In this paper, the recent research progress of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) removal using ionic liquids (ILs) is reviewed, mainly focusing on the research around the solubility of H₂S in ionic liquids and the selectivity to other gases, the thermodynamics properties and the corresponding models of H₂S-ILs system. The absorption mechanism is discussed considering the influence of the anion and cation, and the substituent group of ILs on the solubility. Then the development trends and research perspective in this field are given.

Densities and viscosities of ethanolamine lactate ([MEA]L) + H₂O mixtures with different compositions were determined at temperatures from 303.15 to 333.15 K. Densities of [MEA]L + H₂O decrease with the increase of temperature. Viscosities of [MEA]L + H₂O decrease dramatically with the increase of temperature and the water content. Excess molar volumes (V^E) and viscosities deviations (Δη) of the binary mixtures were calculated by the experimental data. The result shows that the values of V^E and Δη for the binary mixtures are negative over the whole composition range and temperature from 303.15 to 333.15 K. The negative of excess properties indicates a strong interaction between the ionic liquid and water. Densities and viscosities of [MEA]L with different water contents after SO₂ absorption were also determined. The result shows that the densities and viscosities of [MEA]L + H₂O after SO₂ absorption decrease slightly. Besides, the Jouyban-Acree model was used to correlate the densities and viscosities of binary mixtures with respect to the mixture composition and temperature simultaneously.

Dissolution and crystalline structure changes of cellulose treated by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C₄mim]Cl-water mixtures were investigated at 90℃ under 1.0 MPa. Amorphous cellulose was found to be partial dissolved in the [C₄mim]Cl-water mixtures with [C₄mim]Cl content of 60%—95%, and adding deionized (DI) water into the cellulose-[C₄mim]Cl solution for cellulose regeneration. The crystallinity index (CrI) and the dimension of average crystallite size (D_hkl) for MCC obviously change with increasing treatment duration, but retain the characteristic shapes of cellulose I crystalline structure. There are significant oscillations in the intensities of hydrogen bonds of cellulose for the mixtures with different [C₄mim]Cl content. Different contents of ionic liquid have different effect on microcrystalline cellulose.

The dissolution behavior of guaiacol which used as model compounds of lignin in [C₄mim]Cl-H₂O was investigated by UV spectra and fluorescence spectra. By analyzing the spectrogram of [C₄mim]Cl-H₂O binary system and [C₄mim]Cl-H₂O-guaiacol ternary system, the results show that the change of K band and B band of aromatic ring in UV spectra were different in different concentration of [C₄mim]Cl, which affects the dissolution of guaiacol. The addition of guaiacol induced fluorescence quenching, because guaiacol forms hydrogen bond with [C₄mim]Cl-H₂O and weak intermolecular interactions affect the spectral behavior of solutions.

Dissolution behavior of 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol (2, 6-DMP) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C₄mim]BF₄) aqueous solutions (ionic liquid mole fraction x_IL=1.0—0.02) was investigated by attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation IR spectroscopy. The results indicated that 2,6-DMP solubility increases and then dramatically decreases with increasing amount of water added into [C₄mim]BF₄. The corresponding threshold of x_IL is 0.1. There is a strong interaction between 2, 6-DMP and [C₄mim]BF₄, and the methoxyl group of 2, 6-DMP is one of main active sites. In the case of adding small amount of water into [C₄mim]BF₄ (x_IL=0.1—1.0), compact ionic clusters of [C₄mim]BF₄ could be dissociated. 2, 6-DMP is easy to interact with [C₄mim]BF₄, which results in the increase of its solubility. In the case of adding a large amount of water into [C₄mim]BF₄ (x_IL=0.02—0.1), the ionic clusters are completely dissociated into ionic pairs surrounded by large molecular water clusters. The interactions between hydrophobic 2, 6-DMP and [C₄mim]BF₄ become difficult, and the 2, 6-DMP solubility decreases. This transformation of microstructure with water addition influences the 2, 6-DMP dissolution.

Droplets condensation and growth in the early stage of frosting on hydrophobic surfaces was researched under the natural convection condition. A heat transfer and growth model considered noncondensable gas was developed to clear the influences of surface contact angle and surface temperature on droplets growth. The results show that the two main thermal resistances during the droplet growth stage are the conduction thermal resistance inside the droplet and the phase interface thermal resistance, and both the two thermal resistances increase with surface contact angle, so droplets have a lower growth rate on surface with big contact angle. In addition, the droplets grow faster on surfaces with lower temperature, because colder surfaces could cause bigger heat transfer temperature differences.

The influence of substance structures as well as the mesh size of gauze on the flow dynamics and mass transfer behaviour of falling liquid film, has been studied experimentally. One smooth plate and six gauze plates with mesh size in the range of 0.3—13.0 mm were chosen as test plates. The results show that the film wave amplitude increases in the flow direction for both types of structures, and the gauze structure has an obvious suppressive effect on the film wave behaviour at low Reynolds number (Re). The variations of average film thickness and wave amplitude along the flow direction for the gauze plates are less noticeable in comparison with those over a smooth one, and the film wave behaviour for the gauze substance is much more sensitive to the liquid flow rate when Re<80. In addition, it is found that the average film thickness, film wave amplitude and fluctuation frequency for the gauze plates follow similar trend with mesh size goes up from 0.3 to 13.0 mm: the values initially increase to a peak value, then decrease obviously. Furthermore, the results from CO₂ absorption into NaOH solutions reveal that when increasing the mesh size, the corresponding liquid side mass transfer coefficient decreases rapidly, but the contribution of unit wires to mass transfer rate increases remarkably.

The mass transfer process of VO²⁺ in Nafion117 was studied, this work focused on the synergistic effect of concentration field and electric field in different operating conditions. Influence of electric field on the mass transfer process across membrane of VO²⁺ is oberserved, and the apparent electric mobility of VO²⁺ in Nafion117 was estimated based on experimental data. The results show that, the force of electric field on the VO²⁺ mass transfer process across membrane in high concentration condition is more obvious than that in low concentration condition. Increasing temperature as well as electrolyte convection can strengthen electric field effect on membrane crossing process of VO²⁺. The mass transfer process in membrane of VO²⁺ is accelerated by increasing additional positive electric field force, and the electric factor increases with time. Negative electric field can help alleviate the phenomenon of mass transfer process across membrane of VO²⁺.

Take the HiFire-1 cone as the research subject to analyze the aircraft flow-heat-solid coupling field by sequential coupling method. Transition k-kl-w turbulence model has been used to accurately calculate the position of the transition and flux values in the outside flow field numerical simulation which is basically consistent with the experimental data. In temperature field and stress field numerical simulation, the temperature field and stress field distribution of the HiFire-1 cone is calculated when aerodynamic heating time is 1 s. The results showed that the maximum temperature and deformation point occurred at the top of the cone. Cone temperature presented cyclic distribution in the axial direction, and decreased gradually along the axis. The top node temperature gradually rises over time and the change trend gradually slows down. The elastic deformation of the overall structure is positive correlation with the temperature, and the main deformation zone focus on the front area of high temperature.

Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) with R134a has been successfully implemented to cool selectively the epidermis prior to laser irradiation in the laser dermatology such as port wine stain (PWS). To enhance the cooling capacity of CSC, this paper conducts an experimental study on the heat transfer dynamics of pulsed flashing spray cooling, using the lower boiling point cryogen R404 (-46.50℃ at 1 atm) compared with R134a (-26.07℃ at 1 atm). New kind of transparent expansion-chamber nozzles with different aspect ratio of chamber length to chamber diameter are designed. A fast-response film thermocouple is used to measure the surface temperature and then the Duhamel's theorem is employed to calculate the heat flux and heat transfer coefficient. High speed camera with the backlit illumination method is implemented to record internal flow within the expansion chamber. The high speed camera results find that the liquid forms the first flashing breakup within the expansion chamber and then the second flashing spray outside the nozzle exit. Violent phase change and large bubbles could be obviously observed within the expansion chamber, which should cause much lower droplets temperature at the nozzle exit comparing with the traditional straight-tube nozzle which has been used in the clinical surgery. Therefore, the expansion-chamber nozzles could produce the lower surface temperature, the higher heat flux and higher heat transfer coefficient, and thus the larger total heat removal, comparing with the straight-tube nozzle. Further, the chamber aspect ratio has significant effect on the heat transfer dynamics. It's found that the nozzle with the chamber aspect ratio of 1:2 generates the best cooling capacity and the longest cooling time.

The conventional conjugate gradient method is improved to utilize its advantage of high accuracy and fast convergence, and to avoid the complicated differentiating and derivation processes for solving nonlinear inverse heat conduction problems. In the present work, the complex-variable-differentiation method is introduced into the conventional conjugate gradient method, which is employed to precisely calculate the sensitivity coefficients. Transient nonlinear inverse heat conduction problems are solved, and then the boundary conditions are identified. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness and high accuracy. Compared with the conventional conjugate gradient method, the present algorithm has the advantage of easier implementation and higher accuracy.

Random packed bed unit operations of mono-sized spheres are widely used in many chemical and biochemical processes. The influence of the confining walls on fluid flow cannot be ignored in packed beds with low tube-to-particle diameter ratios due to its uneven distribution of radial porosity. In present paper, the discrete element method (DEM) and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are coupled to investigate the characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer in the composite packed beds of spheres with two kinds of diameters. Three kinds of composite packed models and a control group (randomly packed bed with mono-sized spheres) were constructed with about 200 spheres, including radially layered model (RLM), axially layered model (ALM) and randomly composite packed model (RCM). Simulation results showed that, not a big difference was observed on radial porosity distribution in the near-wall region (up to half a sphere diameter from the solid wall in the wall-normal direction), and wall effect significantly affects the velocity and temperature distribution in packed beds. Both the distributions of porosity and pore scale hydraulic diameter are critical to the velocity and temperature distribution in packed beds, and smaller difference of temperature in core and near-wall regions would be found in radially layered composite packed model. Furthermore, the overall heat transfer efficiency would be improved with radially layered composite packing form. These simulation results may be useful for the improvement and further optimization of the design of packed beds with low tube-to-particle diameter ratios.

The temperature distribution in the channel of moving pebble beds with the local internal heat generation is important factor for design and operation of many devices including heat exchangers, reactors and dryers. The particle velocity is the key for the temperature distribution and heat transfer in the channel of moving pebble beds with the local internal heat generation. The correlation between the particle velocity and the outlet average temperatures (T₁ and T₂) of the internal heat generation zone and channel were theoretically analyzed. The three-dimensional numerical simulation was performed on FLUENT using the k-e model for the same physical model of the theoretical analysis. The outlet average temperature of the channel is agreed with the theoretical correlation and the relative error is lower than 8%. Based on the three cases of particle velocities, the outlet temperature of the local internal heat generation zone, the channel outlet temperature and the channel centre temperature are compared, and the temperature distribution characteristics of whole channel are predicted and analyzed. The results show that the channel temperature increased first then decreased along the vertical axis downward, and the temperature maximum was located the outlet of the internal heat generation zone. The outlet temperature of internal heat generation zone, the channel outlet temperature, and the center temperature decreased with the particle velocity increasing.

For the complexity of flow and heat transfer in the once-through steam generator secondary side, the secondary side is divided into preheating section, subcooled boiling section, saturated nucleate boiling section, forced convective evaporation section, lacking of liquid section and superheated section in order to accurately research the internal thermal parameters of spatial distribution rules. The one-dimensional homogeneous flow mathematics model of once-through steam generator is built base on the distribution parameter method. The independent developed MATLAB simulation program can be used to automatically piecewise calculate for once-through steam generator. The results show that the model can accurately predict the wall temperature soaring amplitude and location and the length of heat transfer areas in different conditions based on partition. The poor working area of once through steam generator can be forecasted. The results can provide theoretical support for preventing tube burst accident of once through steam generator.

This paper deals with the effects of thermal radiation on natural convection heat and moisture transfer in rectangular enclosures partially filled with hygroscopic porous medium. The governing equations for the momentum, heat and moisture transfer were solved by the finite element method. The radiative heat transfer is calculated by making use of the radiosity of the surfaces that assumed to be grey. Comparisons with experimental and numerical results in the literature have been carried out. Effects of thermal radiation, Rayleigh number, Darcy number and a ratio, R_k, of thermal conductivity on natural convection, heat and moisture transfer in both free fluid and hygroscopic porous medium were analysed. It was found that the surface thermal radiation significantly alters the distribution of the temperature in rectangular enclosures and moisture content of hygroscopic porous medium even if the given emissivity is quite small, but there are no remarkable temperature and moisture content changes with the increase of emissivity from 0.5 to 1.0. The mean temperature at the interface and the moisture content in hygroscopic porous medium decrease with the increase of Ra. The Nu_c on the side walls in the free flow and porous medium regions increase with the increase of Ra. The temperature and moisture content distributions change little in porous medium during heat and moisture content transfer with the increase of R_k while the mean convective Nusselt number on the side walls of rectangular enclosures changes very little in a range of given Da and R_k.

In order to understand the characteristics of double-diffusive capillary convection in a shallow annular pool with the capillary ratio of -1, a series of three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed. The working fluid is the toluene/n-hexane mixture with the Prandtl number of 5.54 and Lewis number of 25.8. The inner cylinder is maintained at low temperature and solutal concentration while the outer cylinder is fixed at high temperature and solutal concentration. Results indicate that the double-diffusive capillary convection is steady and axisymmetric at a small thermal capillary Reynolds number. With the increase of thermal capillary Reynolds number, the flow will destabilize into unsteady flow. For the aspect ratio of 0.15, the critical thermal Reynolds number is 231.6 and the dimensionless critical frequency is 10.6. When the capillary Reynolds number exceeds the critical value, there orderly appear the two-dimensional and three-dimensional periodical oscillatory convections. Furthermore, periodical oscillatory convection, subcritical unsteady convection and three- dimensional steady convection are discovered with the variation of aspect ratio.

Cold storage frost severely restricted its economy, to solve this problem, chemical adsorption dehumidification frost prevention technology has been paid great attention. Some kind of composite adsorbents have been made comparing metal halide which has great water adsorption capacity with molecular sieve, which has good heat and mass transfer properity, and is easy to shape. Moisture adsorption performance testing system has been constructed suitable for material under low temperature. A great many of tests have been made. The moisture adsorption capacity and rate of a variety of materials in -5℃, -10℃, -15℃ have been given. It is shown that the adsorption performance of compound adsorbent was obviously improved compared with pure molecular sieve. 13X molecular sieve dipping solution concentration 20% of NaBr had better amount of moisture adsorption and rate, less loss in the process of composition, low cost, which could be used in cold storage dehumidification system as a composite adsorbent.

The flow field in FTW turbine classifier is studied by using simulation of the dynamic pressure, the turbulent kinetic energy, velocities using computational fluid dynamics software Fluent. Effects of feeding rate on the inner flow field were compared and analyzed. The results showed that when the feeding rate increases, the dynamic pressure is reduced while its distribution is symmetrical. The turbulent kinetic energy is reduced with more uniform distribution and increased radial velocity, decreased tangential velocity and decreased axial velocity. The greater impact on the flow field is the larger axial velocity favorable for stable classifying. Experimental measurement of particle size distribution verified some of the above results.

The project requires a ASME code for design of America, this research based on the finite element analysis method, the stress analysis of the 4000 m³ large spherical tank, to America ASME-Ⅷ-2 standard as the basis for stress evaluation, provide guidance for the structure design of spherical tank. The design load of spherical tank in addition to design internal pressure, also including a spherical shell structure, accessories, material storage, snow static load, and the support by the counterforce of spherical tank. Consideration should also be given to the dynamic load caused by wind or earthquake. After calculation, combination: mass + design pressure +25% wind load + earthquake load stress results of maximum, the spherical shell maximum stress occurs at the highest point of junction pillar and spherical shell. The value of the maximum stress occurs at the connecting part of supporting and spherical shell. The connection point of the supporting and spherical shell is a weak point, attention should be given to the design time, increasing the length of pillar and spherical shell can effectively reduce the stress concentration.

Immobilized SO₃H-functionalized ionic liquids were prepared by three different pathways and their catalytic performance was evaluated in the condensation reaction for the synthesis of 4, 4'-methylenedianiline (4, 4'-MDA) from aniline and HCHO, and the reusability of the immobilized ionic liquids were investigated. The result showed that ionic liquid loading in the immobilized ionic liquids was consistent with their catalytic activity. Among the immobilized ionic liquids, SiO₂@[HSO₃-ppim]CF₃SO₃-Ⅰ with the highest loading showed the best catalytic activity. Then the influence of reaction conditions on the synthesis of 4, 4'-MDA was investigated using SiO₂@[HSO₃-ppim]CF₃SO₃-Ⅰcatalyst. The suitable reaction conditions were as follows: mass ratio of catalyst to HCHO was 1.5, molar ratio of aniline to HCHO was 4, reaction time of 7 h, and reaction temperature of 80℃. Under the above conditions, the yield and selectivity of 4, 4'-MDA were 74.9% and 94.5%, respectively. However, the catalytic activity of the recovered catalyst declined dramatically. The results of acid-base titration and FT-IR spectroscopy analyses showed that there was a chemical interaction between the immobilized ionic liquids and aniline. The deactivated immobilized ionic liquids could be regenerated by acidization with CF₃SO₃H, and the acidized immobilized ionic liquids could be reused four times with a tolerable loss of its catalytic activity.

Reducing sugar was prepared by the hydrolysis of duckweed with a series of acid ionic liquids (ILs). The effects of reaction conditions such as structure of catalyst, dosage of catalyst, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the yield of total reducing sugar were investigated. The results showed that, imidazole phosphotungstic ionic liquids had the good performance in hydrolysis of duckweed. The best yield of total reducing sugar is 79.8% under the condition of 140℃, 3 h, 0.4 mmol IL catalyst. The residue and raw material were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric (TG) and elemental analysis (EA). Furthermore, The IL recovered can be used without significant loss of activity after 5 runs (reducing sugar yield of 70.1%).

The butanolysis of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was studied using ionic liquid [Bmim][OAc] as solvent and catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, ionic liquid dosage and n-butanol dosage were examined. It was indicated that the conversion of PLA was≥81% and the yield of n-butyl lactate was≥70% under the following conditions: reaction temperature 150℃, reaction time 3 h, m([Bmim][OAc]):m(PLA)=0.2:1 and n(n-butanol):n(PLA)=5:1. Reusability of ionic liquid showed that [Bmim][OAc] could be reused up to 6 times without change in the conversion of PLA and yield of n-butyl lactate.

The coordination function of ionic liquids [N₃MIM]Cl was prepared by the alkylation reaction of organic polyamines and 1-chloro-ethyl-3-methyl chloride ionic liquid [CeMIM]Cl using a microwave reactor. The functionalized ionic liquids can form catalytic system with CuBr, replacing traditional organic ligands, in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) reaction where ionic liquids was used as reaction medium. The effects of reaction conditions on the yield of ionic liquids have been studied. The results showed that the reaction time was short with higher yield using the microwave reactor. The yield of product [N₃MIM]Cl was 98.6% when the reactant ratio was 1.5:1, the reaction temperature was 75℃ and microwave reaction time was 3 h. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and IR were used to determine the structures of ionic liquids [N₃MIM]Cl. The coordinated ionic liquid that would replace of organic ligand was used in the ATRP of MMA in ionic liquids. The results showed that: the coordination function of ionic liquid can increase the solubility of the catalyst in the ionic liquids, so that the transition metal catalyst is easily separated from the polymer product.

The kinetics of oxygen reduction of cathode catalyst is a critical factor that limits the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The composite catalyst of three composite proportion(1:3, 1:1 and 3:1), which were prepared by reacting KMnO₄ with supercapacitor activated carbon (S-AC), were tested as air-cathode catalyst of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for oxygen reduction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the catalysts, energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy to estimate the quality of MnO₂, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the surface morphology, and BET method to examine surface area and pore distribution characteristics, to analyze the factors affecting the performance of the composite catalyst. With increasing of composite proportion, the MnO₂ sheets gathered into nano-particles (300—500 nm) on the surface of S-AC. At the same time, there is the decrease of the internal and external surface area MnO₂/S-AC. Nickel foam air-cathode was made with different catalysts, and tested in air-cathode MFCs to study the effect on MFC performance by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), polarization curves and power density curve. When the feeding ratio of KMnO₄: S-AC is 1:3, the maximum power density was 321.2 mW·m^-2, which was increased by about 20% over the S-AC loading MFC. However, when the feeding ratio was increased to 1:1 and 3:1, the maximum power density decreased to 240.9 and 160.3 mW·m^-2. MnO₂/S-AC composite catalyst within a certain ratio range could effectively improve the performance of air-cathode and MFC, which helps to the expansion application of air-cathode MFC.

Six ionic liquids based on pyridine (Py), 1-methylimidazole (MIM), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone(NMP) cations were prepared by coupling corresponding SO₃H-functionalized zwitterion ionic complex with different counterpart anions including H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). The obtained ionic liquids were well characterized by FT-IR, TG, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR methods and then these ionic liquids were deployed in the esterification reaction of glycerol with lauric acid under the condition without organic solvent. The effects of various key reaction parameters including reaction temperature, glycerol/lauric acid molar ratio, molar ratio of ionic liquid to lauric acid and the type of catalysts on the acid conversion and yield of glycerol monolaurate were discussed. The results indicated that all the ionic liquids exhibit good thermal stability and compared with other ionic liquids, [MIMBS]₃PW₁₂O₄₀ ionic liquid has the best thermal stability. When [MIMBS][PTSA] ionic liquid was used to optimize esterification reaction parameters, the optimum reaction conditions were established as follows: glycerol/lauric acid ratio of 4, amount of catalyst of 1% molar to lauric acid, reaction time of 3 h at 130℃. When used under the optimized reaction condition, all the ionic liquids exhibit excellent catalytic activity, the acid conversions are all above 92% and the highest yield of glycerol monolaurate of 64.6% has been achieved. In addition, comparing the structure of the investigated ionic liquids, it can be found that under the condition of lauric acid being catalyzed by the ionic liquids with PTSA anion, the conversion is higher than that when lauric acid was catalyzed by ionic liquids with H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ anion. With respect to the yield of glycerol monolaurate, when the reaction was catalyzed by ionic liquids, [MIMBS][PTSA] gives the highest yield. As to the reusability behavior of these ionic liquids, the results indicated that all these catalysts can be reused up to five times without noticeable loss of catalytic activity.

The Fe-Ni alloy metal (70%Fe-30%Ni) foams were used as a base material for the catalyst support, and the metal foam based monolithic catalysts (Pd/Al₂O₃/Fe-Ni) were prepared by wet impregnation. Then experimental study the catalytic combustion of low concentration methane in micro-combustor over metal foam monolithic catalyst. It analyzed the influences of reactor temperature, CH₄ concentration and flow rate on methane conversion rate. The results showed that conversion rate increased with the increase of reactor temperature and the decrease of mixture flow rate and the increase of CH₄ concentration. Further analysis showed that the temperature is the key factors for CH₄ conversion. When the reactor temperature is 550℃, CH₄ concentration is 5%, mixture flow rate is 950 K, the conversion rate of CH₄ can achieve to 98.7%.

A large-scale desulfurization device was designed and made to investigate the absorption of SO₂ in simulated flue gas with aqueous ethanolamine lactate ([MEA]L) solutions at different conditions. The optimum conditions were found and circulatory SO₂ absorption-desorption experiment was performed on the device. The results showed that the SO₂ removal rate increased with an increase of water content of aqueous [MEA]L solution. The SO₂ removal rate increased with a decrease of the molar ratio of gas to liquid absorbent G/L). When G/L is 420 and the concentrations of SO₂ in flue gas are 2850—14280 mg·m^-3, the output concentration of SO₂ was under 285 mg·m^-3, which conforms to the standard of flue gas issue. CO₂ in the flue gas had no effect on absorption SO₂ with aqueous [MEA]L solutions. Furthermore, the solution after SO₂ absorption could be regenerated by stream stripping, and reused for absorbing SO₂ with a high removal rate.

Separation of phenols from oil via forming deep eutectic solvents (DES) is an efficient method. During the extraction, however, oil entrainment occurs, which influences the separation efficiency. In this work, the effects of added choline chloride (ChCl) amount, extraction temperature and concentration of straight-chain paraffin in model oil on the separation of phenols and oil entertainment in DES phase via forming DES were investigated. Toluene solution with 200 g·L^-1 phenol was used as model oil and ChCl was used as extraction agent. The results showed that the separation efficiency of phenol from model oil increased with the increase of addition of ChCl and the increase of addition of ChCl could also reduce the entrainment of toluene in DES phase. The effect of temperature on the separation of phenol was not significant. The entrainment of toluene increased with the increase of temperature at low ratios of added ChCl to phenol; while it did not change significantly at high ratios of added ChCl to phenol. The entrainment of toluene was reduced with the increase of the concentration of aliphatic hydrocarbon. With ChCl as extraction agent, typically, the separation efficiency of phenol was 95% and the entrainment of toluene was 15% at 25℃ and mole ratio of ChCl to phenol of more than 0.6. Toluene could be removed completely within 60 min with nitrogen purging at 70℃.

In the present work, a typical room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C₈mim][PF₆]), was used as an alternative solvent to study liquid/liquid extraction of lithium from salt lake brine. In this system, the ionic liquids and tributyl phosphate (TBP) were used as extraction medium and extractant respectively. The effects of solution pH value, phase ratio and other factors on lithium extraction efficiency had been investigated. The preliminary experimental results had demonstrated that, compared with using conventional extraction system, the extraction efficiency had been increased greatly in this ionic liquid system. Optimal extraction conditions of this system include the ratio of TBP/ILs at 9/1(vol), O/A at 2:1 and unadjusted pH. Under the optimal conditions, the single extraction efficiency of lithium ion and magnesium ion were 80.64% and 5.30%, respectively. And total extraction efficiency of 99.42% was obtained by triple-stage countercurrent extraction. The single stripping rate of lithium ion and magnesium ion were 98.78% and 99.15%, respectively, at 80℃ when the A/O phase ratio was 2. The Mg/Li ratio was 3.03 in the aqueous phase after stripping, which have dropped 93.41% when compared with the initial value. To evaluate the potential use of RTILs to replace traditional volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in liquid/liquid extraction of lithium, the extractions of lithium ion with VOCs and ionic liquid were compared. Compared with using conventional extraction system, the extraction efficiency had been increased greatly in this ionic liquid system. In addition, the equipment corrosion and the environmental pollution had been avoided in this new extraction system. The extraction mechanism was deduced based on the ultraviolet-visible(UV) absorption. Cation exchange was proposed to be the mechanism of extraction followed in ionic liquid. So the ionic liquid was not only regarded as the solvent but also the co-extraction reagent to some extent. Preliminary results indicated that the ionic liquids had the potential to replace traditional volatile organic solvents in liquid/liquid extraction of metal ions.

1-Octyl-3- methyl imidazole hexafluorophosphate ([Omim]PF₆) and 1-octyl-3-methyl imidazole tetrafluoroborate ([Omim]BF₄) have been synthesized. Using 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2, 4-dichlorophenol and 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol as reactants, Ultraviolet spectrum analysis (USA) as test method, ultrasonic oscillation as extraction method, the performance of extraction to different chlorophenols, the impact on extraction ratio by extraction temperature, time, phase ratio(V_IL:V_CP) and pH have been studied and the performance of reuse has also been discussed in this paper. It is concluded that the ionic liquids achieve the best condition with 15min, 1:3(V_IL:V_CP) phase ratio, 308 K and pH <5. Under the best condition, the extraction rates of [Omim]BF₄ to 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2, 4-dichlorophenol, 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol are 97.60%, 95.20%, 99.40% and 87.20%, respectively. For [Omim]PF₆, however, the extraction rates are 95.80%, 92.20%, 98.20% and 85.40%. The mechanism of extraction is also discussed in this essay. It is also showed that the extraction rate is rising with the increase of temperature by ultrasonic oscillation, which is different with magnetic stirring method.

Lithium is known as the energy metal and it's a key raw material for preparing lithium isotopes which have important applications in nuclear energy source. The amount of lithium resources in salt lakes occupies over 69% of its industrial reserves in the world, so the hot point in lithium industry is to exploit lithium resources in salt lakes. It is well known that many salt lakes exhibit characteristically high Mg to Li ratios, which render the efficient extraction of lithium very difficult. In this paper, the ionic liquids(ILs), [C₄mim][PF₆], [C₆mim][PF₆] and [C₈mim][PF₆], are used as a kind of green solvent to study liquid/liquid extraction of lithium ion from salt lake brine. A new extraction system had been established in this paper. In this new system, the tributyl phosphate (TBP) was used as the extractant and the ionic liquids were used as extraction medium. It was found that the TBP in conjunction with the present ionic liquids provided extraordinary extraction of lithium ion. The close relationship between the extraction efficiency and the length of the alkyl chain is obvious. With decreasing number of carbon atom of alkyl group in the ionic liquids, the extraction efficiency of lithium increased. The effects of phase ratio, RTILs volume in TBP and solution pH on extraction efficiencies of metal ions had been investigated in detail and the optimal extraction conditions of these systems were obtained. The extraction efficiencies of these ionic liquids systems were all higher than 80%, and the highest the separation factor was over 100 when the experiments were conducted under the optimal conditions. Study on the mechanism revealed that the use of ionic liquids increased the extraction yield of lithium through cation exchange in these systems. The plots of [lgD_Li+lg[C_nmim]⁺_aq-lg[C_nmim]⁺_org] versus lg[TBP] produce a straight line with a slope near to 2. According to the slope analysis, the lithium ion was extracted into the organic phase by forming a complex of [Li·2TBP]⁺.

Based on the concept of entransy dissipation resistance, this paper analyzes all the heat transfer processes in heat exchanger networks, the characteristics of variable speed pumps (VSPs) and the characteristics of pipeline resistances, to propose a general relationship, which connects the geometrical structures of each heat exchanger and the operating parameters of VSPs directly to the demands of users and the supply of refrigerating unit. To illustrate the applications of the newly proposed optimization method, a simple central variable water volume (VWV) chiller system is taken as an example. Results show that the optimal operating parameters with the lowest energy consumption can be obtained by the entransy dissipation resistance-based method. In variable operating cases, the enlargement of the heat transfer rates bring the increasing of the operating speeds of each VSP with different degrees, which are related with the characteristics of the working fluids and the pipeline resistances.

Electrodeposition of bright Al and Al-Mn were carried out in AlCl₃-1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (AlCl₃-EMIC) and MnCl₂-AlCl₃-EMIC ionic liquid with additives. The effects of the additive on the morphology, structure and brightness of the coatings were studied. The mechanism of brightening was discussed. The morphologies and structures of the coatings were characterized by SEM and XRD, respectively. The brightness of the coatings were characterized in the capability of reflecting images in the coatings. The results showed that ultra-bright Al and Al-Mn coatings were electrodeposited with the additives. The brightness of coating increased with the concentration of additive. The ultra-bright Al coating was nanocrystals with a preferred crystallographic orientation, while the ultra-bright Al-Mn coating was amorphous particles in nanometers. The brightening of coating is attributed to the grain refinement and preferred growth of the coating caused by the additive.

Water spitting is one of the most import methods to harvest solar energy. Hematite is a promising photoanode material. However, the diffusion length (20 nm) of the photogenerated hole in the hematite is much shorter than the photon penetration depth (120 nm at 550 nm wavelength) which causes significant recombination losses and thus, low solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency. A hematite/Ag nanohole array ultrathin film absorber is presented. The hemate layer is only 20 nm thick and has strong visible light absorption which contributes to a 238% enhancement in the photocurrent density compared with a bare hematite layer water splitting cell. The strong absorption properties are due to ultrathin film interference resonances and localized surface plasmon resonances. These absorption resonances can also be applied for solar photovoltaic cells employing semiconductors with poor photogenerated carrier transport properties.

In this study, two kinds of ionic liquid, including 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride were used to pretreat rice straw with instant catapult steam explosion (ICSE). The rearrangement of components were caused by ionic liquid pretreatment, which made more cellulose exposed at the surface of rice straw and weakened the cross-link between lignin and cellulose. Through enzymatic hydrolysis analysis, ICSE enhanced the effects of ionic liquid pretreatment by improving the sugar yield. Compared with the sugar yield as using ionic liquid alone, the sugar yield as combination of ICSE and ionic liquid increased by 14.83% ([Emim]Ac) and 13.14% ([Emim]Cl). The highest value reached 97.00% under the pretreatment by ICSE combine with [Emim]Ac. The structural changes were also analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The pretreated materials became more porous with larger amorphous region, and consequently the sugar yield raised.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from materials in indoor and vehicle environment is one of the main factors causing poor air quality and obviously affects people's comfort and health. The emission behaviors of VOC from materials are characterized by three key parameters, i.e., the initial emittable concentration (C₀), the diffusion coefficient (D_m) and the partition coefficient (K). Determination of the above key parameters is the foundation of researches for emission laws of VOC from materials as well as prediction for human exposure and health risks. Based on the most widely used VOC emission process in ventilated chamber at present, this paper proposes a novel method to simultaneously determine C₀ and D_m. By assuming an initial value for K and then performing the linear curving fitting for the logarithm of chamber concentration, the key parameters C₀ and D_m can be obtained from the slope and intercept of the fitting results. As is shown in sensitivity analysis, the variety of K has little effect on the determination of C₀ and D_m. By the virtue of the treatment for experimental data of ventilated chamber tests in literature, it is demonstrated that the proposed method has a relatively high accuracy.

Based on composition analysis of extract oil and pyrolysis oil from oil sludge, the pyrolysis characteristics of oil sludge in the air were studied experimentally using thermal gravimetric analyzer. The thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis curve were investigated under different heating rate. Based on Coats-Redfern integral method, the adjusted R- square coefficient of ln [g(a)/T²] versus 1/T for TG datum between 200 and 600℃ was analyzed using nine kinds of different kinetics mechanism functions. The activation energy of reaction and the pre-exponential factor were fitted. The results indicated that TG and DTA curve of oil sludge shifted to higher temperature with the increase of the heating rates. There are two temperature stages in the pyrolysis of oil sludge: 200—400℃ and 400—600℃. The kinetics reaction process of the sample complies with reaction mechanisms of the three dimensional diffusion in the first stage. Pyrolysis reaction of oil sludge of the second stage is in accordance with the rules of the first-order reaction.

The semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs) in air can be enriched by ionic liquids. However, during the study of air sample tubes, fog and black phenomenon often appeared in the sample tubes. At the same time, analysis process was disturbed by high background values and impurity peak. To investigate the reasons above, 1-methyl acetate-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imides was used to improve the air-sample tubes and a series of experiments were designed. And on the basis of the ionic liquid sample tubes reuse, the sorbent tubes were desorbed at 220℃ and 50 ml He·min^-1 for 15 min. The vapors from the primary desorption were collected at 0℃ in the cold trap without sorbent. The cold trap was flash heated to 280℃ at 40℃·s^-1 (temperature of 250℃ for the valve, no inlet split or outlet split) and the vapors were transferred via the heated transfer line (250℃) to the GC. The GC temperature program was 100℃ (held for 1 min) then increased at 10℃·min^-1 to 200℃ and finally increased at 5℃·min^-1 to 250℃ (held for 4 min). When the mesh of stainless steel substituted for glass fiber, the data indicates the mesh gives the better result.

A series of PEG-based imidazolium toluenesulfonates (PEG-based functionalized ionic liquids) with long ether chain were synthesized and their ability to reversibly absorb gaseous sulfur dioxide was investigated. Physical properties (densities, surface tensions and viscosities) of the ILs had been measured during absorption process. All the ILs showed good absorption and regeneration capacity. The absorption capacity of ILs increased with increasing length of ether chain on the cation. The absorption capacity achieved more than 5.51 mole SO₂ per mole IL at 20℃, and the absorbed SO₂ gas can be readily and completely desorbed from the ILs at 80℃. The new ILs could absorb SO₂ by physical interactions at the experimental conditions under ¹H NMR and Raman spectrum investigation. Densities of the ILs increased when the ILs absorbed SO₂ and turned to be saturated, at same time, surface tensions decreased and viscosities lowered sharply.

The mechanism of preparing thermoset foam from melamine and formaldehyde as raw materials was illustrated in analyzing the variations of infrared spectroscopy and viscosity as well foam microstructure. Physical foaming occurred with crosslinking solidification resulting in different foams in hole size and length-radius ratio with different conditions. Process parameters were optimized through orthogonal experiments for light, noise-reducing and good compression resilient foam material. The optimal melamine foam with density of 5 kg·m^-3 was obtained after 60 s microwave heating resin solution with viscosity of 1500 mPa·s including resin, emulsifier, n-pentane foaming agent and formic acid solidifier in weight ratios of 50:2:16:4.

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are generally used to reduce the thermal resistance between contacting surfaces in electronic devices. The thermal properties of these materials, such as thermal conductivity (k_TIM) and contact resistance (R_c) at the TIM-solid interface, are critical to the heat dissipation analysis. However, it is much difficult to obtain these data. In this paper, an experimental apparatus for TIMs thermal properties measurements is built based on ASTM test standard D-5470. Using this apparatus, k_TIM and R_c of the silicone oil and thermal greases are measured, respectively. According to the error analysis, the relative errors in the measurement of k_TIM and R_c are less than 11.3% and 41.3%, respectively.

The expanded graphite (EG) could be prepared rapidly by microwave irradiation for graphite intercalation compounds (GIC). GIC was prepared through the chemical intercalation of natural flake graphite and concentrated sulphuric acid, and potassium permanganate was added as oxidizing agent in the progress. GIC samples would show different color and luster with potassium permanganate augmenting. For graphite flakes whose granularity was more than 0.42 mm, the biggest volume expansion was 285 ml·g^-1 when the mass ratio is m(graphite):m(H₂SO₄):m(KMnO₄)=5:10:4. The achieved EG particles were coarse and long. The dosage of potassium permanganate would decrease with graphite flakes size increasing when it reached the biggest volume expansion, the achieved EG particles also would turn more slender. The optimal radiant time was 30—60 s, the achieved EG worm was scorched partly in excess radiant time. In the process of microwave irradiate GIC, 30%—35%(mass) GIC would be lost.

Hybrid filler with proper filler ratio can better improve the thermal conductivity of polymer composites than the single filler. However, there is a lack of an effective thermal conductive equation of the hybrid filled composites. In this paper, a two-step analytical model was developed for calculating the effective thermal conductivity of composites containing hybrid single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) filler. Based on the experimental observation in the literature, a unit cell containing a "bridging connection" structure was abstracted, and thermal resistance method and Maxwell-Garnett effective medium approach were used to derive the model with the assumption that the unit cell is an equivalent uniform matrix and the non-bridging SWCNTs is the filler. By order of magnitude analysis, the thermal conductive equation was simplified. The modeling results were highly consistent with the experiment results in the literature. When the total mass fraction of hybrid fillers is constant, the effective thermal conductivity of composites firstly climbs up and then declines with the increase of GNPs, showing a clear synergistic effect. At a certain mass fraction ratio of hybrid filler, the effective thermal conductivity of composites rises with the increase of mass fraction of hybrid fillers.

The MCC-g-PGMA was synthesized by AGET ATRP in ionic liquid [AMIM]Cl. Vitamin C was used as the reducing agent and CuBr₂/ethanediamine was the catalytic system. The experiment proved that microcrystalline cellulose can well dissolve in [AMIM]Cl. Optimum mole ratio of GMA/ethanediamine/ CuBr₂/VC were attained at 100:4:1:1. The temperature and reaction time were 25℃ and 4 h. The grafting efficiency was as high as 54.56% and the distribution of molecular weight of MCC-g-PGMA was 1.48. FT-IR proved that the MCC-g-PGMA graft copolymer was successfully synthesized by AGET ATRP in [AMIM]Cl. SEM showed the surface of MCC was changed and became coarse after PGMA grafted to MCC. It has a perfect application potential in the field of drug carrier.