experiments were carried out on a laboratory rotary kiln under ambient conditions. The comparison between calculated results and experiment data showed that calculated results of the residence time of solids agreed well with measurements and the prediction error varied in a small range of -15%—+12%. No fitting parameter was necessary. The mass flow rate of solids increased and the mean residence time decreased with increasing kiln rotation speed and kiln slope. The mass flow rate of solids increased and the mean residence time might possibly decrease or increase with increasing dam height at the feed end.

Experiments of dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal with different mean particle sizes were carried out in an experimental test facility by using nitrogen with the conveying pressure up to 4 MPa. The pressure drop across the vertical bend was analyzed with experimentation and analytical calculation. The results showed that the pressure drop due to solids motion played a major role for the total pressure drop. At the same mass flow rate，the pressure drop due to kinetic energy loss increased with the increase in superficial velocity，while the pressure drop due to solids friction decreased. At the same superficial velocity，the pressure drop due to solids friction increased with the increase in solids volume fraction. The solids friction factor slightly decreased with the increase in superficial velocity，and was independent of particle size or mass flow rate.

In industrial polymerization processes of Innovene and Chisso for polypropylene, agglomeration of polymer particles in horizontal stirred bed reactors (HSBR) has negative impacts on the reactor operation efficiency. A method for agglomeration detection based on attractor comparison by using acoustic emission (AE) sensors is presented. The method, which belongs to time domain analysis, is based on the comparison of time series of AE signals acquired form a normal state with time series measured during operation of the reactor. The nature of the method is whether two time series are generated by the same mechanism. A statistical characteristic S is used to test the null hypothesis that two multidimensional probability distributions are identical. When S <3, it means that the operation state now is normal, if S >3, it indicates with more than 95% confidence that agglomeration in the reactor has taken place. The results from lab-scale experiments showed that the method was sensitive to small changes in the particle-size distribution when the AE sensors were located at the optimal position and the original signals had been pre-processed, for examples, de-noising and normalization, etc . Thus, the agglomeration in HSBR could be quickly and exactly detected online by the acoustic emission technique.

A method for solving the population balance equation coupled with multiphase flow field was developed for a steady crystallization process by considering nucleation rate and crystal growth rate. A simulation model with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was established for the industrial crystallization process. In this method, the different sizes of crystals were considered as the different dispersed phases. The relationship between mass balance and population balance was built by discretizing the population equation into different size groups with the finite volume method. By using this model in commercial software of ANSYS CFD, the crystallization process of potassium chloride in the draft tube baffle (DTB) crystallizer was simulated, then the flow fields and the volume fraction distributions of different dispersed phases were obtained. The simulation results were compared with experimental result. It was demonstrated that the modeling in this work can reasonably predict the flow fields and the volume fraction distributions of different dispersed phases in the industrial crystallization process.

A modified formula was deduced to reduce measuring error of vortex flow meter under fog two-phase flow condition. In fog two-phase flow, injected liquid results in increase of vortex flow meter measuring error. Some research conclusions and methods about Karman vortex street phenomenon were summarized. Also dynamic characteristics of fog two-phase flow were analyzed and compared with single-phase flow. The theory of vortex street wave considers that the energy in vortex street field is transmitted in the shape of wave. According to the theory, this structure of vortex street in fog two-phase flow was investigated. Finally, a gas-liquid coupled dynamic model of two-phase flow was presented. The results showed that new correlation could predict vortex flow meter measuring satisfactorily under the conditions of liquid volume fractions from 0 to 0.13%.

For the purpose of researching the slug pneumatic conveying characteristics of gas-solids two phases flow，a 1∶1 improvement of test bench for the pneumatic conveying system in industry was conducted. Firstly，the flow modes of fly ash in conveying pipes was tested,then the conveying pressure and the mass flow rate of fly ash were tested,finally，the influence of main conveying gas flow rate，fluidizing gas flow rate and adjustment gas flow rate on the mass flow rate and solids-gas ratio was investigated. The test results indicated that the flow mode of the slug pneumatic conveying was mainly based on the slug-flow of dense phase，of which the slug-flow was 0.8—2.3 m long at the conveying speed of 2.8—11.3 m·s^-1. With the hyperbolic characteristics of conveying pressure and mass flow，the mass flow increased with increasing amount of gas. The main conveying gas played a leading role in the process，which had a monotonously rising parabolic relation with the mass flow rate of fly ash，as well as a convex parabolic relation with solids-gas ratio (first increased and then decreased). The research results would provide basic information for the engineering design，operation and theoretical study of the slug pneumatic conveying systems.

Aimed at the lack of systematic parameter selection reference in the electrostatic correlation based velocity measurement，the principle and steps in choosing the sampling frequency and integral time were established，which took the analysis in the measurement error of transit time and the real application requirement into account. Besides，an experiment platform was built by using the real sensor and virtual instrument software. Using this platform，the principle in selecting the parameters in the electrostatic correlation based velocity measurement was proven.

The experimental investigation on a liquid-liquid spray process by dispersing water in corn oil was conducted. The drop formation in the spraying process was observed through analyzing photographs from camera. The observation showed that with increase of electrostatic voltage, the drop formation presented a dripping mode as well as cloudy spraying mode in turn and the drops displayed different characteristics in pattern and movement under two kinds of modes. The existing condition and the characteristics of two modes were presented. The quantitative analysis of spraying droplet diameter distributions was performed at different voltages by means of particle image analyzer and the theory of spraying droplet distribution. The result showed that for liquid-liquid electrostatic spray, the droplet size distribution could be mathematically described by Rosin-Rammler distribution. With increase of voltage, the droplet became fine in size and uniform in size distribution. Comparing with water-in-gas spray, the probability density function curve for droplet size distribution was not symmetrical with respect to its peak value, viz, the diameter distribution for the relatively smaller droplets was narrower than that for other larger droplets. With increase of voltage, the distribution for larger droplets became narrow and the curve shape of probability density function became nearly symmetric.

The characteristics of micro-combustion are easy flameout，great heat loss，incomplete combustion and low efficiency. The premixed catalytic combustion of methane can improve combustion stability and combustion efficiency. The premixed catalytic combustion characteristics of methane in micro-combustor were studied. It lays the foundation for the combustion technology of hydrocarbon-fuel in micro-engine. Numerical investigation of catalytic combustion，flow and heat transfer in micro-combustor was made by using laminar finite-rate and second-order upwind discretization model. The results showed that the mass flow rate of methane and excess air coefficient had an influence on catalytic combustion efficiency. Wall temperature was a primary factor of catalytic combustion efficiency. The optimal coefficient of excess air was related to the mass flow rate of methane and wall temperature. To improve micro catalytic combustion efficiency，an appropriate oxygen-enriched（or fuel-rich）combustion method should be selected according to wall temperature. Under the thermal boundary condition of constant wall temperature，catalytic combustion mostly happened on the downside wall of combustion-chamber.

The decomposition of model substances—hexose catalyzed by strong acidic resins instead of inorganic acids was studied. With a small high-pressure batch reactor, decomposition kinetics of glucose and fructose catalyzed by Amberlyst 35W and 36W resins were determined. The results showed that although addition of 35W resin had little influence on the isomerization from glucose to fructose, the reactions for dehydration of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and hydrolysis of 5-hydromethylfurfural to levulinic acid were greatly sped up, resulting in higher levulinic acid yield. With 0. 2 g of the 35W resin amount added, the activation energies estimated were 111 kJ·mol^-1 for glucose decomposition and 97.0 kJ·mol^-1 for fructose decomposition. Also, it was found that Amberlyst 36W showed similar catalytic behavior as 35W and both 35W and 36W can be reused without decrease of activity. The work proved the possibility of substituting inorganic acid with strong acidic resins for levulinic acid preparation from biomass.

The sorption kinetics of nano Ca-based CO₂ sorbents was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）at 500—650℃ and N₂ atmosphere with 0.015—0.025 MPa CO₂ partial pressure. According to the characteristics of CO₂ sorption kinetics of nano Ca-based CO₂ sorbents，the sorption time point corresponding to two times of maximum sorption rate was proposed as the criterion to divide the sorption curve into rapid reaction section and slow reaction section. Boltzmann equation and Avrami-Erofeev equation were selected to simulate the kinetics of both rapid reaction section and slow reaction section. The activation energies were 27.52 kJ·mol^-1 and 70.25 kJ·mol^-1 respectively for the rapid reaction section and slow reaction section，with the mean average relative deviation of sorption ratio 10.29％，4.17% respectively. The decomposition kinetics of nano Ca-based CO₂ sorbents was experimentally studied also by thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）at 650—800℃ and three cases of N₂ atmosphere，0.02 MPa,0.04 MPa CO₂ partial pressure N₂ atmosphere. The decomposition kinetics equations were correlated by the shrinking core model by ignoring the effects of mass and heat transfer. The activation energies were 141.9 kJ·mol^-1，34.7 kJ·mol^-1 and 113.2 kJ·mol^-1 in the above three cases respectively，with the average relative deviation of decomposition ratio less than 5.66%，7.82% and 5.01% respectively.

The environmental problem resulting from the traditional production process of chromic oxide has spawned public concerns all over the world. Integrated in the clean production technology of chromium compounds with sub-molten salt media, the preparation process of chromic oxide through hydrogen reduction of alkali metal chromate salt enables the clean and short-route preparation of chromic oxide. Moreover, the alkali metal hydroxide byproducts can be recycled as reaction media inside the process. To explore the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of the hydrogen reduction process, the reduction of sodium chromate in H₂ atmosphere was investigated by using TGA and DSC techniques. The isothermal TGA measurement results showed that in the temperature range from 703 K to 773 K, the hydrogen reduction had only one step of mass loss and the mass loss rate was from 5.91% to 6.36%. The main products of the reaction were NaCrO₂ and NaOH, as confirmed by XRD patterns of the reduction products. The non-isothermal TGA measurements of hydrogen reduction was investigated at six different temperature rising rates of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 K·min^-1. According to the Doyle-Ozawa and Kissinger methods, the activation energy was 342.47 kJ·mol^-1 and the order of reduction reaction was 0. 87. The results in this work will help to enhance the reaction efficiency and optimize the process flow.

A new type of NaCS/PDMDAAC polyelectrolyte complex membrane prepared by interfacial reaction of sodium cellulose sulfate as polyanions and poly（dimethylallylammonium chloride）as polycations was proposed. The static contact angle of the polyelectrolyte complex（PELC）membrane surface was measured to characterize membrane wettability. The effects of concentration of polyelectrolyte，molecular weight，and reaction time on contact angle were investigated. It was found that NaCS/PDMDAAC PELC membrane was hydrophilic. Its contact angle decreased with the increasing concentration of NaCS and molecular weight of PDMDAAC，and increased with the increasing concentration of PDMDAAC and reaction time.

Based on the clonal selection principle and idiotypic immune network theory of biological immune system，a dynamic clonal adjustment strategy（DCAS）is proposed. The strategy with the target of global optimization introduces the dynamic adjustment idea of antibody promotion and suppression and automatic adjustment of the search area and clonal scale based on the clonal selection algorithm. With the use of the adaptive multi-scale mutation operation，DCAS holds a better diversity of population，harmonizes global and local optimization searching，improves the global convergence speed，and can effectively avoid prematurity. The contrasting simulation of multi-modal function optimization experiments between DCAS and other algorithms were performed. The experiment results verify that the above theory is right and it can be used in the distillation process resource allocation optimization with good results.

A novel cultural differential evolution algorithm (CDEA) was proposed. In CDEA, differential evolution algorithm (DEA) was applied as population space of cultural algorithm (CA). The designs of belief space and influence functions adopted a variety of knowledge sources which were applied to supervising variation and mutation operation of DEA. The expression of knowledge and the role of knowledge supervising the evolution of population were strengthened. The test results of function showed that CDEA produced more competitive performance of search at lower parameter sensitivity than DEA. The compensatory fuzzy neural network (CFNN) based on CDEA was proposed and applied in soft-sensing model of a rectifying column system in ethylene production. Through analysis of simulation and generalization capability, the results showed that the proposed network was superior to the conventional FNN，CFNN and the compensatory fuzzy neural network based on genetic algorithm(GACFNN) in modeling precision and convergence.

From the point of view of operation and control，the problem of margin analysis and control design of FCC regenerator was solved through dynamic optimization. The mathematical description of dynamic optimization，including dynamic models of FCC reactor-regenerator and their control system，structure model of decentralized PID controllers，process uncertainty models，steady starting point restrictions，operation restrictions and objective functions was presented. It was a multi-objective mixed-integer dynamic optimization problem with constraints of 0-1 variables，and had two unrelated objective functions describing process economics and control performance respectively.

The problem of margin analysis and control design of FCC regenerator was solved through multi-objective mixed-integer dynamic optimization. For the problem, the ε-constraint method was used to deal with the multi-objective problem, the control performance objective was transformed into the control performance constraint, and the mixed-integer dynamic optimization problem was solved by relaxing the 0-1 variables and adding the additional equation constraints. From the Pareto optimal solution a relation curve between control performance and process margin was obtained, and the higher the control performance was required, the more the margin was needed. Through trade-off between two objectives, the optimal design of FCC regenerator which considered both process demand and control performance was found.

The operation condition of the air cooler pipeline system of hydrocracker was simulated by a rotary single-phase erosion experimental device. The critical erosion-corrosion properties of 20^# steel pipe in sulfur-containing waste water was determined by using the electrochemical method. The micro-morphology of the protective corrosion product film was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under experimental conditions, the thickness of the protective corrosion product film was 30—40 μm， and the critical flow velocity that caused erosion-corrosion of the protective corrosion product film of 20^# steel was about 8.03 m·s^-1.

The main purpose of the research was to develop an electroless nickel bath with long cycles and high stability. Thiourea and potassium iodate were added in the electroless bath as the stabilizing agents. The effects of temperature and pH values on the bath stability, plating rate and coating quality were studied. Weighing was used to measure the deposition rate of coating. The stability of the bath was characterized by percentage of the nickel on the surface of work piece to total nickel consumption in the bath. The coverage of coating was evaluated by immersion test in NaCl solution. The adhesion of coating was evaluated by thermal shock test. Polarization curves were used to characterize the corrosion resistance of coating. The results showed that the deposition rate increased at first , then went down with increasing concentration of thiourea or potassium iodate. The deposition rate was more significantly affected by thiourea than that by potassium iodate. The maximum value of stability constant reached 89.25% in the bath of 0.5 mg·dm^-3 thiourea and the stability constant was 82.45% in the bath of 5 mg·dm^-3 potassium iodate. When plating was carried out at （82±1）℃ in the pH5. 0 bath of 0.5 mg·dm^-3 thiourea, uniform and dense coating was obtained, and there was no gap between Ni-P coating and Mg substrate. Thiourea not only improved the deposition rate, but also catalyzed the surface of magnesium alloy and raised the deposition efficiency.

The viability of cells and the fabrication of large-scale engineered tissue in vitro are influenced by the aggregation of microfabricated tissue. The effects of human fibroblast seeding density, microcarrier concentration and L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate(Vc) on the formation and size of microfabricated tissue aggregates were investigated in spinner flask. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the relationship between operation parameters and aggregate size. The results showed that the process of aggregation had three phases: lag phase, logarithmic phase and static phase. The average aggregate size of microfabricated tissue increased with the increase of cell seeding density, microcarrier concentration and addition of Vc. Good agreement was found between experimental data and mathematical simulations. Furthermore, this model can lay the foundation for the modulation of aggregate size and larger-scale engineered tissue preparation.

The emulsification-internal gelation technology has attracted considerable interest in scale-up preparation of calcium alginate gel beads with controllable size and uniform size distribution, and has been used as controlled release carriers of enzymes, proteins and poly-peptide drugs and in immobilization of enzymes. In this paper, the idea of preparing immobilization carrier of microbes using the emulsification-internal gelation technology was put forward with S. cerevisiae BY4741 (yeast cells) as a model. The influence of process parameters on the survival rate of microbes was firstly evaluated, which showed that acetic acid was harmful to yeast cells. Based on the mechanism analysis of internal gelation, the process parameters were adjusted and improved to benefit the survival and growth of microbes. As a result, the survival rate of yeast cells could reach 77.0%, and the volumetric yield rate of gel beads was 93.5%. Furthermore, alginate-chitosan (AC) microcapsules entrapping yeast cells were prepared, and the growth kinetics of AC microencapsulated yeast cells was investigated. The results showed that AC microcapsules kept intact with the immobilized culture process, and the growth kinetics of AC microencapsulated cells was better than that of free culture. Therefore, the emulsification-internal gelation technology is expected to be used for the scale-up production of high-value drugs or fine chemicals with immobilized culture of microbes.

The performance of ANAMMOX (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process with different operation strategies was investigated in two lab-scale upflow bioreactors. The results showed that the nitrogen removal rate of 3.78 kg·m^-3·d^-1 was achieved when the bioreactor was operated at high substrate concentrations with recirculation ratio of 1.07. However, it went up to 25.04 kg·m^-3·d^-1, which was 6.62 times higher than that above-mentioned, when the bioreactor was operated at relatively low substrate concentrations without recirculation. The operation strategy to run the bioreactor at relatively low substrate concentrations was far better than that to run it at high substrate concentrations. In the operation, ammonia could be a little excess over nitrite since the toxicity of ammonia was weaker than that of nitrite. The nitrite loading rate should be determined according to the capacity of nitrite conversion so as to avoid the nitrite inhibition from the overloading. When nitrogen-containing wastewater with a high concentration is treated, effluent recirculation can alleviate the nitrite inhibition or influent dilution can reduce the nitrite concentrations below the threshold value.

The contamination characteristics of oil polluted soils were analyzed by investigating and sampling in different oilfields of China, and its relationship with the physicochemical properties was investigated in detail in this research. Oil contents and component analysis indicated that the soils in oilfields of China were polluted by petroleum universally, with the highest oil content reaching 23%, which was 500—1000 times as much as the background value of oil in unpolluted samples. The light components,including alkanes and aromatic compounds accounted for more than 50% of the total hydrocarbon, and were readily degraded by bacteria and improved the degrading microbe activities than the heavy oil components. The water contents of soils in oilfields decreased to below 5% mostly when oil contents were higher than 8%, which indicated that the water contents were restricted by crude oil in contaminated soils in different oilfields. The organic matter contents of soils were in positive correlation with oil contents, there fore the organic matter contents increased to above 10% when oil contents were higher than 7%. The major soil texture of the investigated oilfields was fine doras and sandy clay (65% of the total soil samples), which could provide suitable soil condition for the bioremediation of oil contaminated soils in oilfields of China.

High specific surface area activated carbons were prepared from coal by KOH activation in flowing nitrogen. The influences of activation temperature，impregnant ratio and activation time on the adsorption capacity were investigated. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms at -196℃，specific surface area and pore distribution of high specific surface area activated carbon were measured. The results showed that high specific surface area activated carbon with high quality could be prepared at an activation temperature of 900℃，an impregnant ratio of 4 and an activation time of 1. 5 h. The specific surface area，pore volume and adsorption iodine values of activated carbon at optimized parameters were 3135 m²·g^-1，1.72 cm³·g^-1 and 2657 mg·g^-1，respectively. Microstructures of high specific surface area activated carbons were observed with scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. Off-gas released during the activation process was detected and analyzed by SWG300 gas analyzer. The mechanism of preparation of activated carbon from coal by KOH activation was proposed.

A novel outside cycle anaerobic reactor was developed based on the characteristics of expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) and other anaerobic reactors. It was demonstrated that the sludge wash-off at high liquid upflow velocities could be controlled efficiently and good performance was achieved during municipal wastewater treatment. In order to achieve accurate prediction and effective control of sludge settling property in the reactor developed, a dispersion model was established on the basis of mass balance and free settling theory of granular sludge, taking consideration of the relevance between sludge settling velocity and sludge concentration. The simulation results of sludge distribution was in good agreement with the measured results at different liquid upflow velocities. In addition, the concentration of suspended solids (SS) in the effluent was simulated by introducing the separation efficiency of three-phase separator. The standard deviation of the simulated data was less than 6%. Based on the relative concentration of the liquid-sludge mixture, the sludge blanket height could be calculated by quadratic interpolation. The sludge blanket heights were basically identical at various upflow velocities, while the sludge concentrations at the same height differed.

Chemical agglomeration is one of the most effective methods to remove fine particles from coal fired power plants. The wetting of particles by agglomeration agent droplets plays an important role in the chemical agglomeration processes. The effect of wetter concentration and temperature on the wettability of the fly ash from Xiaolongtan power plant in three different wetting agents ［sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and Triton X 100(TX100)］ was investigated. Laser particle size analyzer was used to determine the wettability of the fly ash. The results showed that only PM⁺₁₀ was completely wetted by water, but PM⁺_2.5 was wetted completely by 0.25% SDS solution, and PM⁺₁ was wetted completely by both 1% SDS and 0. 4%SDBS solutions under the experimental conditions. It was effective to wet the fly ash particles by dilute TX100 solution. With increasing temperature of wetter from 20℃ to 60℃, solution surface tension decreased and better wettability of the fly ash exhibited. Owing to the good performance of wetting agents investigated, this study identified some potential components for the synthesis of chemical agglomeration agents.

The transesterification of Jatropha oil and methyl acetate to biodiesel catalyzed by a compound lipase was investigated. A 5-level-3-factor central composite rotatable design of the response surface method was used to evaluate the effects of compound enzyme amount, compound enzyme formulation and substrate composition on the yield of biodiesel. The optimum conditions were as follows: enzyme amount 0.27g, compound enzyme formulation 0.15 (mass) N234 and substrate composition of methyl acetate to Jatropha oil 10. 10. Under optimum conditions, the actual experimental yield was 74. 34%, which compared well with the predicted value of 72.55%. The model based on Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism with substrate competitive inhibition was proposed to describe the reaction kinetics of the transesterification.

The whisker MgSO₄·5Mg（OH）₂·3H₂O（MOS）was prepared by the hydrothermal method at 170℃ for 6 h，after NaOH solution and MgSO₄ solution with a specific concentration reacting in a rotor-stator reactor. The effects of preparation equipment of intermediate product，reactant concentration and rotor speed on the product quality were discussed and the process conditions for the preparation of MOS by the rotor-stator reactor and the hydrothermal method were determined. Under the same conditions，good quality MOS was also prepared in a pilot test in 100 L autoclave. The whisker produced by this method was more than 50 in aspect ratio and 0.5—1.0 μm in diameter，with smooth surface and high dispersibility.

Molecular simulation was used to model the d-spacing and fractional free volume of 6FDA-durene，6FDA-pPDA and their copolymer 6FDA-durene/pPDA. Calculation results were in agreement with experimental data. Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) calculations were performed to simulate the sorption of O₂, N₂, CH₄ and CO₂ in the polyimide. The simulation results indicated that the COMPASS force field was suitable to describe the sorption of O₂, N₂ and CH₄. The calculated solubility coefficients of O₂ ,N₂ and CH₄ were in agreement with experiments. But the solubility coefficient of CO₂ exhibited high deviation (about 50%) from the literature value. The main reasons might be: (1) swelling effect of CO₂ was not considered in the simulation process; (2) COMPASS force field could not describe the interaction of CO₂ and —CF₃ of the 6FDA-polyimides. The calculated solubility coefficients decreased in the sequence of the inherent condensabilities of the gases, namely, CO₂, CH₄, O₂ and N₂. The solubility coefficients in different polyimide increased with increasing fractional free volume. The 6FDA-polyimides showed better solubility selectivity for CO₂/CH₄ than O₂/N₂. Copolymerization could not improve the solubility selectivity remarkably.

Hybrid UV-cured resins were prepared by using bisphenol A epoxy resin（E-44）and bisphenol A epoxy acrylate（EA）as the main raw materials with monomers and photoinitiators. The structure and properties of the hybrid UV-cured material were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectrograph (FTIR), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The influence of the content of epoxy resin on the curing extent and structure was discussed. The results showed that the curing extent of the hybrid UV-cured material was not correlated with the content of the epoxy resin. The hybrid UV-cured material had two glass transition temperatures, good thermal stability and damping properties.

In order to investigate the influence of vibration parameters on the melting and plasticizing process without interference，a model for the melting process of polymer material under the only impact of a pure vibration force field was developed. Melting mechanism was analyzed，and the mass balance equation，momentum balance equation，energy balance equation and constitutive equation of the melting process under vibration were presented. From complicated theory deduction，an expression of the descending velocity of solid-bed was obtained，which demonstrated that the application of vibration could increase the melting rate. This research can serve as the theoretical basis for polymer processing and equipment design.

With the help of physical and analytical models of polymer melting under the impact of pure vibration force field, the expression of polymer melting rate and vibration parameters was obtained. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was used in the calculation, and some conclusions were obtained. Melting rate increased with the increase of vibration frequency and amplitude. However, after vibration intensity reached a limit value, melting rate would remain unchanged. In the end, a multidimensional vibration experiment was used to prove the validity of the conclusion. Calculations were in good agreement with the result of experiment. This research will serve as the basis for polymer processing and equipment design.

Amorphous nickel hydroxide powders codoped by Fe(Ⅲ) and Al(Ⅲ) were prepared by the method of deep freeze deposition. The microstructure and morphology of sample were characterized by XRD, SAED, SEM, Raman spectrometry, TG-DSC and IR, and the electrochemical properties were tested by using a simulated MH-Ni battery composed of amorphous nickel hydroxide particles as active material. The results showed many structure defects, uniform size, and a large amount of crystal water. To investigate the effect of codoped Fe(Ⅲ) and Al(Ⅲ) on the electrochemical performance of the samples, simulated batteries with the prepared codoped nickel hydroxide as cathode active material were assembled. When the charging current, discharging current and end potential were respectively 80 mA·g^-1 for 5.5 h, 40 mA·g^-1 and 1.0 V, the specific capacity was 357.6 mAh·g^-1 and the sample had longer discharge time at 1.30 V. In addition, the stability and reversibility of the Fe(Ⅲ) and Al(Ⅲ) codoped samples were good during the charge/discharge process, and the electrochemical impedance was small.

A new method of micro-chemical reaction was proposed on the basis of the digitalization of micro-fluids technology, which brings a small controllable pulse inertial force to the micro-nozzle. By using this method, the micro-fluids could be digitally transported and injected as a string of micro-drops, and then the micro-chemical reaction proceeded in the mixed domain by collision and polymerization. During the micro-chemical reaction, one micro-droplet could be injected with one driving pulse. The droplets not only could be injected continuously, but also could be injected according to the codes , therefore the micro-chemical reaction could be controlled effectively. The speed and time of the micro-chemical reaction were adjusted by changing the diameter of micro-pipette and driving frequency. By using the precision glass fabrication technology, the micro-reactor had neither inner moving parts nor embedded microcircuit. It had simple structure, low cost, smooth circular cross-section glass channel and could be driven easily. The synthesis experiment of metal porphyrin was made, and the result showed that the micro-reactor could reduce reaction time and reaction temperature was lower than conventional reaction.