导电材料强化高固厌氧消化性能及机制研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250300

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着有机固体废物产量的逐年递增，如何实现其高效处理与资源化已成为当下环境领域的研究热点。高固厌氧消化被视为实现有机固体废物资源化的核心技术，但面临着高固体负荷引发的系统失稳及产气效率低等问题。导电材料凭借自身导电性、孔隙结构及氧化还原活性等特性调控微生物代谢与电子传递，被广泛应用于有机固废的高固厌氧消化处理领域。在现有研究基础之上，总结了铁基、碳基及铁碳复合材料对高固厌氧消化的强化效应。从关键酶活性调控、功能微生物群落优化和直接种间电子传递强化三个角度，阐明了导电材料提升系统性能背后的具体作用机制。进一步探讨了机器学习模型通过产甲烷效能预测与关键参数识别在导电材料参数优化中的应用潜力。同时，对导电材料强化有机固废高固厌氧消化的未来研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 导电材料, 高固厌氧消化, 微生物群落, 直接种间电子转移, 机器学习

Abstract:

With the annual increase in the output of organic solid waste, how to achieve its efficient treatment and resource utilization has become a research hotspot in the current environmental field. High-solids anaerobic digestion is regarded as the core technology to achieve the resourcefulness of organic solid waste, but faces problems such as system instability triggered by high solids loading and low gas production efficiency. Conductive materials are widely used in the field of high-solids anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste by virtue of their conductivity, pore structure and redox activity and other characteristics of regulating microbial metabolism and electron transfer. On the basis of existing studies, the enhanced effects of iron-based, carbon-based and iron-carbon composites on high solid anaerobic digestion were summarized, and the specific mechanisms behind the performance enhancement of the system by conductive materials were elucidated based on three perspectives: modulation of key enzyme activities, optimization of functional microbial communities, and enhancement of direct interspecies electron transfer. The potential application of machine learning models in the prediction of methane production efficiency and identification of key parameters is further explored, providing new ideas for the optimization of conductive material parameters. Meanwhile, the future research direction of conducting materials for enhanced high solid anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes is also prospected.

Key words: conductive materials, high-solids anaerobic digestion, microbial communities, direct interspecies electron transfer, machine learning

中图分类号:

X 705

吕龙义, 唐明磊, 郝鹏, 吴旻昊, 高文芳, 张光明. 导电材料强化高固厌氧消化性能及机制研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(9): 4737-4751.

Longyi LYU, Minglei TANG, Peng HAO, Minhao WU, Wenfang GAO, Guangming ZHANG. Progress on the performance and mechanism of high-solids anaerobic digestion enhanced by conductive materials[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(9): 4737-4751.

图/表 7

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材料类别	导电材料	投加量	粒径	实验体系	强化效果	文献
铁基	ZVI	320 mmol/L	160 μm	血清瓶—猪粪	反应周期缩短50.6%；CH₄产量提高22.2%	[9]
铁基	ZVI	5 g/L	300~600 nm	血清瓶—食物垃圾	有机物的转化速率提升18%；CH₄产量提高8.5%	[10]
铁基	mZVI	100 mg/g TS	150 μm	血清瓶—废弃活性污泥	TVFAs浓度下降；CH₄产量是对照组的11.9倍	[11]
铁基	废铁屑	20 g/L	0.075 mm	玻璃瓶—城市污泥/餐厨垃圾	氨氮浓度降低11%；VFAs含量提高51%；CH₄产量提高41.0%	[12]
铁基	磁铁矿粉	3 g/L	0.5~1.0 mm	烧瓶—猪粪/小麦秸秆	滞后期缩短为14.9 d；CH₄产量提高72.1%	[13]
铁基	INPs	1000 mg/L	<20 μm	聚丙烯消化器—牛粪	VS去除率提高109.3%；CH₄产量提高77.24%	[14]
铁基	磁铁矿	—	0.2~0.5 mm	厌氧消化器—废活性污泥	有机物的降解速率和VFAs的转化速率加快；CH₄产量提高37.4%	[15]
铁基	针铁矿	0.2 g/L	60~120 μm	树脂玻璃器—烟草废弃物/剩余污泥	酸化代谢及有机物溶解加速；最高产气量提升至359.4 ml/g	[16]
碳基	活性炭	0.8 g/L	—	血清瓶—食物垃圾	滞后期缩短67%；VFAs的降解加速；最大CH₄产量提高50%	[17]
碳基	GAC	27 g/L	8~12 mm	血清瓶—废活性污泥	VFAs平均总浓度下降9.8%；平均CH₄产量提高13.1%	[18]
碳基	碳布	—	—	聚碳酸酯消化罐—固体废物	滞后期缩短15%；CH₄产量提高20%	[19]
碳基	PAC	10 g/L	—	消化罐—玉米秸秆	纤维素降解率提高6.48%；CH₄产量提高17.92%	[20]
碳基	生物炭	8.0 g/L	150 μm	锥形瓶—食物垃圾/城市污泥	游离铵的积累得到缓解；平均日CH₄产量提高46.2%	[21]
碳基	石墨	—	0.16 mm	血清瓶—脱水污泥	促进水解酸化产物的消耗；产气量提高13.8%	[22]
碳基	石墨烯	50 mg/L	0.5~5 μm	广口玻璃瓶—食物垃圾/污泥	有机物降解率提高23.07%；CH₄产量提高36.09%	[23]
碳基	rGO	20 mg/L	—	半连续反应器—有机垃圾	在OLRs为2.0 gVS/L时，CH₄产量提升46%	[24]
碳基	CNTs	6.5 g/L	10~30 nm	批量厌氧反应器—鸡粪	VFAs的吸收加速；CH₄最大产量提高15%	[25]

材料类别	导电材料	投加量	粒径	实验体系	强化效果	文献
铁基	ZVI	320 mmol/L	160 μm	血清瓶—猪粪	反应周期缩短50.6%；CH₄产量提高22.2%	[9]
铁基	ZVI	5 g/L	300~600 nm	血清瓶—食物垃圾	有机物的转化速率提升18%；CH₄产量提高8.5%	[10]
铁基	mZVI	100 mg/g TS	150 μm	血清瓶—废弃活性污泥	TVFAs浓度下降；CH₄产量是对照组的11.9倍	[11]
铁基	废铁屑	20 g/L	0.075 mm	玻璃瓶—城市污泥/餐厨垃圾	氨氮浓度降低11%；VFAs含量提高51%；CH₄产量提高41.0%	[12]
铁基	磁铁矿粉	3 g/L	0.5~1.0 mm	烧瓶—猪粪/小麦秸秆	滞后期缩短为14.9 d；CH₄产量提高72.1%	[13]
铁基	INPs	1000 mg/L	<20 μm	聚丙烯消化器—牛粪	VS去除率提高109.3%；CH₄产量提高77.24%	[14]
铁基	磁铁矿	—	0.2~0.5 mm	厌氧消化器—废活性污泥	有机物的降解速率和VFAs的转化速率加快；CH₄产量提高37.4%	[15]
铁基	针铁矿	0.2 g/L	60~120 μm	树脂玻璃器—烟草废弃物/剩余污泥	酸化代谢及有机物溶解加速；最高产气量提升至359.4 ml/g	[16]
碳基	活性炭	0.8 g/L	—	血清瓶—食物垃圾	滞后期缩短67%；VFAs的降解加速；最大CH₄产量提高50%	[17]
碳基	GAC	27 g/L	8~12 mm	血清瓶—废活性污泥	VFAs平均总浓度下降9.8%；平均CH₄产量提高13.1%	[18]
碳基	碳布	—	—	聚碳酸酯消化罐—固体废物	滞后期缩短15%；CH₄产量提高20%	[19]
碳基	PAC	10 g/L	—	消化罐—玉米秸秆	纤维素降解率提高6.48%；CH₄产量提高17.92%	[20]
碳基	生物炭	8.0 g/L	150 μm	锥形瓶—食物垃圾/城市污泥	游离铵的积累得到缓解；平均日CH₄产量提高46.2%	[21]
碳基	石墨	—	0.16 mm	血清瓶—脱水污泥	促进水解酸化产物的消耗；产气量提高13.8%	[22]
碳基	石墨烯	50 mg/L	0.5~5 μm	广口玻璃瓶—食物垃圾/污泥	有机物降解率提高23.07%；CH₄产量提高36.09%	[23]
碳基	rGO	20 mg/L	—	半连续反应器—有机垃圾	在OLRs为2.0 gVS/L时，CH₄产量提升46%	[24]
碳基	CNTs	6.5 g/L	10~30 nm	批量厌氧反应器—鸡粪	VFAs的吸收加速；CH₄最大产量提高15%	[25]

导电材料	投加量	实验体系	强化效果	文献
GAC-NZVI	1000 mg/L	批式反应器—合成啤酒废水	COD降解率提高9.38%；CH₄产量提高14.29%	[48]
ZVI+AC	10 g/L	批式反应器—餐厨垃圾	氨抑制得到缓解；CH₄产量提高35.0%	[49]
BC-ZVI	0.4 g/g VS	厌氧消化瓶—厨余垃圾	缓冲体系pH；促进丁酸向乙酸转化；延滞时间和总反应时间缩短	[50]
NZVI-BC	—	血清瓶—餐厨垃圾	缩短滞后时间；加速丙酸降解；CH₄产量提高49.87%	[51]
nFe₃O₄-CNTs	6.7 g/L	批式厌氧反应器—鸡粪	VFAs更有效地参与甲烷生成；CH₄产量提高3.7%	[52]
Fe⁰/GO	1.2 g/L	UASB反应器—清洗废水	COD去除率提高到91.8%；产气量提高至511 ml/12h	[53]
RGO-NZVI	900 mg/L	硼硅玻璃瓶—乳品废水	SCOD去除率提高；CH₄含量提高至86.27%，COD去除率提高47.37%	[54]
CTS-Fe	10 g/L	玻璃血清瓶—废活性污泥	蛋白质和多糖的降解加速；胞外水解酶活性提高	[55]
CF@ITO	5.8 mg/L	批式反应器—厌氧污泥	COD去除率提高36.34%；CH₄产量提高47.73%	[56]
Fe₃O₄-rGO	0.27 g/L	厌氧反应器—葡萄糖	在高OLR下维持VFA浓度的稳定性；生物气体中CH₄含量提高到60%~65%	[57]
FNC	2 g/L	血清瓶—偶氮染料废水	胞外聚合物的含量和蛋白质比例保持稳定；厌氧颗粒污泥的稳定性增强	[58]
Fe₃O₄-膨润土	2 g/g VSS	厌氧消化器—厨余垃圾	Fe₃O₄-膨润土的添加使反应器中累积甲烷产量增加152%	[59]
g-C₃N₄/PANI	1 g/L	厌氧消化瓶—厌氧污泥	CH₄产量和产生速率分别提高82%和96%	[60]
TiO₂-FNi	2.82 g/L	烧瓶—玉米秸秆	在11.4 mT的静态磁场下，CH₄产量比对照组增加44.71%	[61]
GAC-MnO₂	1.5 g/g VSS	血清瓶—淀粉废水	COD去除效率提高77%；CH₄产量提高36%	[62]

导电材料	投加量	实验体系	强化效果	文献
GAC-NZVI	1000 mg/L	批式反应器—合成啤酒废水	COD降解率提高9.38%；CH₄产量提高14.29%	[48]
ZVI+AC	10 g/L	批式反应器—餐厨垃圾	氨抑制得到缓解；CH₄产量提高35.0%	[49]
BC-ZVI	0.4 g/g VS	厌氧消化瓶—厨余垃圾	缓冲体系pH；促进丁酸向乙酸转化；延滞时间和总反应时间缩短	[50]
NZVI-BC	—	血清瓶—餐厨垃圾	缩短滞后时间；加速丙酸降解；CH₄产量提高49.87%	[51]
nFe₃O₄-CNTs	6.7 g/L	批式厌氧反应器—鸡粪	VFAs更有效地参与甲烷生成；CH₄产量提高3.7%	[52]
Fe⁰/GO	1.2 g/L	UASB反应器—清洗废水	COD去除率提高到91.8%；产气量提高至511 ml/12h	[53]
RGO-NZVI	900 mg/L	硼硅玻璃瓶—乳品废水	SCOD去除率提高；CH₄含量提高至86.27%，COD去除率提高47.37%	[54]
CTS-Fe	10 g/L	玻璃血清瓶—废活性污泥	蛋白质和多糖的降解加速；胞外水解酶活性提高	[55]
CF@ITO	5.8 mg/L	批式反应器—厌氧污泥	COD去除率提高36.34%；CH₄产量提高47.73%	[56]
Fe₃O₄-rGO	0.27 g/L	厌氧反应器—葡萄糖	在高OLR下维持VFA浓度的稳定性；生物气体中CH₄含量提高到60%~65%	[57]
FNC	2 g/L	血清瓶—偶氮染料废水	胞外聚合物的含量和蛋白质比例保持稳定；厌氧颗粒污泥的稳定性增强	[58]
Fe₃O₄-膨润土	2 g/g VSS	厌氧消化器—厨余垃圾	Fe₃O₄-膨润土的添加使反应器中累积甲烷产量增加152%	[59]
g-C₃N₄/PANI	1 g/L	厌氧消化瓶—厌氧污泥	CH₄产量和产生速率分别提高82%和96%	[60]
TiO₂-FNi	2.82 g/L	烧瓶—玉米秸秆	在11.4 mT的静态磁场下，CH₄产量比对照组增加44.71%	[61]
GAC-MnO₂	1.5 g/g VSS	血清瓶—淀粉废水	COD去除效率提高77%；CH₄产量提高36%	[62]

特征类别	特征参数	重要性排名	影响机制	参考文献
材料本征物性	比表面积	1	促进底物吸附与微生物定殖，提供反应界面	[104-105]
	电导率	2	直接决定DIET效率，是强化电子传递的核心物性	[106-107]
	官能团分布	3	微生物-材料界面电子传递调控，影响表面反应活性和抑制物吸附	[104-105]
	pH缓冲能力	4	缓解VFAs积累导致的酸化，维持适宜产甲烷环境	—
	电容特征	5	在特定条件（低固体系）下依赖高电容材料存储和释放电子	[106]
工艺参数	投加量	1	存在阈值效应，过量添加易引发团聚、抑制或占据活性位点，抑制活性	[97,105]
工艺参数	粒径	2	协同比表面积调控反应效率，较小粒径通常具有更优效果	[104-106]