In an interfacial mass transfer process, the concentration gradient of the transferred component near the interface may generate Rayleigh instability if the concentration gradient leads to a density gradient that directs oppositely to the direction of the gravity, and Rayleigh convection may occur if disturbance exists at the interface. The convection has an important effect on the interfacial mass transfer. In the present study, a 2D time-dependent lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with a random perturbation model is used to simulate the liquid-phase Rayleigh convection in the CO₂ absorption into solvents process. Gas-liquid mass transfer theory accompanied by Rayleigh convection was analyzed by LBM. The width of plume convection pattern at the interfacial vicinity is considered as characteristic scale, which was used to calculate the surface renewal time for surface renewal theory. The results show that liquid film thickness in two-film theory can be effectively reduced by Rayleigh convection, and the mass transfer coefficients are calculated by the surface renewal theory and agree well with the LBM simulation results.

Based on the complexity of in-situ characterization of deliver, reaction and catalyst in catalytic reaction, which happened in gas-liquid-solid three-phase slurry reactor, it was optimized the gas-liquid-solid three-phase isothermal differential slurry microreactor for dispersing gas phase and solid phase present in liquid phase and uniform temperature distribution in the reactor, through the analysis of technological characteristics of gas-liquid-solid three-phase reaction and performance requirements for reactor. Considering the application of slurry microreactor to gas-liquid-solid three-phase reaction analysis, the flow dynamics characteristics in three distributors of G1, G2, G3 core plate and in three reactors of 2 cm, 2.5 cm, 3 cm inner diameter were studied by using the image method. The influences of gas flow rate, temperature, diameter of reactor and gas distributor on the gas holdup, gas flow rate, distribution of bubble size were investigated. Through the fluid dynamics simulation, the diameter of slurry microreactor(2 cm), the type of gas distributor(G3 core plate) and so on was defined. Meanwhile, the gas-liquid-solid three-phase isothermal differential slurry microreactor which was applied to the in-situ analysis of chemical composition history in reaction process was developed.

The flow through porous media was numerically simulated using lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). By predicting permeability, the capability and accuracy for simulating flow through porous media were evaluated for various of lattice models: lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (LBGK) or called single relaxation time (SRT), multiple relaxation time (MRT) and entropic lattice Boltzmann method (ELBM). In order to research the influences of each free parameter to permeability in the MRT model, a total of 12 kinds of combinations were selected. Furthermore, the large eddy simulation (LES) and LBM were coupled to simulate flow through porous media at high Reynolds number and the transformation of flow patterns. The results indicate that permeability increased with viscosity predicted by LBGK and ELBM, but there are little variation for permeability predicted by MRT. In addition, the different combinations of relaxation parameters have a greater impact to the permeability, and an optimum combination is recommended for simulating flow through porous media. Simulated results are in quantitatively agreement with the empirical formula. The transformations of flow patterns are successfully predicted in porous media using LES-MRT. Higher Reynolds number, more and bigger vortexes in porous media are observed.

According to the principle of thermal desalting, evaporator achieve the recycling of the oilfield sewage and waste heat at oilfield ground. It reduced the consumption of heat and water of steam-injection boiler in heavy reservoir thermal recovery production. However,as the bad wastewater quality of oil field, fouling is easily to form in the evaporator. In this paper, water quality and fouling trend of oilfield sewage is analysed, then the heat transfer and mass transfer model of fouling process in heat exchange surface are described during sub-cooled flow boiling and convective heat transfer. At last the crystallization fouling quantity and fouling resistances of wastewater are achieved similar to the experimental results during evaporation process. It disclosed the fouling process of oilfield sewage and also important to make sure the safety of oil field water and heat recycling process.

This article regards U-bend tube natural-circuit steam generator of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station as the research target. Drift-flux dynamic model is established for the engineering application according to the characteristics of rising channel boiling section of steam generator. Based on the verification accuracy of steady state characteristic and the key parameters involved in drift-flux theory, the dynamic characteristics of steam generator are simulated and analyzed. The results suggest that the drift-flux theory can be used to predict and reflect the flow and heat transfer characteristics of two-phase flow in the steam generator. With the add of the disturbance, all parameters of steam generator show a reasonable variable trend. And the “false water level” phenomenon is accurately simulated. Meanwhile, the response speed and degree of the water level to disturbance is greater as the load increases.

Spherical shape diaphragm of heat exchanger tube channel is a new structure of green and environment protection as its no leakage under high temperature and high pressure. Part structures and whole structures were designed for baffle plate of small diameter tube-channel, because spherical shape diaphragm new structure can not sealing with baffle plate by force. Strength design of baffle plate was calculated which of four kind boundary conditions, including four sides simple support, symmetric sides simple support and half-ellipse side fixed support or four sides fixed support. Formulas were introduced that used to check the strength of baffle plate fixed support sides. Combined baffle by parts were designed for baffle plate of large diameter tube-channel.

As an important part of the steam catapult of the warship, the marine steam accumulator has the characteristics like short charging and discharging time, large instantaneous steam consuming. Its operating performance determines directly the safety and stabilization of the steam catapult. The experimental system of the marine steam accumulator was established. The experiments of charging, discharging, continuous charging and discharging were carried out under different conditions with the superheated steam as the steam source. The experimental results showed that a strong non-equilibrium thermodynamic process was exhibited that the pressure first rose (dropped) sharply and then dropped (rose) with close of the charging (discharging) valve and finally turned to stable during the period of charging (discharging) steam. The pressure drop ratio caused by non-equilibrium thermodynamic process increased along with increase of the charging energy per unit time. The change of the steam accumulator temperature was later than that of the pressure, the change of the water temperature was later than that of the steam. The research on the non-equilibrium thermodynamics process of marine steam accumulator will provide technical support for operation of the steam catapult.

In order to promote biomass dissolution and optimize distribution of cornstalk components, 1-butyl-3-methylimdazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate([Emim][OAc]) were used. Effect of solvent ratio, temperature and time on pretreatment was investigated. As a result, with the rise of [Bmim]Cl, cornstalk dissolution shows an inverted “V” change tendency, and the same trend occurs to cellulose content in pretreated cornstalk. Furthermore, the dissolution rate increases with the time and temperature. However, when the temperature was over 100℃, the physical properties of dissolution system would change dramatically. Besides, more than 3 h treatment would not improve the dissolution performance. So the optimal condition is 90℃, 3 h. Under these conditions, dissolution of cornstalk is up to 46.53%, and cellulose in pretreated cornstalk is also concentrated to 55.77%.

In this work, the ionic liquid N-ethyl-N-ethyl-imidazole diethyl phosphate was used as the main solvent to fully dissolve microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to achieve hydroxypropylization of MCC. Both MCC and the etherifying agent could be homogeneously disolved in the ionic liquid, and hydroxypropyl cellulose(HPC) was prepared through the alkali treatment, etherification and acidification steps to afford the products of different substitution degree. By adjusting the alkalization temperature, molar ratio of reagents, etherification reaction time and the types of acidifiers, the investigation on the yield and the molar substitution degree of HPC was carried out. The structure of products were characterized by ¹H NMR, FTIR and TGA etc.

Decarboxylation of biodiesel in a tubular reactor with the internal diameter of 16 mm and the length of 600 mm was studied. Decarboxylation of biodiesel was conducted under nitrogen atmosphere at normal pressure over the supported molybdenum on activated carbon. The effects of reaction temperature, feeding velocity, catalyst amount, metal loading rate were investigated on the decarboxylation of biodiesel. The optimal condition was achieved that the reaction temperature is 340℃, the dosage of Mo/C is 40 g, the metal loading is 40% and the feeding velocity of fatty acid methyl esters is 0.3258 g·min^-1. It was achieved about 100% conversion of fatty acid methyl esters and 62.35% yield of liquid hydrocarbon, in which alkane with carbon number of 15,17 and aromatic hydrocarbon with carbon number of 17 were the major products. The percentage of solid products, liquid products and gas products were 8.73%, 63.04% and 28.23% respectively. The life of Mo/C catalyst was investigated under suitable condition and the reason of deactivation was also analyzed.

How to adjust the microstructure, macroproperties and function of prophyrins by tuning the substituents and central metal ions species has been the key and the challenge problem for designing the high activity and selectivity catalysts. It can provide important theoretical foundation for the accurate designing of metalloporphyrin catalysts to study the effects of the substituents and central metal ions on the electronic structure properties of porphyrins. In order to understand the relationship between microstructure and macro catalytic efficiency of porphyrins in essence, the electronic structures of metalloporphyrins with different substituents (—OCH₃，—CH₃，—H，—NO₂) and different central metal ions (Mn，Fe，Co，Cu，Zn) were investigated using computational chemistry method based on density functional. The results indicated that the electron-withdrawing substituent (—NO₂) lowered the levels of the highest occupied orbitals (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied orbital (LUMO) of metalloporphyrins. Whereas the electron-donating substitutes increased the levels of the HOMO and LUMO of metalloporphyrins. The central metal ions have an effect on the distribution of frontier molecular orbital. The frontier molecular orbitals of variant valence metalloporphyrins (Mn，Fe，Co) were mainly composed of 3 d orbital of metal ions, which facilitated the activation of dioxygen. The frontier molecular orbitals of invariant valence metalloporphyrins (Cu，Zn) were composed of large π bond from porphyrin ligands. The electrons could transport fluently in the large π bond, therefore the invariant valence metalloporphyrins also have the high activity. Fukui function suggested that the active sites of variant valence metalloporphyrins located on the central metal ions. Whereas the active sites of invariant valence metalloporphyrins might locate on the porphyrin ligands.

In this study, three kinds of ionic liquid, including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim]Br) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Omim]Cl), were selected to pretreat the lignocellulosic parts of oilseeds: peanut husk, peanut straw and cole straw. The untreated and pretreated materials were investigated through the compositional, enzymatic hydrolysis and structural analysis. Among the untreated materials, peanut straw with the highest sugar yield 54.31% and the lowest lignin content was considered as the preferable substrate for biofuels production. After ionic liquid pretreatment, the effect of [Bmim]Cl on sugar yield was more significant, which lead to 85.43% sugar yield for peanut straw. The structural changes were also analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR). Among the raw materials, peanut straw’s morphological structure was distinctive with broken surface, incompact structural and lower crystallinity. After pretreatment, all material turned to be more porous and rough than before. On the basis, the mechanism of lignocellulose’s dissolution by ionic liquid with different cation and anion were also discussed. The results showed that the chlorine and [Bmim]⁺ were vital on the effect of ionic liquid pretreatment.

Ionic liquid have shown preferential solubility for CO₂, more and more attentions have been paid to CO₂ separation with supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs). In this paper, three conventional imidazolium-based ionic liquids containing different anions, [bmim][BF₄], [bmim][PF₆] and [bmim][Tf₂N], were used as membrane liquids for CO₂/CH₄ separation. The performances of these SILMs were studied and discussed. The supported liquid membrane with [bmim][Tf₂N] showed the highest permeability of CO₂ for this ionic liquid has the best solubility to CO₂ and rather low viscosity. And the effect of the alkyl chain length of imidazole ring on the performance of SILMs was also investigated. With the increase of alkyl chain length, the CO₂ permeability and ideal selectivity of CO₂/CH₄ decrease. A new task-specific ionic liquids (TSIL) which has two CO₂-philic groups, amino and carboxyl group ([bmim][β-Ala]) was synthesized and the corresponding ionic liquid supported membrane was made. FT-IR spectra of [bmim][β-Ala]-PVDF before and after CO₂ permeation test showed that the chemical reaction occurred between NH₂ and CO₂, generating a new carboxyl groups, which made CO₂ difficult to desorb on the downstream side of SILMs. Therefore the SILMs with [bmim][β-Ala] showed very low CO₂ permeability.

Phenolic compounds, such as phenol, cresol and dimethyl phenol, are important substances and intermediates in industry. They are mainly derived from coal liquefaction oil and coal tar. At present, the traditional method to separate phenols from oil is aqueous alkali solution extraction, which consumes large amounts of NaOH and H₂SO₄ and produces a huge amount of phenol-contained waste water. This method results in high cost of separation and pollution controlling, which limits the recovery and application of phenolic compounds from coal liquefaction oil and coal tar. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new method to use nonaqueous solution as extractant and to avoid using alkali aqueous solution. In this work, it is found that imidazolium based ionic liquids (ILs) are efficient media to extract phenols from toluene as simulated oil. [Bmim]Cl is better among different structure imidazolium based ILs, resulting from strong molecular interaction between IL and phenol. A small amount of [Bmim]Cl, equimolar to that of phenol in toluene, was enough to extract phenol from toluene with high extraction efficiency. The extraction was not sensitive to temperature and could be performed at room temperature. The extracted phenol in ILs could be recovered by vacuum evaporation at high temperatures, and the regenerated ILs could be reused for several cycles with almost same phenol extraction efficiency. [Bmim]Cl was also used to extract real coal liquefaction oil distillate with high extraction efficiency up to 92.5%, which has a potential application.

This paper investigated the recycling of ionic liquid-[Bmim]Cl in the extraction of white pine lignin. The extraction condition as following: the ratio of solvent to pine powder was 10∶1, ionic liquid concentration was 60%, the extraction is at 150℃ for 2 h. The results showed that ionic liquid could be recycled after the extraction of white pine lignin, but the sawdust mass loss, the holocellulose content in the residue wood chip and ionic liquid lignin extraction rate were all influenced by the recycling of the solvents. The UV and FT-IR spectrum were used to determine the chemical structure of the extraction materials. Through the comparison with mill wood lignin, there exist characteristic functional groups of lignin. The SEM analysis was used to investigate the surface change of the wood before and after extraction, which show a lot of sawdust pits on the surface, along with the disappearance of pit membranes.

Two kinds of ionic liquids ([NH₃P-mim][BF₄] and [MEA]L) were supported to AC, Al₂O₃ and MCM-41 by soaking method. [NH₃P-mim][BF₄]/AC was confirmed to have the better CO₂ adsorption capacity. Using [NH₃P-mim][BF₄]/AC, CO₂ adsorption capacity was tested under the condition of different amount of supported ionic liquids and different temperature. The results show that CO₂ adsorption capacity increases with the amount of supported ionic liquids increasing, and 30℃ was the optimum temperature, with an CO₂ adsorption capacity of 0.063 mmol CO₂·(g SILP)^-1. The structure of the [NH₃P-mim][BF₄]/AC was confirmed by FT-IR and thermogravimetry characterization, the latter shows that it has excellent thermostability wthin below 50℃.

A 120 m² of shoal bubbling pool was built to evaporate concentrated seawater for solar salt. The pool contained 9120 aeration with diameter of 1 mm. The blower created bubbles with rated flow rate at 420 m³·h^-1. The temperature, Baume degrees of concentrated seawater, the environmental humidity were measured per an hour, the effects of temperature, humidity, air flow rate on the evaporation was discussed. The results showed that the bubbling evaporation works efficiently from 12:00 p.m. to 15:00 p.m. At the optimum conditions, the bubbling pool evaporated 120 kg more than that control pool. The blowing air only taken away water vapor less than 8.7 kg. The floating bubbles increased the pool surface area around 50%—60%, which means that the same percent of the water evaporation was raised; the rest was evaporated by other ways，like droplet. Having a faster evaporation rate than the traditional solar salt, the shallow bubbling solar salt method has a promising application prospection the premise of the costs of equipments and operation having being lowered.

In this paper, the effect of mixing sequence on heat-integrated water network’s energy performance is presented. First, the effect of mixing sequence in multiple streams on system’s utility target was explored based on the heuristic rules of mixing between two streams coupled with the thermodynamics analysis method. Some rules of stream mixing sequence by investigating its effect on utility target were formulated. These rules could be used to identify the appropriate mixing sequence and improve the energy performance of a water network with several mixing scenarios, benefiting the system’s utility target.

Aluminium can be electrodeposited from the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole salt chloride ([BMIM]/AlCl₃) below 100℃. It was found that voltage for aluminium deposition decreases with the increase of temperature and the current density increase with the increase of temperature. When the temperature reaches 90℃, the electrolyte become unstable. At a certain temperature, the current density increased gradually with the electrolyte [BMIM]Cl∶AlCl₃ molar ratio changes from 1∶1.25 to 1∶2.00. Effects of current density, temperature on the morphology of Al depositions were studied by Hull cell test. The surface on the cathode is characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Along with the current density decreasing, the electrochemical deposition layers of aluminium become thinner and thinner, but the crystal structure of the aluminium almost no change. Furthermore, the microstructures of deposition aluminium are greatly influenced by temperature. Based on all these investigations, the optimized technological parameters for electrodeposition of aluminum from [BMIM]Cl/AlCl₃ were obtained.

Hydrogen production reformer furnace tubes made of cast austenitic alloy steels serve in the temperature range of 1073—1173 K and pressure around 3—4 MPa. Though the design life is about 100000 h, premature failures within 3—8 years are more common, mainly caused by premature creep induced by overheating. The cast tube material undergoes microstructural changes with service exposure and as a consequence, degradation in strength. The methods of macro inspection,chemical analysis, microstructure, scanning electron microscope and mechanical properties testing were used to analyze on the rupture HP40Nb steel tubes from a hydrogen production reformer furnace of one petroleum company when they were used only 18 h during the test run.The rupture life was very short and needed to find the reason, in case the similar incidents. The results show that the reason of failure for the furnace tubes is high temperature creep rupture and over temperature seriously is the direct reason.

The ionic liquids 1-methyl acetate-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide([CH₂COOCH₃MIM]NTf₂) and 1-(4-methyl)-methyl benzoate-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide([CH₂C₆H₄COOCH₃MIM]NTf₂)were synthesized by traditional two-step method. Then study the thermal stability,solubility in different solvents and the conductivities in various solvents including acetonitrile, DMSO, methanol and ethyl acetate of the ionic liquids. And compare the enrichment effect of them with Tenax. The results show that the ionic liquids don’t decompose under 300℃and they can solve in most organic solvents and link with the polarity of the solvents. The conductivity of ionic liquids in different solvents increases with the rise of concentration and temperature. The conductivity order is κ (acetonitrile as solvent) > κ (methanol) > κ (DMSO) > κ (ethyl acetate).The enrichment effect of [CH₂COOCH₃MIM]NTf₂ is better than Tenax.

The Fe-based ionic liquid presents good oxidation ability and can be used as desulfuring agent to remove hydrogen sulfur. A pilot test design of oxidation desulfurization technology for the removal of hydrogen sulfur was done. An experimental technology containing dyna-wave reactor as spray absorption tower, air bubbling regeneration tower and sulfur separation tank are assembled, which is set for an on-site verification test to remove hydrogen sulfur from 10 m³·h^-1 coke gas. The result shows that a ca.90% removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfur can be got. Above all provide some valuable data on the industrial desulfurization applications by Fe-based ionic liquids, and clear show that the future of this desulfurization technology is promising.

With benzoyl peroxide as initiator, melt isotatic polypropylen (iPP) was grafted with styrene (St) by reactive extrusion process. The effects of St concentration on oscillatory shear rheology, foaming and thermal properties were comparatively evaluated. That Sts were grafted onto PP was comfirmed by FTIR, GPC and MFR. The results of DSC showed that the crystallization temperatures of grafted PPs were higher than that of iPP (maximum 15.4℃). The rheological characteristics of grafted PPs such as higher storage modulus (G'), the obvious shear thinning, a plateat in tan δ-ω plot at low frequency proved that the long chain branches have been added to the PP molecules. As the melt flow rate of grafted PP was reduced, i.e. the melt strength increased, the bubble pore of grafted PP was more regular than that of iPP.

The functional carbon nanotubes(CNTs) under different acid treatment conditions are systematically characterized with Boehm’s titration method and the N₂ adsorption method using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and specific surface area and pore size analyzer. The results show that the functionalized CNTs and pristine CNTs are characterized with aggressive meso-and large pores. Acid treatment increases the pore volume and specific surface area of these pores. The created functional groups jam the micropores and opened inner hollow pores. Such effect becomes drastically with the increasing of the amount of functional groups. The effects of total acid amount on specific surface area were also investigated and the optimal value is about 1 mmol·g^-1.

As a green method for materials synthesis, hydrothermal method has the advantage of low cost, low pollution and energy save and becomes more and more popular on synthesis of nano composite cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. In this work, high performance LiFePO₄/C nano composite material obtained by adjust the pH value, temperature and time of the hydrothermal reaction.

So far Fe-based ionic liquids have been extensively concerned in both fundamental studies and application fields. In the point of raw material differences for the preparation of Fe-based ionic liquids, the preparation process and phenomena of Fe-based ionic liquids in aqueous phase and air were studied systemically with different raw material mole ratios. A green technology of the recycling reuse of aqueous residual solution for the re-preparation of Fe-based ionic liquids with zero discharge was established. The possible transfer conditions of the Fe-based ionic liquids from different preparation raw materials with use of anhydrous ferric chloride and hexahydrated ferric chloride was explored, which can give some references for understanding and promoting the researches and applications of Fe-based ionic lqiuds.