Translocation of charged biological macromolecules such as DNA across biological membranes through a nanopore is one of the most crucial elementary processes of life.Study on the translocation of DNA is helpful to understand the molecular mechanism of life and explore its potential application in rapid DNA sequencing, gene therapy, drug delivery and so on.In this paper, the progresses in the investigation of translocation process of DNA through nanopore by using single-molecule electrophysiology experiments, theory of polymer transport and molecular simulations are reviewed.The translocation dynamics of DNA and its mechanism are paid more attention to, especially, the scaling relationship of translocation time with molecular weight.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation(Anammox)is an important discovery in the field of microbiology and environmental science and is of scientific and practical valuable.It has been proved that both nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria are also of Anammox activity in addition to planctomycetes known as Anammox bacteria early.To use anaerobic granular and nitrifying sludges, as well as autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrifying sludges as insition, Anammox reactor can be successfully started up.Four phases i.e.bacterial lysis phase, lag phase, exponential growth phase and stationary phase are emerged successively during the start-up, and so the start-up process can be regulated and controlled in time.Super high efficiency of Anammox reactor at both lab-scale and full-scale has been demonstrated with average volumetric nitrogen removal rate of 50.75 kg•m^-3•d^-1 and 9.50 kg•m^-3•d^-1, respectively.

The liquid mixing in a pitched blade stirred tank was studied by the non-intrusive planar laser induced fluorescence technique.The mixing behavior in the centric and eccentric stirring operations was evaluated with the parameters such as the uniformity index and the 95% mixing time calculated based on the measured tracer concentration distribution.The results show that the eccentric operation exhibits better mixing performance than the centric operation, owing to its asymmetrical flow.The mixing time is a local variable, depending on the monitoring point, but the variation in the mixing time is small in the eccentric stirred tank.

An emulated mold with a circular cavity was built for the better understanding of the melt flow behavior of water-assisted injection molding process.Tracer technique was used for showing the melt flow.The cavity was filled alternately with red and green polypropylene tablets.After the mold was heated to make these tablets melt completely, water was injected into the melt to fill the cavity.The melt flow patterns were visualized under high-pressure water.The results show that the instabilities of water penetration into the melt from the water injector are caused by the high-viscosity melt around the injector, the melt near the mold wall flows back during the primary penetration, and the back flows become weaker and weaker along the penetration direction of water.The melt shrinkage during the secondary penetration is an approximately linear decrease process, and the melt shear flow is weaker than that during the primary penetration.At the same time, the fountain flow may occur in the melt front of water.

A model of through-hole capillary burst valve (CBV)is provided with the theory of contact line.The CBV is affected by the dynamic contact angle, expansion angle and advanced contact angle.The requirement for the model is confirmed by the experiment and numerical simulation.Based on the experimental data, a one-dimension model is presented to design the CBV where the flow is perpendicular to the coming flow channel.A new convergent through-hole CBV is designed.When the length of the coming flow channel is larger than 4mm, the CBV is not affected by the degree of the expansion angle of CBV.The experiment with deionized water shows that the CBV with 20 μm height still works well when the capillary number is as high as 4.0×10^-3.The CBV designed has the merit that it is easier to meet the requirement for manufacturing the expansion angle of the through-hole.

For the condenser in a 135 MW direct air-cooling condenser system in Northwest China, the effect of solar radiation on the operation of the condenser system was investigated theoretically.Based statistical data over a period of 21 years (1979 to 2000),the monthly averaged midday solar radiation was obtained, and its effect on the heat load and back pressure were investigated based on the constant turbine outflow and monthly average day temperature of enviroment.The variation of azimuthal angle has little effect on the monthly average heat load from the solar radiation.The monthly average heat load from the solar radiation increases in a 5-month period (January to May)reaching 371.75 kW in May and then decreasing.The changing trend is consistent with that of the monthly average day sunshine time.For the azimuthal angle of 0°, the back pressure increases over a 7-month period (January to July)at the same environmental temperature, with the maximum increment reaching 0.2097 kPa in July, and then decreases over a 5-month period (August to December）.The changing trend is consistent with that of the monthly average day temperature of environment, and the back pressure is significantly affected by the environmental temperature.

Due to the advantage of large latent heat and isothermal behavior during the phase change process, solid-liquid phase change material (PCM)can be well applied in the passive thermal design for thermal control unit (TCU)of portable electronic devices.However, PCM has a major drawback of low thermal conductivity, leading to low charging and discharging rates and bad TCU performance.Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the PCM conductivity to improve the TCU thermal performance.A two-dimension mathematical model of TCU filled with foam-PCM composite material (FCPCM)was presented, and numerical simulation was conducted to analyze the TCU thermal performance.The effect of void was considered in the numerical model for FCPCM heat transfer and equivalent capacity method was used to handle PCM phase change process.The thermal performance of TCU filled with FCPCM was compared to that with fins.Further, the effects of some important parameters on TCU thermal performance were investigated numerically, such as foam porosity, heat source power and foam matrix material.The results show that the FCPCM with aluminum matrix can greatly improve the TCU performance, and the design can provide a reliable solution to electronic thermal control.

Liquid desiccant dehumidification systems are widely used in many industries to meet the needs for air-conditioning, in which the dehumidification tower attracts more attention.In this study, a model for the dehumidification tower, which is recognized by previous experiment, is employed and the corresponding VC++ computer program module is used to describe the heat and mass transfer processes between the liquid desiccant solution and moist air.The orthogonal design is used to arrange the numerical experiment.The results are analyzed by the method of variance analysis to determine the relative significance of operating parameters and the interactions between them.The analysis on the influence factors shows that for the humidity ratio of the outlet air from the dehumidification tower, the important parameters are the inlet temperature and concentration of the solution, the inlet humidity ratio of the air, the mass flow ratio of dry air to dehydrated desiccant, and the NTU.For the dehumidification efficiency, only the mass flow ratio of dry air to dehydrated desiccant and the NTU are important parameters.There is no interaction that influences the humidity ratio of the outlet air and the dehumidification efficiency significantly.

The feasibility of using Sn-doped Al-Ni alloy powder as low-cost cathode catalyst for H2 production in microbial electrolysis cells (MEC)was studied.The synergism of Ni, Al and Sn could improve the hydrogen selectivity of catalyst.SEM photographs showed that Ni-Al-Sn alloy powders had a single morphology when the content of Sn was 0 , 5%, 10%, while two different appearances could be found when the content of Sn was 15%.XRD patterns indicated that only Ni-Al-Sn alloy phase could be detected in 0 , 5%, 10% Sn-doped Ni-Al alloy powders, while Sn could be detected besides the alloy phase for 15% Sn-doped Ni-Al alloy powders.Compared with platinum catalyst, although the alloy catalyst produced more slowly hydrogen gas, it had higher selectivity of hydrogen.The catalyst containing 50% Ni, 45% Al, 5% Sn was the better catalyst for H₂ production from MEC.MEC could replace the anaerobic system and produce hydrogen in the process of wastewater treatment.

Bimetallic La and V incorporated MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized at hydrothermal condition and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetry (TG), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis)and N2 adsorption techniques.The results indicated that all the samples exhibited typical hexagonal arrangement of mesoporous structure with high surface area and the heteroatoms were, at least in some extent, incorporated into the framework of MCM-41.Catalytic performances of the obtained materials were evaluated in the hydroxylation of phenol with H2O2.The results showed that the La-V-MCM-41 catalyst had higher activity and selectivity compared with the TS-1 catalyst.By addition of metal La, not only the utilization efficiency of H2O2 improved, but also the content of hydroquinone increased.La-V-MCM-41 catalysts could be regenerated and reused by calcination.

The kinetics of catalytic hydrogenation of rosin on Raney nickel catalyst was investigated in a FYX-2G high-pressure agitated autoclave at 423—453K and 4.0—7.0 MPa.The external diffusion effect was eliminated by adding 200# solvent oil, increasing rotational speed and improving the type of stirrer so that the reaction was in the region under chemical kinetics control.Then kinetics data were collected.The results showed that hydrogenation of abietic-acid on Raney nickel catalyst to abietenoic-acid and abietanoec-acid is a parallel reaction.A suitable reaction mechanism was selected from 17 probable reaction mechanism models, i.e.the absorption of atomic hydrogen with reaction between atomically absorbed hydrogen on catalyst surface and the main component of rosin abietic-acid could be the controlling step.The activated energy of abietenoic-acid and abietanoec-acid were 47.18 kJ•mol-1 and 106.35 kJ·mol^-1, respectively.

The production of chemicals or fuels from renewable biomass resources especially cellulose has attracted much attention because of the worldwide demand for less dependence on fossil resources. However, the direct utilization of cellulose is still a challenge because of its robust crystalline structure.Herein,the hydrogenation of cellobiose,a typical cellulose, over carbon nanotube supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/CNT) was reported.The mechanism of cellobiose conversion was proposed and the kinetic equation was obtained.Based on the kinetic experiments carried out in the range 120—185℃ under 5.0 MPa H2, the reaction rate constants and activation energies of each reaction step in cellobiose hydrogenation were obtained with MATLAB, in which the activation energy for hydrolysis and hydrogenolysis of cellobiose was estimated as 147.1 kJ·mol^-1 and 71.2 kJ·mol^-1, respectively.The obtained kinetic model and some general rules on the catalytic hydrogenation of cellobiose may provide important data for efficient utilization of cellulose.

In order to explore the feasibility of one-pot preparation of methyl levulinate (MLA)from biomass catalyzed by dilute sulfuric acid in near-critical methanol, the kinetics of MLA production were investigated at initial glucose concentration of 10—30 mg·ml^-1, temperature range from 160 ℃ to 190 ℃, and sulfuric acid concentration between 0.01—0.06 mol·L^-1.The results show that reaction temperature has a significant effect on the selectivity of MLA and higher yield of MLA is obtained at higher temperature.With the first-order kinetic equations, the activation energies evaluated are 107.5 kJ·mol^-1 and 68.4kJ·mol^-1, and the reaction orders to H⁺ concentration are 0.981 and 0.953 for main and side alcoholysis reactions of glucose, respectively.The paper demonstrates that the one-pot process is promising for MLA production catalyzed by dilute sulfuric acid in near-critical methanol.

Two kinds of reverse osmosis (RO)membrane for brackish water (BW)and sea water (SW)were prepared with trimesoyl chloride (TMC)and m-phenylenediamine (MPD)on the polysulphone supporting film through interfacial polymerization technique.The membranes were compared using permeation experiments with salt water, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS)and atomic force microscopy (AFM）.The study shows that SWRO membrane has higher rejection for NaCl but low flux for water compared to the BWRO membrane, because the surface of SWRO membrane contains more hydrophilic group (—COOH)according to the XPS result, and presents lower roughness according to the result of SEM and AFM.

The isosteric heat of adsorption of thiophene on faujasite-type zeolites, siliceous faujasite and NaY (Si∶Al=2.43)is studied by grand canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC)simulations, with different loadings of the sorbate.The simulated results are in excellent agreement with the experimental data.The contributions of short-range and long-range interactions to the heat of adsorption are discussed and the host/guest pair distribution functions (PDFs)in the MC simulations are analyzed.The analysis on the interaction energy of host/guest shows that the short-range dispersion energy dominates the adsorption of thiophene on FAU-type zeolites.A new site is revealed for thiophene and sodium ions in NaY which is different with that in siliceous Y.The sodium ions strengthen the interaction in adsorption.Electrostatic interactions and dispersion energies between sodium ions and thiophene are important factors for the heat of adsorption.The pair distribution functions of thiophene in NaY show more details of the specific sites of thiophene in NaY.

The adsorption and thermal desorption dynamics of water vapor and carbon dioxide in a temperature swing adsorption (TSA)purification system with a two-layer bed of zeolite 13X and activated were studied in this work.The simulation was based on the linear driving force mass transfer approximation and non-adiabatic model for the one dimensional and dilute system.The modified model, which can describe Type Ⅱ isotherm of water vapor, was used to fit the adsorption equilibrium data and estimate the adsorption equilibrium for the mixture of water vapor and carbon dioxide.The simulation results were in good agreement with the data from a commercial scale TSA unit.Under a wide range of operation conditions, the bed temperature and concentration profiles, the effluence and breakthrough of adsorption were studied.

Membrane thickness has significant effect on permeability of membrane.In this work the membrane thickness gradient of isoflux ceramic membrane was calculated with the Navier-Stokes and Darcy equations,which governed the bulk flow and the flow through the membrane, respectively.The specific resistance of porous medium was calculated by Konzey-Carmen equation.The results showed that the membrane thickness was approximately linear to the distance in axial direction.The cross-flow velocity had a significant influence on the membrane thickness gradient along the axial direction, so it is necessary to choose different membrane thickness gradient along the axial direction to obtain uniform trans-membrane pressure at different cross-flow velocity.The effects of pressure and temperature were relatively insignificant.The result of this study may provide guidance on membrane preparation and application.

In order to obtain energy efficiency value of ethylene plants, multivariate time series data linear minimum variance optimal fusion algorithm based on k-means clustering was proposed.The improved k-means clustering algorithm was adopted to analyze time-series data of energy consumption of ethylene unit with related multi-variables.So the various groups and cluster centers could be obtained, and the calculation of each variable variance in all kinds of groups was provided based on cluster centers.And then comprehensive vector-weighting was used to fuse all clustering centers, and realize multi-dimensional data virtual benchmarking of energy efficiency value of ethylene plants.Virtual benchmarking and multi-dimensional data about energy efficiency were shown by multi-dimensional energy efficiency value Radar curve.The operational status and operational levels were revealed directly, and the main reason for energy consumption was easily identified to improve energy efficiency.The proposed algorithm provided a method of energy consumption evaluation not only for ethylene plants, but also for other process plants.

Soft sensor technology has attracted wide attention as an important method for the acquisition of critical quality variables in chemical processes.The researches on soft sensor nowadays mainly focus on the modeling technique.However, due to the complexity and diversity of chemical processes, there are always unsatisfactory results, such as unstable estimations, large random mistakes and so on, when using soft sensor models to directly estimate the critical quality variables.Aimed at this problem, several ameliorative algorithms have been reported, but they still have drawbacks of heavy calculation burden and poor applicability.Thus the authors propose a new soft sensor method, the output data fusion soft sensor design method based on adaptive extended Kalman filter (EKF)algorithm, which fuses the model estimations and field measurements to calibrate the deviations in modeling results by Kalman filtering.And a noise statistics estimator with attenuation factors is also developed under the condition of data fusion soft sensor.By integrating the noise estimator with EKF algorithm, an adaptive extended Kalman filter is constructed, which can effectively improve the accuracy and anti-interference capability of the EKF-based data fusion soft sensor.The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is analyzed in depth through simulations.The algorithm is also used in a lab experiment to validate its practicability and applicability.

This paper deals with the synthesis of heat integrated mass exchanger networks by mathematical programming approach based on stage-wise superstructure representation.A design strategy was proposed after analyzing all the parameters connecting mass exchanger networks (MEN)with heat exchanger networks (HEN）.Those parameters were discretized and then combined to obtain multiple options.In each option, a step-wise method was used.First, MEN was synthesized, targeting minimum total annual cost (TAC)of MEN by the superstructure-based approach.Second, the HEN whose data were obtained from the MEN in the first step was synthesized by solving modified HEN non-linear programming (NLP)based on HEN stage-wise superstructure.Then the TACs of two networks were summed up to obtain minimum TAC of the whole network in each option.Finally the TACs of all options were compared and the option with the lowest TAC of heat integrated mass exchanger network was chosen as the best one.Two examples were examined to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.

In the design of water-using networks of multiple contaminants, there are two key steps: determining the process executing order and allocating the process streams.In this paper, a new concept, overall concentration potential of demand (OCPD)for the process stream is proposed.The OCPD of a stream reflects the concentration order of a stream compared to all the other streams (including both demand streams and source streams）.Compared to the concentration potential concept proposed by Liu et al(2009), OCPD can compare the concentration order of a demand stream and that of a source stream.In the design, the process executing order is determined by the values of OCPDs of the demand streams.The process with the lowest inlet OCPD is executed first.When satisfying a demand stream of the process being executed, the source stream with the largest quasi-allocation amount, which is defined in this paper, is used first.A few literature examples are investigated.The results show that the amounts of fresh water consumptions are very close to the minimum fresh water targets, the structures of the designs obtained in this work are not complex compared to that obtained in the literature, and the calculation of the proposed method is very simple.

The moving bed reactor of the continuous solid-state polymerization (SSP)process for PET is a kind of distributed parameter system.The model parameters are easy to become inaccurate and uncertain due to the modeling simplification and time-varying property, which leads to the state estimation error.An adaptive joint estimator for the SSP process is designed based on the ISR-UKF for the real-time parameter and state estimation, following the orthogonal collocation method to discretize the process model described by partial differential equations.Experiment and simulation results show the estimator can produce reasonable parameter estimate values and have excellent state track capability and good stability.The approximate frequency factor and active energy and the efficiency coefficient dynamics with the reaction temperature are obtained by the joint estimator, which shows the joint estimator can be well used for practical applications.

Failure behaviors of the organic coating system, zinc-rich epoxy primer/epoxy coating with mica iron/acrylic polyurethane topcoat, in corrosive media, including 3.5% NaCl solution, 3.5% NaCl solution + UV radiation, moist heat and salt spray, were studied with electrochemistry impedance spectra (EIS）.The relationships between coating resistance and phase angle were analyzed.The results indicated that phase angle at middle frequency of 10 Hz and coating resistance showed similar decreasing tendencies, hence these phase angle parameters may be used as quick measurements to evaluate coating performance.The order of the damaging effect of the four corrosive environments on carbon steel was 3.5% NaCl solution < salt spray < moist heat < 3.5% NaCl solution + UV radiation.

Carbon microspheres (CMSs) were first oxidized with a mixture of concentrated H₂O₂ and HNO₃, and alkali treatment onto the CMSs surface was perfomed by ionization with NaOH solution.The morphologies of all samples were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis.The dispersibility of CMSs before and after modification in different solvents was studied.The results showed that the products were of rough surface and CMSs-(COONa)_n ionic compound was formed after acid-and-alkali treatment.Their stability gradually changed from nonreactivity to hydrophilicity; but the properties of CMSs treated simply by NaOH without acid oxidation treatment 〖JP2〗were hardly improved and the products were hardly dispersed in organic solvents as a result of good ionization.

The hydrolysis process of bamboo pre-extracted with hot water by enzyme was studied.It was found that the efficiency of hydrolysis to glucose by enzyme was much higher for pre-extracted bamboo than for original one, because its structure was loosened up.The glucose formed increased by about 43% and 215%, respectively, when the H factor in pre-extraction with hot water was 1000 and 2000, and enzymolysis time 24 h.The optimum H factor was 2000.The content of glucose formed was increase with initial concentration of enzyme used, but not be proportional.The process that is the effect of initial concentration of enzyme and enzymolysis time on glucose formation can be simulated by a hyperbolic model.

The effect of succus bambusae on bamboo hemicellulose yellowing was studied.Their surface morphology and chemical composition were characterized by AFM (atomic force microscope)and XPS (or ESCA,electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis), which can provide the basis for obtaining high-yield of bamboo pulp yellowing.The results showed that the color of hemicellulose separated from raw material changed from white to light brown after adding succus bambusae into it, due to the adsorption of succus bambusae on the hemicellulose surface as indicated by SEM and AFM, and that the structure of succus bambusae on the surface hemicellulose could be varied by UV-light irradiation as demonstrated by XPS.So, the deposition of succus bambusae materials on the hemicellulose surface can decrease whiteness of bamboo pulp, while photo-aging can extend hemicellulose yellowing of bamboo pulp.

α-pinene from simulating waste gas was degraded by vacuum ultraviolet in a spiral photo-reactor at various process parameters, media and active radicals, and the effects of them on the removal efficiency were studied systematically.The results showed that the efficiency gradually decreased with increasing flow rate and inlet concentration, and was of the maximum value 39.003 mg·m^-3·s^-1 at 15 s of residence time.It was also found that the removal efficiency followed first order kinetics at low concentration whose rate constant was affected more by the reaction medium and reached the maximum 0.0520 s^-1 at air with 35%—45% relative humidity, and second order kinetics at high concentration.In the system of photo-degradation there existed two kinds of strong oxidizer, hydroxyl radical and ozone, that were detected indirectly or directly.Although hydroxyl radicals reacted with α-pinene first, ozone played significant role for the removal of α-pinene.The photo-degradation products were mainly low weight molecule organic aldehydes, ketones and acids, which were of better water-solubility.

The electrodeionization process (EDI)with frequent polarity reversal, consisting of dilute and concentrate compartments both filled by ion-exchange resins, was developed to avert the difficult problem of deposit of metal hydroxide in treating heavy metal ions-containing solution.With feed of dilute NiSO4 solution, using operation processing: partial circulation of concentrate stream and successive switching of dilute and concentrate streams, both the high retention rate of desalination water and high concentrating ratio of concentrated product water were achieved just in a single process of EDIR.The best separation could be attained when the period of polarity reversal was 4 h.For NiSO4 solution feed containing 50 mg·L^-1 Ni ²⁺ and pH of 3.0, the Ni ²⁺ concentration in exit dilute and concentrate streams could reach 1.5 mg·L^-1 and 3961 mg·L^-1, and the efficiency of Ni ²⁺ removal was 97% and the concentrating ratio 79.2, respectively, approaching theoretical value.In the experimental range, the EDIR process could be operated with good stability and without Ni (OH)₂ deposit.

A two-dimensional full cell mathematic model for PEMFC with conventional parallel flow field was developed.In this model, the transport of the two charged species, electrons and ions, as well as that of the chemical species in MEA was considered.The model treated the catalyst layers as spherical agglomerates of polymer electrolyte coated catalyst particles.Different parameters for polymer electrolyte content in agglomerate and catalyst layer porosity were employed under different cell voltage.The polarization curves predicted at base case by the model agreed well with the published experimental data.Profile of chemical species and current density within MEA in running state was investigated respectively.The influences of pressure and sizes of Pt particles in catalyst on the fuel cell performance were also investigated.The simulation results showed the mass transport and reaction phenomena in MEA, suggested that water draining at cathode and gas humidification at anode is important to maintain the performance of single cell.The results indicated that high pressure of cathode inlet gas was good for PEMFC single cell performance, especially running under low cell voltage.It also indicated that within the same Pt loading, the fuel cell performance is better at smaller Pt particle size.

Al substituted nickel hydroxide with interlayer SO^-4 or NO^-3 were synthesized by chemical coprecipitation method and their microstructure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)and scanning electron microscopy (SEM）.The electrochemical performance of these samples was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedence spectroscopy (EIS)and charge-discharge test.The results showed that better reaction reversibility, higher proton diffuse coefficient and discharge capacity were obtained for the nickel hydroxide with interlayer NO-3 than for that with interlayer SO^-4.

ZnS nanorods array on zinc foil was prepared through a solvothermal synthesis route using zinc foil as zinc source and substrate.ZnS nanorods grew along the ［001］ direction which was perpendicular to the substrate.X-ray diffraction（XRD）and scanning electron microscope（SEM）were used to characterize the as-prepared nanorods array grown under different conditions.UV-Vis diffuse-reflectance spectra of the ZnS nanorods array were also performed by using Shimadzu UV-2550.The results showed well crystalline ZnS nanorods when temperature was 180℃，and reaction time was 8 h.The band-edge absorption of ZnS nanorods array was located at 347 nm，corresponding to the band gap of 3.47 eV.The chemical reaction mechanism of ZnS nanorods formed was discussed.

LiFePO4, as cathode material of lithium ion batteries, which was suitable for discharge at high current density, was prepared by carbon-coating and Cu2+-doping modification of pure LiFePO4 synthesized from self-prepared Li3PO4 and FeSO4&#8226;7H2O at hydrothermal condition.The effects of hydrothermal temperature on electrochemical property and its phase composition, structure and morphology, characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were studied.The electrochemical performance of Cu ²⁺ -doped samples at room and low temperature was also investigated.The results show that the carbon-coating composite LiFePO4/C (LFP/C)synthesized hydrothermally at 200℃ for 24 h is of specific capacity of 140.7 mAh·g^-1 under discharge current density of 1C (150 mA·g^-1）. The performance could be further improved after LFP200/C was doped by Cu ²⁺ , i.e.the specific capacity was 150.3mAh·g^-1 and 108.7mAh·g-1 at room temperature with discharge current density 1 C and 10 C, and 97 mAh·g^-1 at -30℃, respectively.

A new type of hydrophilic monomer N-(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropionate sodium (AAA-Na) was synthesized by the Michael addition reaction using ethylene diamine and methyl acrylate as raw materials.Polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) with solid content above 40% were synthesized by the acetone process using N-(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropionate sodium(AAA-Na) as hydrophilic monomer, poly(1,4- butanediol adipate) (PBA), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), ethylene diamine (EDA) and diethanolamine (DEA) as raw materials.The zeta potentials of PUDs were between -40 mV and -60 mV and displayed excellent stabilization.When hydrophilic group content (HGC) increased, average particle size decreased, particle size distributions narrowed and viscosity increased.TEM analysis showed spherical shapes of the particles with different sizes and multivariate distribution.Tensile stress of PUD films all exceeded 17 MPa, tensile strain was about 1400%, Shore hardness all exceeded 80 and water absorption was all under 10%.TGA showed that initial decomposition temperature of PUD films was about 270℃, and decomposition completed basically at 500℃.

4,1′,6′-Trichloro-2,3,6,3′,4′-sucrose pentaacetate（TOSPA）,as the key intermediate of sucralose , was synthesized by chlorination which treated with thionyl chloride and catalyst TEBA.The yield was up to 90% by applying the optimized conditions ［SOCl2 150% (mol), toluene, 90℃, 6 h］which was explored by the two important factors including amount of thionyl chloride and reaction temperature.The TOSPA complex was formed by mono-TOSPA and mono-toluene which was characterized by X-ray,H NMR, IR and EA.The TOSPA with high purity was obtained by separation utilizing the complex physical characteristic. The process is of potential for industrial application.

Microcapsules containing a self-healing agent may be incorporated into functional materials to maintain their mechanical strength after a crack is generated.Such microcapsules should have optimum mechanical strength.In this work, microcapsules were formulated by encapsulating dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)with a shell of melamine formaldehyde (MF)in in-situ polymerization.The mechanical properties of the microcapsules prepared under two different conditions were investigated with micromanipulation by compressing and holding, compressing and releasing, and compressing to rupture at 2 μm·s^-1 probe moving speed and （23±0.50）℃.

The rare metal La and Zn codoped α-nickel hydroxide was prepared by the urea precipitation method.The microstructure and composition of the sample were characterized by XRD, EDS, IR and TG-DSC.The electrochemical properties were also investigated when the sample codoped with La and Zn was made as the nickel electrode active material, and the MH-Ni battery was assembled.The results showed that the sample had a relatively larger interlayer distance and contained many structurally bonded water molecules, and the electrochemical reaction impedance was reduced.At 0.1 C charge-discharge rate, the discharge specific capacity reached 372.85 mAh·g^-1 when the end potential was 1.0 V, simultaneously its discharge mediate potential was higher and maintained at 1.30 V.In addition, the discharge specific capacity of the sample could reach 344.07 mAh·g^-1 at 1 C rate, and the capacity still remained 93.04% of the sample after 30 cycles.It demonstrated better high-rate discharge performance,and increased cycling and structural stability.

A novel water-borne epoxy acrylic resin (EA)with photoinitiator was synthesized by grafting maleic anhydride (MAH)and a new photoinitiator HTBP prepared by the reaction of 4-hydroxy benzophenone (4-HBP)and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI）.The structures of HTBP and graft polymers were characterized by H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy.Curing time and adhesion were evaluated according to industrial standard.The film hardness was measured by GB 6739—86 (China）.The thermal properties were characterized by TGA.Adhesion and thermal properties of the grafting system were improved compared with blending system, because of good compatibility between photoinitiaor and resin.Due to the same reason, the hardness of the film could be up to 4H.Above all, the new modified resin could avoid the photolysis fragments that might cause toxicity, which meant less environment pollution and more applications.

Dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) is a typical non-equilibrium gas discharge with AC at low temperature and atmospheric pressure.In this paper the influence of DBD plasma on the crystallization of Cu(NO₃)_2· 3H₂O is investigated.The experimental results show that DBD plasma has great influence on inducing the primary nucleation thus greatly reducing the nucleation time.Moreover, by applying DBD plasma, the morphology of Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O was controlled during crystallization.In crystallization without DBD treatment, quadrilateral Cu(NO3)_2·3H₂O crystals were preferentially produced.However, if DBD plasma was applied during the nucleation process, the typical quadrilateral forms of crystal seeds transform to hexagonal crystals.The hexagonal crystals can grow to either hexagonal prism without further DBD plasma treatment or unique contact-twinned shaped hexangular star form under the environment of DBD plasma.

Massive release of sour gas and dispersion of fatal hydrogen sulfide brought about by gas sweetening unit leakage are a major threat to the safety of sour gas processing plant.By analyzing the leakage and atmospheric conditions, the scene of accident, caused by the leakiness of gas sweetening unit, were determined.Based on large eddy simulation of turbulent flows, H₂S dispersion in complex terrain was simulated.The peak time for accident was estimated, hazard regions were ranked and the influences of terrain on dispersion could be summarized as spatial obstacle, channeling and aggregation.Dose-response relationship for acute H₂S poisoning was used to assess the cumulative effects of H₂S on the public and calculate the lethal percentages.The maximum distances, downwind deflection angles, maximum widths and areas of the lethal regions were obtained.The application in one sour gas processing plant in mountainous area shows that the accident will cause high death risk around the plant and adjacent road, and not lead to mortality in the nearby residential area and planned highway.Based on the features of the accident, recommendations to establishing emergency planning zone, taking immediate shelter and implementing priority relief are suggested for emergency response.