The thermodynamic properties of 75 polybrominated thianthrenes (PBTAs) in the ideal gas state at 298.15 K and 1.013 ×10⁵ Pa were calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G* level using Gaussian 98 program and their thermodynamic parameters were obtained.The isodesmic reactions were designed to calculate standard enthalpy of formation and standard free energy of formation of PBTAs congeners.The relations of these thermodynamic parameters with the number and position of Br atom substitution were discussed, and it was found that there existed high correlation between thermodynamic parameters (thermal correction to energy, heat capacity at constant volume, entropy,standard enthalpy of formation and standard free energy of formation) and number and position of Br atom substitution.On the basis of the relative magnitude of their standard free energy of formation, the order of relative stability of PBTA congeners was theoretically proposed.

The dual circuits laser detector was used to measure the solubility and super-solubility of uridine-5′-monophosphate disodium salt in the ethanol-aqueous mixture of different ethanol mass fractions at 293.2—318.2 K.In addition, the effects of agitation rate, pH value and Na⁺ concentration on the width of metastable zone were explored respectively.It was found that the solubility data might be described well by the model of λh equation; furthermore the mixing enthalpy and the crystallization enthalpy of uridine-5′-monophosphate disodium salt in mixture were determined.Similar to the solubility, the super-solubility increased with the increase of temperature and decreased with the increase of ethanol mass fraction.Under the same experimental conditions, increase of pH value, Na⁺ concentration or decrease of agitation rate might broaden the width of metastable zone.

A new wide band k-distribution model was developed, in which the k-distribution absorption coefficients of carbon dioxide and vapor in ten main bands were expressed in polynomial functions.The absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient of particle were assumed gray in each band.The heat flux for gas and particle mixtures was computed by using the wide band k-distribution model and compared with that obtained by using line-by-line calculations.Comparison result showed that the relative errors of the wide band k-distribution model were very small.The new wide band k-distribution model and the polynomial functions could be used to calculate radiative properties of gases with higher accuracy while the time for calculation was reduced significantly.Furthermore, the wide bank k-distribution model could also be used for gas and particle mixtures.

The influence of inlet temperature of cooling water on the solidification of paraffin outside the coil tube was investigated.Numerical equations were set up to calculate the heat transfer inside the heat exchanger.The calculation of temperature fields of water and paraffin agreed well with experimental results.The temperature fields of paraffin near to the tube were different with different inlet temperatures of water，while the temperature fields far away from the tube were almost the same.The distribution of dimensionless temperature fields of paraffin was similar at different inlet temperatures of water，except for the region near to the phase interface.The interface moved faster at a lower inlet temperature of water.The moving rate of the interface slowed down at first，and became faster again when the interface was discontinuous.The results can provide the guidance for choosing the right inlet temperature of water for an appropriate solidification rate of paraffin.

Hydrodynamic behavior in a high-density liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (HDLSCFB), 80 mm in ID and 8000 mm in height was investigated experimentally and computationally.The experiment found that both the radial particle hold-up and velocity distribution in the riser was parabola-shaped, while the axial average particle hold-up and velocity distribution was wave-shaped, indicating that the glass beads particles in the riser experienced a second acceleration process before reaching a fully developed flow at the top section of the riser.This was believed to be closely related to the high particle hold-up in the riser,highUl and Gs as well as the application of tubular distributor at the bottom of the riser.The experimental results also showed that the profile of the particle residence time distribution of LSCFB had a sharp narrow symmetrical peak with no tail, suggesting a rather uniform residence time distribution of solids, a small extent of solids dispersion and a plug flow-like structure.CFD simulation results agreed well with those obtained by experiment, indicating that the computational model was suitable for simulation and prediction.Based on the computational model, the influence of particle density and diameter on the hydrodynamics was also predicted.

Based on the observed flow pattern by high speed camera, experimental study was conducted to investigate flow characteristics for nitrogen and water flows in a vertical square mini-channel with hydraulic diameter of 1 mm.The perimeter and area of gas phase was calculated with a method of image processing technique.The void fractions were obtained by computing the parameters with the proposed hypothetical cylinder model.Comparisons with the literature available showed that the Chisholm model provided the best agreement with experimental data.For low superficial velocities, the Lee & Lee model and Dukler model showed a better predictive ability than the other experimental correlations.

The characteristic frequency band of acoustic emission (AE) in a stirred tank with respect to the behavior of particles movement was obtained by spectral analysis, wavelet transform and R/S analysis based on the mechanism of interaction between particles and the wall of tank.A criterion of slurry suspension height in the stirred tank was presented based on the relationship between the characteristic frequency band of acoustic emission from the particles-wall collisions with the height of the probing location in stirred tank.Slurry suspension height of stirred tank is the location where a sharp decrease of the AE energy on the characteristic frequency band or the ratio of the energy on the characteristic frequency band at one location to the average energy of the whole tank is observed.Experiments in the stirred tank with an inside diameter of 110 mm and different impellers in the system of glass beads and water showed that this criterion was useful for the online measurement of slurry suspension height.The average absolute relative deviation (AARD) was below 10% when the slurry suspension height determined with the AE technique was compared with ones by the method of visual observation.The criterion could meet the requirements of the online measurements of stirred tank.

Based on the VOF model，CFD simulations were carried out for wall shear stress in gas-liquid vertical and inclined upward slug flow.The simulation results showed that the thickness of the falling film in the vertical upward slug flow was always smaller than that in the inclined upward slug flow.In the vertical tubes，wall shear stress increased gradually from Taylor bubble nose to the falling liquid film until it became stable in the developed falling liquid film，but in the wake zone the wall shear stress appeared irregular.In the inclined tubes，the tip of the Taylor bubble nose was above the centerline of the tube and the smaller the angle，the greater the thickness of the falling liquid film.Meanwhile，for the wall shear stress of slug flow in an inclined tube，when FrTB was small，the shear stress profile of falling liquid film on the top wall fluctuated significantly，but it was smooth on the bottom wall.With increasing FrTB， the difference between the shear stress profile on the top wall and the shear stress profile on the bottom wall gradually disappeared.

Toluene oxidation with molecular oxygen to benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid is a very important reaction in the contemporary chemical industry.The catalyst system of Co(AcO)2/Mn(AcO)2 is widely used in commercial scale toluene oxidation with air to benzoic acid.The drawback of this process is that the yield of benzaldehyde was lower than 2%. The aerobic oxidation of toluene catalyzed by metalloporphyrins achieved 20%—30% selectivity of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol, however, toluene conversion in the oxidation was lower than 8%.The catalysis of manganese porphyrin-Co(OAc)2 for toluene oxidation with molecule oxygen was investigated in the absence of solvents, and toluene conversion and the yield of oxidation products were found to be significantly higher than those by separate use of cobalt acetate or manganese porphyrin.The results showed that there existed co-catalysis between metalloporphyrin and Co(OAc)2 in the toluene oxidation with molecular oxygen, and reaction time, temperature, pressure and catalysts concentration affected the synergy between metalloporphyrin and Co(OAc)2.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a widely used herbicide, was treated by the ozonization technology in the laboratory.During the 2,4-D ozonization, the main categories of intermediates included chloric aromatics, dechlorinated aromatics and organic acids.Some of these intermediates have relatively high toxicity.Therefore, it is crucial to study the kinetics trend of intermediates diversion.Three possible degradation pathways were proposed in this paper.Path Ⅰ was a simple chain pathway.Path Ⅱ was a parallel pathway.Path Ⅲ was a cross pathway, the most complicated pathway.The concentration variations of main intermediates during reaction were analyzed by using these pathways.In addition, three kinetic models of intermediates were derived based on the proposed pathways.The fitting result showed that cross pathway was the best fitted pathway to explain the experimental data of intermediates concentration trend.It was shown that the correlation coefficients of main categories of intermediates were greater than 0.94 in the cross pathway.

A series of new carboxyl Pd（Ⅱ）complexes were prepared from organic silica via immobilization on MCM-41 molecular sieve, and characterized with XRD，XPS，FT-IR and FT-Raman techniques.The results showed that —COOH groups could be immobilized on the MCM-41 surface via a reaction of the silanol groups with oxyalky-silane compounds, and the organically modified MCM-41 materials retained its hexagonally-packed porous structure during supporting organic species, but internal surface area and pore diameter of the materials decreased markedly.The direct binding to silica surfaces was achieved by direct ligands exchange of MCM-41 supported caboxylate group ligands with Pd(OAc)2.

A series of new MCM-41 supported carboxyl Pd(Ⅱ) complexes were prepared and their catalytic performance in the Heck arylation of alkenes was studied.The results indicated that the MCM—(COOH)2·Pd(Ⅱ) complex exhibited high catalytic activities, stereo-selectivities and stabilities in the arylation of aryl iodides with styrene, acrylic acid and methyl acrylic at 70℃ in the solvent system of Et3N-DMF or Bu3N-DMF, and was significantly better than SiO2 supported carboxyl Pd(Ⅱ) complex.

The double perovskite catalyst Sr₂FeMoO₆ was prepared by the sol-gel method using glucose as complex agent, at 1100℃ for 3 h.The structure and performance of the catalyst prepared in various calcination atmospheres (H₂/N₂ mixed gas, argon, and air atmospheres) were investigated.The catalyst was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)，specific surface area and magnetism techniques.Meanwhile the catalytic activity of double perovskite Sr₂FeMoO₆ in methane catalytic combustion was investigated.The XRD results indicated that single-phase double Sr₂FeMoO₆ was found in the catalyst, calcined in H₂/N₂ mixed gas.Double perovskite was the dominant phase, accompanied by a few scheelite-type SrMoO₄ in the catalyst calcined in argon atmosphere，whereas besides double perovskite phase a stronger SrMoO₄ phase was found in the catalyst calcined in air atmosphere.FT-IR and TPR results indicated that TPR spectrum and infrared spectroscopy of catalyst calcined in different atmospheres were different.The catalyst calcined in H₂/N₂ mixed gas had better magnetic property, whereas the catalyst calcined in argon and air atmospheres had little magnetism.The T₁₀(temperature for 10% methane conversion) and T₁₀₀(temperature for 100% methane conversion) of single-phase Sr₂FeMoO₆ double peroskite were 475℃and 744℃ respectively.So single-phase double perovskite Sr₂FeMoO₆ had good catalytic activity for methane catalytic combustion.

The oxidative removal of dibenzothiophene adsorbed on activated carbon surface by hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by activated carbon itself was investigated.The regeneration performance of catalytic oxidation on the activated carbon by H₂O₂ solution，H₂O₂+HCOOH solution and H₂O₂+CH₃COOH solution was compared firstly.Then the effect of catalysis condition on the activated carbon regeneration performance was studied.The results showed that all three catalytic oxidation methods could regenerate the used activated carbon to some extent.The regeneration performance was the best，reaching above 90% by using H₂O₂+HCOOH solution.H₂O₂ concentration，HCOOH concentration，reaction temperature and time affected the regeneration performance of activated carbon when using H₂O₂+HCOOH solution.The catalysis condition could be optimized to get high regeneration performance.

In order to optimize the operating conditions in dead-end microfiltration, a predicting model relating the specific resistance to the operating conditions based on the BP neural network was firstly developed in this paper, in which the experimental data of an orthonormal design table (5) were used as the input sample data.Then, by using the average relative absolute error of the testing sample as the criterion, a comparison experiment of the predicting for specific resistance of yeast suspensions by using the BP neural network method and the multiple linear regression method had been made.Finally, the predicting precisions of two models had been given.The results showed that the BP neural network method was better than the multiple linear regression method and the average relative absolute errors were 3.55％ and 5.16％ for the BP neural network method and the multiple linear regression method, respectively.

Leak detection has been an important aspect of pipeline operation and management，and real-time simulation has become one of the mostly adopted approaches.The quasi-steady hypothesis commonly adopted in pipeline transient model has the drawback of under-estimating the transient energy loss which will cause relatively big errors between the calculated and measured values.In this paper the recent results on the topic of energy loss was reviewed and its impact on the simulation results was studied based on the data collected from real pipelines.Real-time simulation results showed that the outputs of the unsteady wall shear stress model and leak detection based on this model had higher precision.

A new approach of water utilization networks design based on water quality analysis and mathematical programming was presented.According to those limiting operation data given in the literatures, the quality of different water samples was calculated respectively, and their priority was specified in sequence.The best quality water was preference as water provider, provided the quantity can meet the demand, the others were omitted from providing,and then the superstructure was simplified significantly.Finally, a NLP program in GAMS language was used to determine the minimum freshwater flow rate, the reuse water flow rate and wastewater flow rate.Applied in two examples, the present approach was proved to be feasible and desirable.

Subspace identification identifies the state space model directly based on the process input and output data.Due to its simplicity and efficiency, subspace identification method is widely used in MIMO process identification.The main obstacle towards implementing adaptive subspace identification is developing online QR and SVD decomposition algorithms.A fast QR decomposition procedure was proposed by simultaneously applying data updating and downdating, which outperformed traditional algorithms in terms of computational efficiency.Complexity analysis showed that fast QR decomposition could save 8.3% computational cost compared with the two-step approach.Numerical simulation study demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

The industrial acetylene hydrogenation system has the characteristics of nonlinearity and slow parameter variance.The model, which is applied to model predictive control currently, is so simple that the predictive control result could not achieve the optimal effect during a long-term operation.So it is necessary to establish an accurate model of reactor as the virtual instrument in laboratory.Based on the model, it is possible to further study the more effective control method.In this paper, a heterogeneous, two-dimensional and dynamic model for an industrial acetylene hydrogenation system was developed through process analysis.The condition for activity loss with time, due to hydrocarbon deposition resulting from acetylene green oils, was also considered.The dynamic process simulation software gPROMS was utilized to perform its simulation, and the dynamic process could predict the changing trend.The effects of important parameters on the system simulation were analyzed, and a group of parameter values were chosen for the reactor which was studied in this paper.By linearizing the dynamic model at different operation points, the different latent roots of the linear state space model were obtained and used to analyze the system stability at different operation points.The simulation and stability analysis showed that the reactor was under control.

To increase fermentation unit，the strategy of optimization control that combines the support vector machine（SVM）with genetic algorithm based on real coding（RGA）is proposed.To solve the coupling of fermentation parameters，the idea of pattern is also introduced.SVM establishes the prediction model for the microbial process，and RGA taking the model as fitness function calculates the optimal control pattern.The results show that the penicillin titer of fermentation process optimized is increased by 22.88% compared with that of fermentation process not optimized.

According to the dynamic behavior of reactor-heat exchanger networks featuring multi-time scales, two sub models were derived respectively in two time scales using the method of singular perturbation modeling: a model about energy balance in fast time scale, and a model about material balance in slow time scale.By taking into account the nonlinear behavior, the disturbances in kinetic parameters and the noise existing in reactor-heat exchanger networks, a composite control strategy was proposed consisting of a multi-model dynamic matrix controller in slow time scale and a PI controller in fast time scale.Simulation results demonstrated better performance of disturbance and noise rejection of the proposed control strategy over that of the control strategy consisting of a dynamic output feedback controller in slow time scale and a PI controller in fast time scale.

To solve putative adenylation of glutamine synthetase (GS) in the enzymatic production of glutamine at a high concentration of ammonium salt, glnA encoding GS was cloned from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 14067 and mutated by overlapping primer to replace the putative adenylation site of GS, Tyr405 by Phe405.The mutant GS was expressed in E.coli and the conditions of GS production were optimized.In the process catalyzed by the mutant GS,glutamine production was increased by adding monosodium glutamate and ammonium chloride in shaking flasks and glutamine yield reached 16.8 g·L^-1.By controlling the enzymatic conditions in 5 L bioreactor, glutamine yield reached 34.2 g·L^-1 with a molar conversion of 96.3% to glutamate.

The hydrodynamic radius（Rh）of bovine serum albumin（BSA）was measured with the Zetasizer Nano instrument.The influences of pH，ionic strength and surfactants were investigated，and the real-time measurement of BSA size was used to monitor the thermal denaturation and urea denaturation of BSA.The results indicated that R_h showed a typical “U” form with the increase of pH.In acid solution，with increasing ionic strength the Rh decreased a little first，and then increased remarkably.At neutral pH the influence of ionic strength could be neglected.The adsorption of ionic surfactants on BSA molecular surface resulted in the change of R_h.For the thermal denaturation of BSA，the rate of denaturation increased with the increase of ionic strength.When sodium dodecyl sulfate（SDS）was added，the melting point T_mof BSA could increase.For urea denaturation，urea could cause BSA molecule to expand but also restrain the extension of peptide chains.By adding dithiothreitol（DTT），the Rh of BSA increased gradually with denaturation time.The results indicated that this convenient measurement of Rh could be used for characterizing the molecular size of protein，and monitoring the change of protein molecule during the denaturation process.

In this work, the semi-continuous succinic acid fermentation by Actinobacillus succinogenes CGMCC1593 from cane molasses with a novel two-stage and two-stream system was studied, in order to increase the succinic acid productivity.The fermentation conditions of the first stage, such as initial sugar concentration, medium addition volume, and time interval of each loading were optimized.Under the optimized condition the maximum succinic acid productivity (2.38 g·L^-1·h^-1) was increased by 111% and 114% compared with those obtained in batch and fed batch fermentation, respectively.In addition, the maximum succinic acid concentration (46.0 g·L^-1)increased by 12.9% compared with that in batch fermentation, and reached a compatible level of that obtained in fed batch fermentation (36 h, 48.8 g·L^-1).This process was operated stably for 39 circles without any decreases in both succinic acid concentration and productivity.During the 39 operation circles, the fermentation time of each batch (stage 1 and stage 2), the average succinic acid concentration, succinic acid productivity, succinic acid yield, and sugar conversion rate were 21—24 h, 43.5 g·L^-1, 2.07 g·L^-1·h^-1, 0.79 g·g^-1, and 96.4%, respectively.

The efficiency of treating waste activated sludge(WAS) by biologic methods is connected with efficiency of digesting the organic substances in WAS.In order to enhance the digestion rate of WAS, it needs to be pretreated.In this study, the effects of several pretreatment methods, including thermal, alkaline, ultrasonic and combined methods, on the solubilization of chemical oxygen demand (COD), carbohydrates and DNA in WAS were investigated.It was found that the process of thermal pretreatment was the best in breaking up bacteria, and the effects of thermal pretreatment were related to the efficiency of heat transfer in the sludge.Ultrasonic pretreatment was the best in disintegration of WAS, and ultrasonic effects occurred more easily in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS).Alkaline pretreatment could reduce WAS well, and it could accelerate the hydroxylation of carbohydrates.

The simulation experiment with a surface heat exchanger was carried out on a self-setup visual equipment with constant volume, and the heating temperature was 84.8℃, 72.2℃, 50.5℃, 30.9℃.From the experiment observation, dissociation process can be divided into two stages: gas release stage and end of dissociation stage.At the beginning of the dissociation, the pressure increased rapidly, then with the dissociation proceeding towards the end the pressure gradually leveled off.Computation showed that in the whole process of hydrate dissociation, average rate of dissociation was about 0.16—0.46 mol·min^-1·m^-2, and energy efficiency was between 1.33 and 3.74.At the gas release stage average dissociation rate was 0.27—2.56 mol·min^-1·m^-2, and energy efficiency was between 2.25 and 5.58.Compared with related literature, the energy efficiency of thermal dissociation increased obviously.In practical application, there is an optimizing thermal dissociation temperature which not only increases rate of hydrate dissociation but also improves energy efficiency and save energy.

Packed column scrubber in which vapor condensation with fine particles acting as nucleation nuclei was used to separate fine particles from combustion.The particle size distributions and concentrations before and after scrubbing were measured by the electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI).The microstructure and major element compositions of fine particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) respectively.Based on this, the influences of operating parameters, such as the temperature difference between gas and water at the inlet of scrubber, the moisture contents of flue gas, liquid to gas rate, on the particle removal efficiency were investigated.The results showed that the morphology and compositions of the fine particles from coal and oil combustion were very different.The fine particles from coal combustion mainly were mineral substances of Si and Al, while the particles from oil combustion mainly were carbon.The removal efficiency of fine particles from coal combustion was higher than that of oil under the same conditions.It was also found that the removal efficiency increased with increasing inlet temperature difference between gas and liquid.When the temperature difference was the same, the condensational removal efficiency could be highly enhanced with increasing humidity of inlet gas. The influenceof liquid to gas ratio was related to the existence of heterogeneous condensation in the packed column scrubber.The result indicated that fine particles could be effectively removed by the packed column in which supersaturation of vapor and corresponding droplet growth by heterogeneous condensation were able to be achieved by adjusting the moisture contents of the inlet gas and the inlet temperature difference between flue gas and water.

The influences of temperature, stirring and preservation state on the stability of electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) were investigated.Temperature, stirring and preservation state had prominent effect on the available chlorine content(ACC) of EOW, while they had no effect on the value of pH and reductant-oxidant potential (ORP).In open and lighted conditions, ACC decreased regularly.In closed and lighted conditions, ACC decreased slowly.In closed and dark conditions, ACC almost did not change.Stirring (100 r·min^-1) makes ACC decrease quickly and the rate constant “k” increased by five times.When temperature was 50℃, ACC decreased by 46.09% in five minutes and the reaction activation energy was 76.76 kJ·mol^-1.By studying the sterilizing effect of EOW with different ACC, it was found that ACC also had remarkable influence on the sterilizing effect。When ACC was more than 38 mg·L^-1, the ratio of sterilization reached more than 99%; when ACC was 20.57 mg·L^-1, the ratio of sterilization was 92.73%; when ACC was 6.82 mg·L^-1, the ratio of sterilization was only 83.30%.To improve the sterilizing effect of EOW, the stability of EOW should be enhanced to keep a upper value of ACC.

This study was conducted by using the sludge from the concentration pond as an inoculum to enrich the functional bacteria which might reduce phosphate into PH₃ in a continuous stirred flow incubating reactor.The classificational status of this functional bacterium was also studied in a static state reactor under anaerobic condition according to its morphological, physiological, biochemical properties, and the analysis of its 16S rDNA gene sequence.The results showed that this bacterium might be a novel heterotrophic dephosphorization bacterium under anaerobic condition.There was 98.7% homology of its 16S rDNA gene sequence to Pseudochrobactrum saccharolyticum.The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for this bacterium were glucose and sodium acetate, and peptone and ammonium chloride, respectively.However, cellulose and nitrate was unsuitable as carbon and nitrogen sources.The addition of organic phosphate was helpful but not significant to the activity of this bacterium.The best initial pH value of the reaction was 6—7, and the optimum temperature range was 30—35℃.The growth of this bacterium was inhibited when the temperature was 4℃,and its activity decreased when the temperature was above 35℃.There was no significant effect on biological dephosphorization by means of addition of reducer-sufide while incubating in the reactor under anaerobic condition.

The optimum conditions and effectiveness of extraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from activated sludge in a membrane bioreactor（MBR） were studied under such conditions, thermal, acid, alkaline treatment methods, and it was concluded that both thermal treatment (80℃，45 min) and EDTA bi-sodium treatment were effective.The sludge cell was damaged seriously by NaOH treatment (1 mol·L^-1,2 h), but when formaldehyde was added, the nucleic acid concentration was reduced by 21.5%, and the damage to sludge cell was then decreased.

The adsorption behavior of the organobentonite (CTMAB-bentonite) modified with dithizone for lead ion in water was investigated.A sort of cheap sorbent was prepared through modifying organobentonite with dithizone and was characterized with FT-IR.By means of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), the adsorption situation and mechanism were studied.The results showed that after treating bentonite with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB)，dithizone could be immobilized on the bentonite firmly.The lead ion in water could be adsorbed quantitatively on the organobentonite modified with dithizone, and the adsorbed quantity was affected by pH value of medium, temperature and time.The adsorption behavior followed a Langmuir adsorption isotherm and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.The enthalpy change of the adsorption process was 58.432 kJ·mol^-1，and Gibbs free energy change was negative at different temperatures.The reaction of adsorption was an spontaneous, endothermal process.

The electrochemical synthesis of urea by simultaneous reduction of nitrite and CO₂ was performed in 0.02 mol·L^-1 NaNO₂ and 0.2 mol·L^-1 NaHCO₃ aqueous solutions at 925 Ag electrode in laboratory-scale experiments.The effect of several parameters, including electrolysis potential, temperature, and CO₂ pressure, on urea formation was investigated.At the temperature of 293 K,CO₂ pressure of 0.7 MPa, the electrolytic potential of -0.6 V, the current efficiency of urea formation reached 37%.Under the conditions of temperature of 273 K and electrolytic potential of -1.7 V, the current efficiency reached 26% under normal ambient pressure.Based on the relationship of current efficiency and formation of CO, NH₃ and urea, a tentative reaction pathway was proposed.

The flow assurance problem of pipelines in offshore production is becoming more and more serious because oil fields in more and more unusual environments have been brought in production.HCFC-141b and THF were selected as the substitutes to study the flow behavior and mechanism of hydrate blockage in pipelines on the newly built flow loop，which was a two pass loop consisting of a 42 mm diameter stainless pipe，30 m long.Slurry-like hydrates and slush-like hydrates were observed with the formation of hydrates in pipeline.There are critical hydrate volume concentrations of 37.5% for HCFC-141b hydrate slurry and 50.6% for THF hydrate slurry respectively.The pipeline would be free of hydrate blockage when the hydrate volume concentration was lower than the critical volume concentration; while otherwise the pipeline would be easily blocked.A safe region，which is defined according the critical hydrate volume concentrations，is firstly proposed for hydrate slurry，and it can be used to judge if the pipeline can be run safely or not.

The salicylic acid imprinted polymer microspheres (SMIP) were synthesized by emulsion polymerization using salicylic acid as template and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker.The interaction between the template and functional monomers was analyzed by UV subtractive spectroscopy.The effects of different kinds of functional monomers, molar ratio of template to functional monomer, dosage of crosslinker and elution solvent on the adsorption ability of SMIP were investigated by fluorescence spectrophotometry.The morphology and size distribution of SMIP were detected by SEM and Nanophox particle size analyzer.The results showed that the SMIP prepared by using acrylamide as functional monomer possessed higher adsorption ability than the blank polymer with the same chemical composition, and the imprinting factor reached 1.61.The particle size of SMIP was about 60 nm and the size distribution was narrow.

Polymers containing adamantane moieties are a kind of high performance materials.This work concentrates primarily on the synthesis and properties of polyarylates based adamantane.New adamantylhydroxybenzene monomers, 4-(1-adamantyl)-1,3-benzenediol(ADRL) and 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) adamantane (BHAD) were synthesized from adamantane and characterized by means of IR, H NMR, 3C NMR and elemental analysis.Novel polyarylates (P1,P2) were synthesized from terephthalyl chloride and ADRL, BHAD as diphenols by aqueous/organic two-phase interfacial polycondensation, using benzyltriethylammonium chloride as phase transfer catalyzer.The synthesized polyarylates containing adamantane moieties were amorphous, and dissolved in a variety of solvents such as DMSO, NMP, DMF and DEC.The thermal properties were measured by DSC and TG.The results showed that glass transition temperatures were respectively 214℃(P1) and 189℃(P2).The 10% mass loss temperatures of polyarylates were above 400℃.Investigation of reaction conditions revealed that BHAD was easier to dissolve in sodium [JP+4]hydroxide solution and obtain high molecular weight polyarylates than ADRL under the same conditions.Inherent viscosities were measured in NMP at 30℃.The maximum inherent viscosities of P1 and P2 were 43 ml·g^-1 and 76 ml·g^-1, respectively.

The hydrotalcite (HT) synthesized with urea method was used to prepare intercalated HT (SMAS-HT) by using methyl allyl sulfonate (SMAS) as an intercalation agent.A novel poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/HT nanocomposite superabsorbent was prepared by inverse polymerization, using N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA) as a crosslinking agent and potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator.The structure and morphology were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM.The influences of the amount of SMAS-HT on the water (salt) absorbency were studied.The results showed that the intercalation was successful and SMAS-HT was completely exfoliated after polymerization.Adding a small amount of SMAS-HT could effectively improve the water (salt) absorbency of nanocomposite superabsorbents.The nanocomposite superabsorbents had their highest water (salt) absorbency when the content of SMAS-HT was 3.0%(mass).

Polypropylene (PP) / organomontmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites were prepared by the melt intercalation method.The dispersion of clay was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).TEM images and XRD patterns demonstrated that the dispersion structure was extremely disordered and close to exfoliated structure in these nanocomposites.The experimental results showed that the mechanical properties of nanocomposites were improved rapidly at a very low content of clay.More importantly, the mechanical performance of PP/OMMT nanocomposites was improved further by importing the compatilizer, which was beneficial to improving the interfacial interaction between PP and OMMT.Compared with pure PP, when the content of the compatilizer was 10 phr, and OMMT was 1 phr, the prepared PP/OMMT nanocomposites possessed the best mechanical properties.

Migration of chemical substances from paper and paperboard through plastic coating layer into foods contaminates foods and endangers people’s health.It is important to carry out theoretical and experimental researches on the migration of chemical substances.Analytical solutions were obtained based on one-dimension Fick diffusion theory by taking into account partition coefficient between paper and plastic （kC_P） and different diffusion coefficients of paper and plastic （D_P and D_C）.The influences of various parameters, such as partition coefficient, diffusion coefficient, initial concentration of migrants in paper, dimensionless time, on migration behavior were analyzed.The results showed that the partition coefficient was critical to the migration of chemical substances in the functional barrier and foods.Diffusion coefficient of plastic D_C had great influence on the amount of migrants in plastic and foods.On the contrary, the influence of diffusion coefficient D_P on migration was not evident.The concentration of migrants in plastic and the amount of migrants in foods increased with increasing initial concentration in paper or paperboardMigration time reflected the migration trends of chemical substances in materials and foods.

In this paper, FC/ZnO hybrid materials were prepared by radio frequency(RF)sputtering.At the first step, fluorocarbon films were deposited by RF sputtering polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) target on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate.Argon was used as the working gas.And then, zinc oxide (ZnO) films were deposited by RF sputtering zinc target on fluorocarbon films.Argon was also used as the working gas and oxygen was used as the reacting gas.So hybrid FC/ZnO materials were obtained.Hybrid FC/ZnO materials were characterized by means of AFM, XPS,UV and static contact angle.It was found that the obtained hybrid films were islands-structure composed of nanometer particles.The surface of islands was not flat.The growth mode of composite films was deposition and expansion.The hybrid films exhibited intense ultraviolet absorption due to π-π-conjugated double bonds, surface roughness and absorption ofultraviolet light by ZnO particles.The contact angle of the hybrid films was larger than 90°, exhibiting excellent water-repellent properties.

The wheat straw soda lignin (WSSL) was fractionated by means of ultrafiltration, and 3 fractions of different molecular weights were collected.It was shown that with the decrease in molecular weight of WSSL, the content of methoxyl group decreased and the content of phenolic hydroxyl group increased, resulting in increased reactivity of WSSL, while the content of carboxyl group decreased, resulting in increased surface activity of WSSL solution.The results showed that with the decrease in molecular weight of WSSL, the adhesive strength of lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) adhesive increased, the formaldehyde content and viscosity decreased, and the comprehensive properties of LPF adhesive were improved.

Urea-formaldehyde microcapsule was produced by means of one step in-site polymerization.Optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope (fluorescence tagged microcapsule shell) were used to analyze the size, shell thickness and structure of the microcapsule.The mechanical properties of the microcapsule was tested and analyzed by nano indentation test.The results showed that the dispersed and integrated microcapsules of 100 μm in diameter and 10 μm in shell thickness were produced with 45% core content.Young’s modulus of the microcapsule was a little lower than that of epoxy resin.When damage occurred in the epoxy resin matrix, the crack could rupture the microcapsule and release the repairing agent.

The method of catalytic hydrogenation was used to improve production of ethylene glycol (EG) over Raney nickel catalyst.Under the reaction condition of temperature 353 K , EG liquid hourly space velocity 30 h^-1, H₂ pressure 0.25 MPa, H₂ mass space velocity 0.02 g·ml-1·h^-1 and hydrogenation time 90 d, ultraviolet light transmittance of EG with water content at 220 nm, 275 nm and 350 nm were improved averagely from 49.6%, 88.2%, 97.7% to 73.8%, 93.2%, 99.7% respectively, and further to 84.2%, 95.1%, 99.9% after rectification.The removal efficiency of impurities was up to 75.5%, 60% and 95.8%.The amount of aldehyde was reduced from 11.5 μg·g^-1 to 3.7 μg·g^-1.