碱性电解水制氢安全研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250387

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

碱性电解水制氢技术在规模化应用过程中仍存在组件腐蚀、管道结构劣化等可能引发氢氧混合和氢气泄漏的风险，对系统运行安全构成威胁。通过分析碱性电解水制氢系统的结构组成和工作机理，识别出影响制氢安全的关键组件和原因。针对电极催化剂在高电流密度下活性位点不足和稳定性差的问题，提出采用三维电极结构设计或者构筑亲水疏气界面的方法。对于隔膜材料因亲水性不足和机械强度缺陷引发的氢氧混合风险，亟需开发性能优异的隔膜材料。本文还揭示了各操作参数和波动工况对气体纯度的影响机理，指出当前通过调整单一参数提高气体纯度方法的不足。为工业大规模碱性电解水制氢安全提供理论支撑。

关键词: 气体纯度, 催化剂, 膜, 渗透, 爆炸, 操作参数

Abstract:

The alkaline electrolysis of water for hydrogen production technology still poses risks of component corrosion, pipeline structural degradation, and hydrogen oxygen mixing and leakage during large-scale application, posing a threat to system operation safety. By analyzing the structural composition and working mechanism of the alkaline electrolysis water hydrogen production system, the key components and reasons affecting the safety of hydrogen production are identified. In response to the insufficient active sites and poor stability of electrode catalysts at high current densities, a method of using three-dimensional electrode structure design or constructing hydrophilic and hydrophobic interfaces is proposed. There is an urgent need to develop high-performance membrane materials to address the risk of hydrogen oxygen mixing caused by insufficient hydrophilicity and mechanical strength defects in membrane materials. The study also revealed the impact mechanism of various operating parameters and fluctuation conditions on gas purity, pointing out the shortcomings of current methods for improving gas purity by adjusting a single parameter. It provides theoretical support for the safety of large-scale industrial alkaline water electrolysis to produce hydrogen.

Key words: gas purity, catalyst, membranes, permeation, explosions, operating parameters

中图分类号:

TQ116.2

李怡, 王纪元, 潘旭海, 汪志雷, 华敏. 碱性电解水制氢安全研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(10): 4961-4975.

Yi LI, Jiyuan WANG, Xuhai PAN, Zhilei WANG, Min HUA. Research progress on safety of hydrogen production by alkaline electrolysis of water[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(10): 4961-4975.

图/表 19

图1 制氢途径总结[2]

Fig.1 Hydrogen production pathway summary[2]

图2 碱性电解水制氢系统结构图[11]

Fig.2 Structure diagram of alkaline electrolysis water hydrogen production system[11]

图3 碱性水电解槽示意图[13]

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of alkaline water electrolysis cell[13]

图4 金属材料的析氢活性趋势[23]（1 cal=4.186 kJ）

Fig.4 Trend of hydrogen evolution activity of metal materials[23]

图5 不同催化剂示意图[39-40]

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of different catalysts[39-40]

图6 极化曲线和电流响应[44]

Fig.6 Polarization curve and current response[44]

图7 超亲水/超疏气界面微观作用机理[45]

Fig.7 Microscopic mechanism of superhydrophilic/superaerophobic interface[45]

图8 PPS隔膜实物

Fig.8 Physical picture of PPS diaphragm

图9 复合隔膜

Fig.9 Composite diaphragm

图10 不同温度下电流密度对气泡覆盖率的影响[75]

Fig.10 The effect of current density on bubble coverage under different temperature[75]

图11 电流密度对气体纯度的影响[72]

Fig.11 The effect of current density on gas purity[72]

图12 不同条件下阴极室内气泡直径大小[72]

Fig.12 Diameter of bubbles inside the cathode chamber under different conditions[72]

图13 碱性电解槽在不同温度下的极化曲线[80]

Fig.13 Polarization curves of alkaline electrolysis cell at different temperatures[80]

图14 压力对HTO含量的影响[80]

Fig.14 Effect of pressure on HTO content[80]

图15 氢气在KOH溶液中的溶解度[87]

Fig.15 Solubility of hydrogen in KOH solution[87]

图16 制氢流程简化图[88-89]

Fig.16 Simplified diagram of hydrogen production process[88-89]

图17 两种循环模式切换下HTO含量随时间的变化[73]

Fig.17 Time dependent variation of HTO content during switching between two cycling modes[73]

图18 不同电解堆数量在交替循环模式下HTO含量随时间的变化[79]

Fig.18 Time dependent variation of HTO content under alternating cycle mode with different numbers of electrolysis stacks[79]

图19 QL/QO2对HTO含量的影响[96]

Fig.19 The effect of QL/QO2on HTO content [96]

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