The numerical simulation of spray combustion is widely encountered in power engineering，transportation，chemical and metallurgical，aeronautical and astronautical engineering. In recent years，the large-eddy simulation（LES）becomes more important not only in fundamental studies，but also in engineering application，especially in the modeling of spray combustion in internal combustion engines and gas-turbine combustors. LES can give the detailed development of flow and combustion processes and its statistical results are more accurate than those given by the RANS modeling; hence it is considered as a perspective CFD method. However，some problems，such as the sub-grid scale models and detailed experimental validation，remain to be solved. In this paper，

Vapor pressure data of binary and ternary systems of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), DMSO-H₂O, and DMSO-DMF-H₂O were measured at various temperature and concentrations by using a quasi-static ebulliometer method. The experimental data of the binary systems were correlated by NRTL model, and the resulting binary parameters were used to predict the vapor pressure data for the ternary system with good accuracy. Furthermore, the isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE)of DMSO-DMF-H₂O systems was predicted by NRTL model. It is showed that with the addition of small amount of DMF the shift of VLE curve is insignificant, implying its negligible effect on the distillation separation of DMSO-H₂O mixture. Hence, DMF may be utilized as a stabilizer in the distillation separation process of DMSO-H₂O system.

The identification of the boundary geometry is an important branch of the inverse heat conduction problem and is the theoretical basis for the development of thermographic non-destructive inspection technique from the qualitative to quantitative status. For the inverse geometry conduction problem, the boundary of the computational domain has to be updated during the iterative process, which will obviously increase the complexity of the algorithm and the computational time needed. This paper presents a new boundary identification algorithm based on the estimation of the effective thermal conductivity. The method, which converts the boundary estimation in an irregular-shaped computational domain to the identification of the effective thermal conductivity in a regular-shaped domain, can obviously reduce both the complexity and computational time needed for the inverse boundary identification problem. Numerical experiments have certified the effectiveness of the method. The initial boundary guess and the temperature measurement error have no obvious effect on the boundary identification result of the plate.

An autoregressive model (AR model) based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and independent component analysis (ICA) was applied to identify gas-liquid two-phase flow regime. The dynamic differential pressure signals coming from Venturi tube were first processed with normalization and EMD. The intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) with high frequency component were denoised by wavelet packet. Then the dimension of IMFs was reduced through ICA. The independent components obtained from ICA were selected to establish the AR model. With model analysis, the coefficients and the variances of residual errors were defined as the eigenvector, and templates of different flow regimes were established. The flow regime was identified by calculating the synthetic Mahalanobis distance of eigenvectors between template and pressure fluctuation signal. The experimental results of gas-liquid two-phase flow in horizontal pipes with 40 mm inner diameter manifest that this method can identify bubble flow, slug flow and plug flow with an accuracy of 94.3%. This method can be realized easily for identification of flow regime in gas-liquid two-phase flow with less influence of environment.

Based on the structural features, the simplified physical model of the half-coil jacket was proposed. On the boundary condition of constant thermal load, the developed flow field and the temperature field in the half-coil jackets were analyzed by a numerical method. The results were compared with the velocity field measured by the laser Doppler velocimetry and the experimental results reported in the literatures. The effects of the jacket structures and the fluid Prandtl number on the flow and heat transfer characteristics were investigated. The results show that on the laminar condition, there are two eddies of secondary flow on the cross-section of the half-coil jacket. With the increase of curvature k , the value of stream function and the flow resistance increase while the intensity of secondary flow eddies enhances. The secondary flow can enhance the heat transfer in the half-coil jacket. On the condition of a larger k value and a smaller Pr , the relative effect of secondary flow on the heat transfer enhancement is more evidence. With the increase of k or Pr , the heat transfer in the jackets can be enhanced, but the effects of k and Pr on the heat transfer enhancement are different. The center of the heat transfer surface in the jacket is the critical area which should be enhanced for heat transfer.

Based on the theory of independent control for temperature and humidity, according to the climatic conditions in hot-humid areas, the natural cold water is used for pretreatment of fresh air, so as to decrease the air temperature and moisture at the inlet of dehumidifier. The indoor exhaust is used as regeneration air and the solar energy is used as regeneration heat source to regenerate desiccant. In this study, a compound solar liquid desiccant air-conditioning system (CSLDAS) is designed, and heat-mass transfer equations are established. The performances of dehumidification/regeneration and energy consumption of CSLDAS are analyzed with numerical simulation. Results indicate that the CSLDAS can use a variety of renewable energy, reduce the energy consumption effectively, enhance the dehumidification/regeneration capacity of the dehumidifier/regenerator, and reduce the dependence on solar radiation intensity. This study may provide theoretical guidance of energy conservation design for liquid desiccant air-conditioning in hot-humid areas.

To explore the coupled effect of heat and mass transfer, the coupled model of heat and mass transfer for a fixed bed adsorption process was established according to the Soret effect and the Dufour effect theory. Numerical analysis methods were adopted to discuss the influences of heat transfer coefficients, mass transfer coefficients, and the coupled effect of heat and mass transfer on the fixed bed adsorption process respectively. Results have shown that heat transfer coefficients have little effect on mass transfer. To the degree of influence on the temperature field, the greatest is the heat transfer coefficient, followed by the axial thermal conductivity, the smallest is the external heat transfer coefficient.  The mass transfer coefficients have some impact on the heat transfer and the mass transfer effect caused by the temperature gradient is more obvious than the heat transfer effect caused by the concentration gradient.

A transient two-phase and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation within the Eulerian framework has been carried out to investigate the influence of drag models on the radial gas hold-up profile of a bubble column. The effect of the sparger modeling is investigated as well. It can be concluded that:(1)the approximate modeling method for the sparger in this work is capable of reasonably predicting the radial gas holdup profile; (2)the CFD simulation with the Tomiyama’s drag model differs little from the Ishii-Zuber drag model at the low superficial velocity, while at the high gas velocity, the former leads to an over-prediction of the gas hold-up profile; (3)the correction factor of drag coefficient has a larger influence on the radial gas holdup profiles for high superficial gas velocity than low velocity.

Supported phosphomolybdic acid catalysts on activated carbon (PMA/C) were prepared by solution impregnation and characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET and TG, and their catalytic performance evaluated for the methoxylation of α-pinene. The results show that PMA disperses on the surface of activated carbon well and is still of Keggin structure. The catalytic activity comes from acidity of supported PMA. The reaction conditions such as reaction time, temperature, PMA loading and mixing ratio of methanol to α-pinene were optimized by orthogonal experiment. The optimum values are:PMA loading 18.8%, PMA/C catalyst 15% (based on the mass of α-pinene), molar ratio of methanol to α-pinene 2∶1, temperature 80℃ and reaction time 8 h. The yield of α-terpinyl methyl ether (TME) is 32.79% under the optimum conditions. TME yield has still 18.86% after catalyst used for 5 times.

Textile industries discharge an amount of wastewater with various azo dyes. The azo bonds, －N＝N－, in azo dyes could be easily degraded into aromatic amines with toxicity to environment. The photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes can lead to the breakage of the azo bonds, forming gaseous nitrogen. In order to intensify the photocatalytic process, the degradation and nitrogen removal of an azo dye was comparatively investigated in a newly designed gas-liquid-solid circulating slurry photocatalytic reactor and a traditional annular photocatalytic reactor. The process parameters were first optimized for the two reactors, respectively, and then a comprehensive performance evaluation of the two reactors was compared under the optimized experimental conditions, with respect to the apparent quantum yield of azo dye degradation, the rate and electrical energy consumption of nitrogen removal. The results indicate that the introduction of air into the gas-liquid-solid circulating slurry reactor results in a lower apparent quantum yield and higher energy consumption of nitrogen removal compared with that in the annular reactor, but can obviously increase the nitrogen removal rate. Therefore, the gas-liquid-solid circulating slurry photoreactor exhibits a potential application in industrial area.

The effect of SO₂ on NO removal by Ca(OH)₂ was investigated at a low temperature. The influence of H₂O and O₂ on the enhancement effect of SO₂ on NO removal was analyzed. The experimental results showed that NO removal was negligible in the absence of SO₂. SO₂ could enhance NO removal. H₂O and O₂ have great influence on the enhancement of SO₂ on NO removal. NO could not be absorbed by Ca(OH)₂ in the absence of O₂, even though a high SO₂  removal could be attained. SO₂ could enhance NO removal when H₂O and O₂ were present in the flue gas simultaneously. CaSO₃, a typical desulfurization reaction product, could not oxidize NO to NO₂. The multi-molecular intermediate species, which could decompose to NO₂, was not formed from the adsorption of NO, H₂O and O₂ on the surface of absorbent. There may be some unstable intermediate species formed from the desulfurization reaction, which can accelerate the reaction of NO and O₂.

In order to develop the technologies of saving energy and the efficient utilization of nature resources in manufacturing chemical products from kelp, a series of experiments of the extraction and purification of mannitol (M) in processing wastewater from kelp products were carried out by means of a setup pilot scale device equipped with two spiral wound modules of the polyamide (PA) nanofiltration (NF) membrane with the total effective area of 6.8 m². The transport phenomena of low molecular weight organics and electrolytes were analyzed. The behaviors of the solute transport in the PA membrane-M-NaCl system were investigated. Also the mechanism of integrative effect considering the preferential penetration and space hinder was developed based on the theory of pore exclusion and Donnan balance. The experiment results showed that the R_M of the two modules was in a high level (about 80%) both in the M aqueous solution and in the M-NaCl mixture solution.  S_NaCl of 69% and 38% for 1^# module and 2^# module were obtained respectively at the feed of 0.8%(mass),and increased with the increasing NaCl concentration. Hence, M was preserved effectively by the membrane while NaCl permeated through the membrane preferentially. The transport of M and NaCl in the NF process was well consistent with the result　predicated on the mechanism of integrative effect. This work offers the theoretical basis for the engineering development of the purification and concentration of M in kelp industry by the NF membrane.

In the caprolactam production process, ammonium sulfate grains inevitably entrain a small amount of amide oil, when the grains settle and separate in the gas-liquid-liquid-solid crystallization reactor. Amide oil entrainment causes waste of caprolactam and pollution of ammonium sulfate. By adding surfactants and changing experimental conditions, the entrainment of amide oil was reduced. The influence of surfactant, pH, temperature, and grain size on adsorption behavior of amide oil on the surface of ammonium sulfate crystal was evaluated from the adsorption equilibrium under shaking. The results show that cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), non-ionic surfactant Tween 80, and the mixture of non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 and DTAB reduce the caprolactam adsorption on the surface of ammonium sulfate crystals, while anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) increase the caprolactam adsorption. In the range of 2—7, pH does not significantly affect the adsorption behavior. Between 50—80℃, amide oil adsorption on the surface of ammonium sulfate increases with temperature. With increasing ammonium sulfate particle size, the adsorption of amide oil decreases.

Turbine steam flow is an important parameter for analyzing turbine operating efficiency. In order to solve such problems as lack of detection information, poor reliability of traditional measurement method, high cost and difficult installation of non-contact measurement method etc., a soft-sensing model based on the cooperative quantum genetic algorithm particle swarm optimization (CQGAPSO) and a well-defined part-connected neural network (NN) was proposed. It could eliminate some adverse effects of approximation ability caused by redundant structure of NN. The amplitude-based coding method and cooperation mechanism improved the learning efficiency, approximation precision and generalization of NN. The soft-sensing experimental results of turbine steam flow showed that the soft-sensing model of turbine steam flow could obtain higher prediction accuracy and greater robustness than the all-connection NN and other models.

To solve the premature convergence problem of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in dealing with complex high dimensional function optimization, a novel hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm merging crossover mutation and chaos (CMCPSO) was proposed. The main approaches included using chaos strategy to initiate positions and velocities of all particles in the design space, introducing crossover operation in each iteration to increase the diversity of particles, breaching the restrictions of local optimization points with a new chaotic disturbance mechanism and mutation operation during the later computation period. Four standard test functions were selected to have a simulation study on the proposed algorithm. The results showed that CMCPSO had a fast convergence rate and effective global optimization ability.

A self-adaptive evolutionary algorithm called SaAEA algorithm was proposed. SaAEA algorithm evolved between two levels, that is, the individuals evolved by AEA (Alopex-based evolutionary algorithm) algorithm and the parameters evolved by PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm, and eventually made the algorithm parameters achieve self-adaptive adjustment with the population evolution. At the same time, the crossover strategy used in differential evolution algorithm was introduced in AEA algorithm, to alleviate the problem of premature convergence and achieve population diversity, and overcome the disadvantage of falling into local optimum in AEA algorithm. The SaAEA algorithm was tested on 14 benchmark functions, and simulation results demonstrated that the performance of the improved algorithm was greatly improved comparing with the basic AEA algorithm. The new algorithm maintained the population diversity effectively. The solution quality and convergence rate were significantly improved. Finally, the new algorithm was used for the neural network soft sensor modeling for ethylene cracking severity, and a good result was achieved.

A new model for multi-purpose scheduling problem (MSP) in batch process with parallel units was presented. The variables of this model were the sequence of order process steps and order assignment rules in each stage. New strategies of individual representation and mutation in the line-up competition algorithm were proposed to solve the model effectively. Computational results showed that the efficiency of the proposed approach was superior to the method reported in literature and obtained better result, especially, for complex MSP with parallel units. This approach demonstrated promising performance in solving large-scale complex MSP.

Based on the characteristics of gasoline blending optimization, an active constraints aided objective method was proposed. Active constraints were distinguished by the feasible solutions and infeasible solutions in the population of an evolutionary algorithm. With these active constraints, an active constraints aided objective was added to the gasoline blending optimization and the problem was transformed into a multi-objective constrained optimization problem.  This method incorporated the knowledge of active constraints into the selection operation of the evolutionary algorithm to improve its selection efficiency and guide its search away from local optima. The application of the strategy was demonstrated by a case study.

An improved knowledge-based cultural algorithm（IKBCA） was proposed to solve dynamic optimization problem of chemical and biochemical processes. The first step of IKBCA was to discrete time region and control region, and to encode chromosome by taking advantage of soft constraint strategy. The second step was to use the process of iteration: “initialize population”-“evolve control region”-“optimize population” to achieve the optimal control profile. IKBCA inserted genetic algorithm (GA) into the population space and differential evolution algorithm (DE) into the brief space. By analyzing, extracting, and managing three kinds of improved knowledge developed from the individual information computed, the evolutionary process could be well guided. When applied to dynamic optimization problem of three typical chemical processes with distinguishing control features, IKBCA demonstrated a competitive optimal searching ability, and its feasibility and effectiveness were verified for the dynamic nonlinear constrained optimization problem.

Parameter setting optimization in the injection molding process was studied in this paper. Aggressive space mapping method was used to reduce time and cost of the experiment. An improved aggressive space mapping method was proposed to solve the problem when a fairly large difference of the response value space existed between the coarse model and the fine model. A new parameter extraction method was proposed. Aggressive space mapping method and output space mapping method were combined. The differences of both the parameter space and the response value space were taken into account. The proposed method was applied to the Moldflow analysis software, and the product size was used as quality index. Optimal injection molding parameters were obtained with less time and cost.

A new kind of nanofluid was prepared with water and functionalized nanoparticles. The nanofluid can keep a long-term stability and the functionalized nanoparticles will not aggregate even at a high mass concentration. The functionalized nanoparticles have a good solubility in the base fluid. The functionalization was achieved by grafting silanes directly to the surface of silica nanoparticles. The synthesis process was introduced. The thermophysical properties of the new nanofluid were measured. The thermal conductivity of the functionalized nanofluid increases slightly, while its viscosity increases greatly in comparison with the base fluid.

A model for predicting the plating thickness during the citrate alkaline electroplating process was proposed. It was based on the relationships between the coating thickness of copper and electroplating time at different current densities in a given citrate alkaline medium. The results showed a good agreement between the coating thickness data predicted by the present model and the data measured experimentally. Based on the model, an equation was established for calculating the current efficiencies during the process. Such data would be valuable for the process control and optimization during citrate alkaline copper-electroplating.

The slurryability, temperature performance, rheological characteristics and stability of petroleum coke water slurry (PCWS) were studied after adding different additives. The solid concentration of PCWS prepared with different additives was about 70% when the apparent viscosity was at a fixed value of 1000 mPa·s. The apparent viscosity of PCWS decreased as temperature became higher and increased as solid concentration increased. Rheological characteristics and stability of PCWS showed great difference with different additives. PCWS behaved as dilatant fluid and had bad stability with NSM and NC additives. However it behaved as pseudoplastic fluid and had good stability with LS and PS additives. The stability of PCWS became better when solid concentration increased.

Carbon dioxide and methane reforming using a unique DC arc plasma reactor without catalyst could achieve high conversions and selectivity in milliseconds. Very little coke was formed during the course of reaction. Influences of the total flow rate and molar ratio of CO₂ to CH₄ at an input power of 170W were studied to find the optimum operating conditions. Increasing the input energy density promoted the conversions of reactants and reduced the formation of the by-products efficiently. The conversions of CO₂ and CH₄ reached 89.8% and 96.3%, respectively, and the selectivities to H₂ and CO products were 99.6% and 99.3%, respectively, where the mole ratio of CO₂ to CH₄ was 1. Excessive CO₂ could benefit the conversion of CH₄ and result in the high selectivity to syngas. Specific energy requirement (SER) was used to express the energy utilization efficiency of the process, providing a practical guidance on optimization of reaction conditions to increase the energy efficiency.

A new two stage combined gasification process was proposed by the Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, which is of high-performance in reducing carbon dioxide emissions and can make the use of recycling sensible heat to make up the heat recovery deficiency of nowadays’ entrained gasification process. The effect of coal mass adding to the second stage and the gas compositions from the first stage on the heat value of the second stage’s outlet coal gas, the concentration of H₂  and CO, the carbon conversion and the conversion of H₂O and CO₂ in the second gasification stage were examinated at hot-state in a two stage combined coal gasifier. The experiment results showed that this two stage gasification technology could utilize the sensible heat sufficiently and improved heat value of outlet coal gas. The optimized coal mass adding to the second stage was 1400g，which was 10% of the first stage’s coal mass. The excessive adding would result in tar formation and reducing reaction temperature of the coal layer in the second stage. The efficiency of recovery heat became more obvious with the increase of H₂O and CO₂ concentration in the first stage. Furthermore, it made great contribution to the environment with reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

In order to explore the optimal conditions of nitrifying sludge granulation, test was carried out in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) at operation conditions: temperature 28℃, aeration 0.2 m³·h^-1, dissolved oxygen(DO)>2.0 mg·L^-1, sludge age (SRT) 15d, leading to settling time shorten to 2min. The granulation of nitrifying floccular activated sludge was achieved successfully after 80 stable cycles (19d) by parameter control of ammonia oxidation process, by optimization of aerobic time and against over-aeration, and average diameter of sludge granular obtained was between 1.5—2.0 mm. The efficiency of COD and ammonia removal was 80% and 95%, respectively. The nitrite accumulation rate (NO^-₂-N/NO^-_x-N) was over 95%.The quantitative results from fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for molecular biology show that the dominant micro-organism was still AOB, about 17.8% of total bacteria，while NOB only 0.6%. The main factors for stable performance of nitrification were FA inhibition and real-time control.

How to get stable and sufficient nitrite as an electronic acceptor of anammox bacteria is a bottleneck of nitrogen removal in treatment of municipal wastewater by anaerobic ammonium oxidation reaction processes. Therefore, denitrification processes was considered as an alternative to obtain stable nitrite. The nitrite accumulation during denitrification processes was studied in a bench-scale sequencing batch reactor with methanol as carbon source by controlling initial C/N (COD/NO^-₃-N) ratios in influent. The results showed that, the shortage of methanol feed(C/N ratios<3.2) during denitrification process would lead to stable nitrite accumulation that increases with raising of methanol feed(C/N ratios increasing).Nitrite accumulation rate (accumulated nitrite/initial nitrate×100%) is about 25% at C/N ratios 2.4—3.2, only 5.6% at C/N ratio 0.8. The reduction rate of NO^-₂-N and NO^-₃-N goes up with the concentration of COD when C/N ratios<1, and is not affected by COD concentration when C/N ratios≥1.

The variation characteristics of molecular weight (MW) and organic matters in the effluent were studied, respectively sampling from each unit of the advanced water treatment processes, preozonation, conventional water treatment (CWT), and main ozonation/BAC (biological activated carbon).The relationship was established between biological stability and MW of organic matters, and the evaluation was realized for the biological stability of the drinking water quality from advanced water treatment. Results showed that the natural organic matters with high MW in raw water could be oxidized into that with MW less than 1000 by the preozonation process, and the biodegradability of raw water was improved. The CWT process has brought about rate lower in organic matters removal. Effluent organic matters from the CWT process were furthermore decomposed by the main ozonation process, and some organic matters were oxidized into the ones with MW less than 500. The biological stability of the effluent was increased by BAC process, but the removal rate of organic matters with MW less than 1000 was lower. The smaller MW and the worse biological stability of organic matters were, the more difficult they were removed.  These finds provided a theoretical basis for evaluation on biological stability of source water from advanced water treatment processes.

A strain XDF-4 was obtained by isolation from stratum water of oil recovery in Longhupao block of Daqing oil field, and identified as Geobacillus sp. by morphological observation, physiological and biochemical test and 16SrDNA gene sequence analysis. It grows well at 45—75℃, pH 6. 5—9.0 and salt concentration 0—10%, and the optimum conditions was 65℃ and salt concentration 3%. It was found that XDF-4 could utilize crude oil as sole carbon source to synthesize biosurfactant at high temperature and salinity, which could lead to decrease in surface tension of the culture medium from 68.59 mN·m^-1 to 29.58 mN·m^-1 after 7d zymolysis. The results from thin-layer chromatography and chromogenic reaction showed that the biosurfactant produced by XDF-4 involves three main compounds: glycosides 50.26%（mass）, lipids 28. 47%（mass） and protein 15. 35%（

Effect of internal resistance difference (IRD) on the safety performance of lithium-ion battery pack with different attended modes was investigated. The testing indicated that with increase of cycle times, for cell with IRD its internal resistance and housing temperature increased gradually and the discharge capacity decreased unceasingly, leading to continuous enlargement of IRD and the failure of the cell at last. These results indicated that IRD is an important factor affecting the safety performance for lithium-ion battery pack. Compared with normal cell, for a cell pack, the bigger the IRD the worse the safety performance. The safety performance is better for the pack with parallel connection than for that with series connection.

In order to understand the micro-behavior and mass transfer of photosynthetic bacteria (PSB)in an immobilized granule, a visualized microchannels photo-bioreactor was designed to observe the adsorption and film forming of PSB named as Rhodopseudomonas palustris CQK 01. And the effects of substrate concentration and flow rate on hydrogen production and substrate degradation of microchannels photo-bioreactor were investigated. The results showed that the PSB behavior in the microchannels can be divided into four stages: initial diffusion and adsorption, diffusion-adsorption and initial splitting and reproducing of bacteria, dividing-increasing and morphological transformation, and gathering and biofilm forming. With the increase of substrate concentration and flow rate, the rate and yield of hydrogen producing rised first and then fell down, but the substrate conversion monotonically went up with its rate slowed down. The substrate degradation efficiency increased first and then decreased with increase of substrate concentration,and reduced with increase of solution flow rate. At higher substrate concentration and flow rate, substrate inhibition and the loss of biofilm were the main reasons for lower rate and yield of hydrogen production. In the range of present experiments, the optimum substrate concentration and flow rate were 50mmol·L^-1 and 2.1ml·h ^-1 respectively, the maximum rate and yield of hydrogen production were 2.4mmol·(g cell dry mass)^-1 ·h ^-1 and 0.78 mol H₂·(mol sub)^-1 respectively.

By combined electrocatalysis and adsorption method the degradation of wastewater containing phenol was investigated. The influences of current intensity on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr), average current efficiency and energy consumption were studied. The results showed that high current density was favorable for removal of COD_Cr. Considering the average current efficiency and energy consumption, current of 0.6A was chosen to be the suitable current intensity. Electrolyte could remarkably affect the removal of phenol. NaCl exhibited more significant promotion on COD_Cr removal than Na₂SO₄. Activated carbon fiber, based on its adsorption and electrochemical character, was used as cathode material to degrade the phenol. It was found that the removal rate of COD_Cr could reach 90% after 10min treatment by the combination of adsorption and electrocatalysis. The adsorption equilibrium of phenol on activated carbon fiber was coincident with Freundlich isotherm. A kinetic model for COD_Cr removal was established based on the adsorption and electrocatalysis process. The agreement of model prediction and the experimental data was well. The parameter predicted from the kinetic model showed that the adsorption process made more contribution to COD_Cr removal than electrocatalysis.

Self-healing material has been the hot-point of research recently. It is composed of microcapsule with active agent, catalyst for active agent’s fast cross-linking and matrix resin. The application of self-healing material is extremely affected by the mechanical properties of microcapsules, which are determined by the size distribution and shell thickness of self-healing microcapsule. Microcapsule for self-healing materials was formulated with melamine formaldehyde (MF) as shell material and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) as core material by using in situ polymerization in this research. The relationships of size distribution and shell thickness of microcapsule versus pH value, reaction time and agitating rate were investigated with MasterSizer2000 (MS2000) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The results showed that size distribution was worse and shell thickness did not change much when pH value was decreased. Shell thickness increased and size distribution did not change significantly when reaction time was prolonged. Size distribution was better and shell thickness did not change significantly when agitating rate was increased.

For studying the nanoparticle size distribution, under the condition of “long wave-length”, the technical approaches of increasing frequency, increasing frequency band width, and improving ultrasonic stability were used to obtain the exact ultrasonic attenuation spectrum (UAS).A 50MHz broad-band high-frequency ultrasonic transducer was used for measuring the testing sample suspensions of nanoAg with volume fraction of 0.5% by the method of variable acoustic-path and the comparison of the first reverberation which was reflected by the interface between buffer block and suspensions. The broad-band UAS of 25—62 MHz was obtained in the experiment. The particle size distribution of nanoAg was inversed by combining the McClements & BLBL theoretical model and the optimum regularization technique (ORT).The average particle size d₃₂ was 13.69 nm, the size distribution was from 3.414 nm to 24.34 nm, and the lower theoretical measurement limit was 5 nm at the frequency of 50 MHz. The UAS method showed good agreement with TEM (transmission electron microscope) pictures and centrifugal sedimentation particle size analyzer’s measurement, which indicated that measuring nanometer particle size distribution by UAS was feasible and reliable.

2-(2-Acetoxy-5-bromomethylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole with high reactivity was synthesized by two steps: acetylation of hydroxyl group of 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole(UV-P)and bromination of acetylated UV-P with N-bromosuccinimide(NBS).Effects of reaction conditions including solvent, initiator, temperature, reaction time, ratio of the reactants and concentration of acetylated UV-P on the yield of the target product and reaction efficiency were studied. The yield reached 60% under the following optimum conditions: under N₂ atmosphere, CCl₄ as solvent and 2-2-azo-bis-isbutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator, with 1∶1 for the molar ratio of NBS to 2-(2-acetoxy-5-methylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole, and bromination under reflux for 1h. The structure of the product was confirmed by IR, ¹H NMR and MS spectroscopies.

Microscale polymer melt filling process is complex due to many factors involved. In this paper, depending on the characteristics of microscale filling flow of polymer melt, the micro injection mold for cell container was designed and manufactured with several technologies, including variotherm system, vacuum system and micro-electrical discharge machining (EDM).Based on the Taguchi experimental design method, the process parameters were studied with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyoxymethylene (POM), and their interactions on the quality of molding micro part were investigated. The results showed that for HDPE, the influence of mold temperature on filling rate was the principal parameter in the molding process. Packing pressure was the secondary factor. The impact of melt temperature and packing pressure time was relatively small. The experimental results also indicated that for POM, the influence of melt temperature on filling rate was the main parameter in the molding process. Packing pressure was the secondary factor. The impact of mold temperature and packing pressure time were relatively small.

By using genistein and calcium hydroxide as raw materials, calcium-genistein complex was synthesized and characterized with IR spectra, UV-spectra, thermal analysis and NMR spectrum. The biological activities of the complex were studied by means of pyrogallol autoxidation, Fenton reaction, orthophenanthroline photometry and DPPH free radical. And also the bacteriostasis activities of the ligand and its complex against three different types of bacteria, namely: Escherichia coli，Pseudomonas aeruginosa，Listeria monocytogenes were studied.  The results showed that in calcium-genistein complex Ca²⁺ was coordinated by 5-OH and 4-CO groups of genistein and the molecular formula was［Ca(C₁₅H₉O₅)₂］·2H₂O. At the same concentration, the scavenging effects of Gen-Ca on superoxide radical and anti-hydroxy free radical showed better activity than the free ligand, but anti-DPPH free radical ability was not so obvious. The ligand and its complex had certain bacteriostasis effect, and the complex showed increased activity compared to the respective ligand.

Long-chain fatty acid esters of cellulose were synthesized in cellulose LiCl/DMAc（lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide）homogenous solution system by using p-toluenesulfonyl chloride as co-reaction reagent，and in situ activation of the long-chain fatty acid. The structure and properties of long-chain fatty acid esters of cellulose were characterized by means of IR, ¹H NMR, XRD, TG, etc. The esterification conditions were investigated. The results showed that the long-chain fatty acid esters of cellulose with the highest degree of substitution（DS）could be prepared when the esterification was carried out at 85℃ for 24 h with the mole ratios of repeat units of cellulose（AGU）∶long-chain fatty acid (RCOOH)∶ p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (TosCl) =1∶3∶3, and the degree of esterification decreased with the growth of the number of carbon atoms of long-chain fatty acid. TG analysis revealed that esterification weakened the inter-molecular and intra-molecular forces of cellulose

Homogeneous graft copolymerization of chitosan in ionic liquid

HAN Xiaojin, CHENG Chunzu, ZHU Qingsong, WU Changcheng

2010, 61(11):  3020-3024. 

Abstract ( 955 )   PDF (1026KB) ( 454 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The homogeneous graft copolymerization of L-lactide(L-LA) onto chitosan (CS) using ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (［BMIM］Cl) as reaction medium was studied. The effects of various reaction parameters on grafting percentage, such as monomer content, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. The obtained chitosan grafted poly(L-lactide) (CL) was characterized with FTIR,¹H NMR and TG. The results showed that the reaction efficiency of homogeneous graft copolymerization of L-LA and CS in ionic liquid was higher than that of non-homogeneous graft copolymerization.