A mathematical model which describes the diffusion behavior and the cross-effects between ternary electrolyte mixtures in porous particles has been developed. The results of the model show that the component, with noinitial concentration gradient, still could diffuse with large flux resulting from the cross effects. When the simple Ficks law is applied to the diffusion of electrolyte mixtures, the effective diffusivities defined by the law are apparent effective diffusivities represented as weighted averages of the main effective diffusivities. The differences between the apparent and the main effective diffusivities depend on the cross effect diffusivities to a great extent. The cross effects will be remarkable if the ions in an electrolyte molecule have very different mobilities. Experiments were designed to obtain the effective diffusivities for HCl-KCl-H2O system. The model developed in this paper can be used to elucidate the internal diffusion behavior of ternary electrolyte systems.

Intrinsic deactivation kinetics for hydrogen sulfide poisoning of methanol synthesis C207 Cu-based catalyst has been studied under atmospheric pressure on the basis of methanol decomposition reaction. The higher the H2S partial pressure, the faster the rate of deactivation;the higher the temperature, the faster the rate of deactivation. The intrinsic deactivation rate equation is

The global reaction rates of methanol decomposition of C207 Cu-based catalyst under atmospheric pressure were determined in an internal recycle gradientless reactor and mlet. 7.19×10-4) with addition of H2S for 4 hours, 8 hours and 12 hours respectively. The pore size distribution, and the tortuosity factors of φ 5 × 5mm cyindrica catalyst pellets were also measured. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning of commerial catalyst is considered as surface poisoning. The experimental values of non-poisoned dimensionless radius xc by Auger Electron Spectroscopy were 0.038 0.916 and 0.960 with addition of H2S for 4 hours, 8 hours and 12 hours respectively, which agreed with the values calculated by intrinsic deactivation kinetics. The single component model and multicomponent model of effectiveness factor ξd of surface poisoned catalyst were presented and solved by orthogonal collocation and Broyden method. Not only surface poisoning but also center equilibrium dead zone was found in catalyst pellets. The average of absolute values of relative deviations between experimental values and calculated values lor ξd was less than 11%. The models can be used to calculate the effectiveness factor of surface poisoned catalyst.

Viscosity effects on water entrainment into W/O emulsion drops and permeation-swelling in a (W/O)/W system were studied theoretically and experimentally. The entrainment swelling was found to decrease with increasing emulsion viscosity when this viscosity exceeded 50-100 mPa·a, whereas there was no effect below that range. The dependence on the emulsion viscosity is 0.3 power in moderate-viscosity region(100-600mPa·s)and 0.6 power in high-viscosity region. The permeation-swelling rate decreased as the membrane-phase viscosity increased because of decreasing diffusion coefficient of water in the membrane phase. The mathematical models for estimating the swelling ratio in various viscosity regions was proposed and the predicted values agreed well with the experimental.

The effects of possible operating variable such as flow rate, surface temperature, bulk temperature, solids contents, sulfate addition and pH on the fouling of sulfite spent evaporators were studied. In the paper, the fouling mechanism is discussed, then a model equation for calculating fouling rate is proposed.

The equilibrium constants of the extraction, the molar ratio of butyl acetate and dioctyl sulfoxide to penicillin G in the extracts, and the bonding structures of the extracted species were studied with chemical analysis as well as the absorbance shift of Fourier transform-infra red spectra of the functional groups in penicillin G. Reverse micelles were observed in the butyl acetate solution containing penicillin G. The diameters of the reverse micelles could be as large as 0.6μm.

Hydrolysis rate of carbonyl sulphide was determined in a bubble reactor at 20-50℃, sodium hydroxide concentration 1. 3130-4. 4038 mol/L and atmospheric pressure. The first-order rate expression for the hydrolysis of carbonyl sulphide is Ink1 =27.90 - 7168/T + 0.56I where, Ncos,Hcos,pcos,i are absorption rate, solubility coefficient and partial pressure at interface of COS respectively. The constant ki is first-order rate-constant of forward reaction and I is ionic strength for initial concentration of NaOH. The apparent activation energy is 59.63 kJ/mol.

The modification ot benzidine on the surface of industrial pure iron was investigated with regard to its technology and method. The anti-corrosion performance of modified film in various solutions was discussed by using some electrochemical techniques. The surface composition and structure of modified film were analysed by Auger electron spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The research results showed that the modified film had good anti-corrosion performance in weak acid, neutral solution containing Cl- and strong alkali. The protection mechanism of modified film was also discussed.

On the basis of the special conditions of dilute system at vapor liquid equilibria, an equation was proposed to relate the solubility of sparingly soluble gas in non-volatile solvent to temperature and pressure, by using the regular-solution theory and the Virial expansion for the Redlich-Kwong equa tion of state. The equation was used to correlate high-pressure gas solubility in non-volatile solvent at various temperatures. Compared with the Krichevsky-Ilinskaya equation, this method gave better results and simpler calculation procedure.

As a new type of catalyst-capsule for synthesis of methyl tert-butyl ether with catalytic distillation, the catalyst particles (40 mesh)are packed in a capsule made of stainless steel mesh. The capsule is 200mm in length and 20-100mm in diameter. The chemical reaction takes place under distillation condition. The effective factor and the apparent reaction rate constant of catalyst-capsule were determined. By means of a mathematical model, the effective factors of catalyst-capsule with various diameters and at various temperatures were calculated. The results provide useful help for design of catalytic distillation columns.

On the basis of the study of semi-batch esterification of higher fatty acid by methanol in agitated reactor, the authors proposed a three pools mixing model taking into consideration the effects of temperature, pressure, catalyst, reactor volume and condenser hold-up. The present model is solved by using a Runge-Kutta method with varying steps. It is shown that the agreement between calculated values and experimental data is satisfactory. The model is applicable in simulating the semi-batch esterification of mixed higher fatty acid in the temperature range between 378K and 513K with or without catalyst and under the pressure up to 2 MPa.

The optimization of semi-batch esterification of higher fatty acid by methanol is studied by choosing production cost as objective function, methanol feed flux as control variable and reaction pressure as control parameter. Dynamic programming and Powell methods are separately used to solve this problem, and the calculated results are consistent. Calculation shows that optimal operation will reduce the production cost by 5 to 15 percent and higher profit will be gained in the case of catalytic esterification process. The effects of methanol price and operation cost on optimal operation strategies are discussed. The amount of calculation work by using two different methods of solution are compared. It is proved by experiments that the proposed optimal operation strategy as well as its goal can be achieved.

The fuel cell of 1kW H2-O2 stack for underwater applications has been designed and constructed. Alkaline solution which was separated from the gaseous reactants by double asbestos diaphragm was used in the cell stack as mobile electrolyte. One of the advantages of this stack is that there is no need to control temperature strictly, and the stack can operate at a temperature range from 60 to 100℃. Cascading sequence and double gas compartment used in the gas path design made the stack more reliable. Water and waste heat produced in the stack were removed through the circulation of the electrolytes by using magnetically coupled D. C. pump. The tail gas coming from the stack was introduced into the catalytic reactor where H2 reacts with O2 to form water, which reduced the volume of tail gas storage tank.

This paper, reasons the bifurcation characteristics of a nonlinear process system under P control with each mode of controller as bifurcation parameter. The locations and properties of simple bifurcation and Hopf biiurcation points are presented by using a few theorems thus derived. Numerical routines initiated by local bifurcation analysis are given to trace all solution branches in the gain space and to locate the region in which the set-point is globally stable. The bifurcation characteristics of a simplified distillation model with two variables and two loops under P control is revealed by numerical simulation with the above theorems. The distillation system may show multiplicity for closed-loop.

A three group parameters correlation of physical properties Tb,Tm,Tc, pc and Vc is proposed, and the numerical values of relative group parameters are presented. The average percentage deviations of estimation are 1.35, 8.01, 0.68, 2.73 and 1.44 respectively, which show higher accuracy of the present method than that of the Joback method recommended in literature.

The bubble growth parameters during pool boiling of binary mixtureswere investigated. A correlation based on heat and mass transfer analogy was developed to predict the variation in heat transfer coefficient or wall superheat. It agreed well with the data published in literatures. This hypothesis can. also be introduced to electrolyte solutions.

A new separator used to remove dispersive oil droplets from oil-in-water mixture was developed with in clined corrugate plates as packing. The flow pattern in this construction gave rise to more frequent collisions between droplets, and catchment of droplets on the packing, thus resulting in high separation efficiency. A mathematical model based on three hypothese for the separation of oil droplets from oil-in-water mixture was developed. The calculated values were in good agreement with the experimental results.

The rheological behavoir of kaolin suspensions was determined by agitation measurement technique. Within solids concentration ranging from 1] .8% to 22.6% by volume the kaolin slurries are pseudoplastic with yield stress. The yield stress of suspension is proportional to 2.7th power of the solids concentration. The relationship between apparent viscosity of kaolin suspension shear rate and solid concentration can be expressed by equation.

The relationship between the molecular structures of cation dyes and their mixing properties were studied by calculating inorganic values and organic values of dyes. The mixing properties could be described by the ratio of inorganic value to organic value (I/O) of dye molecules. The ratio I/O of several new cationic dyes synthesized by the authors were calculated and were tound in good agreement with the experimental results.