MABR中泥-膜复合系统的协同脱氮机制与低碳运行特性研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250827

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来，膜曝气生物膜反应器（MABR）因其供氧效率高和运行能耗低的优势，已成为城镇污水处理领域的关键技术方向。有研究表明，MABR中生物膜与活性污泥所构成的复合体系可显著提升生物脱氮效能，但不同污泥形态间菌群的协同机制尚未明确。本研究通过协同调控进水负荷与氮素组成，探究了MABR启动同步硝化反硝化（SND）工艺处理模拟市政污水的可行性，并对反应器处理效能、生物膜生长过程及菌群功能结构展开深入分析。结果表明，当进水碳氮比（COD/TN）为5时，MABR仅运行20天即可实现SND功能。当单位膜面积进水氮负荷提升至3.59 g N·（m²·d）^-1时，MABR对COD和TN的去除率分别稳定在89.07 ± 0.57%和88.37 ± 0.36%，其单位膜面积TN去除负荷显著高于文献报道的平均水平（1.89 g N·（m²·d）^-1）。由高通量测序和功能基因预测结果可知，在高负荷条件下，生物膜中氨氧化菌（Nitrosomonas属）、亚硝酸盐氧化菌（Nitrospira属）及反硝化菌（如Flavobacterium属等）得到同步富集，而悬浮污泥则以异养菌为主。期间，MABR工艺的单位运行能耗和全流程碳排放强度分别为0.18 kW·h·m^-3和0.27 kgCO₂eq·m^-3，均显著低于活性污泥法。这表明MABR兼具高效生物脱氮与低碳运行特征，拥有良好的应用推广前景。

关键词: 膜曝气生物膜反应器, 市政污水, 泥-膜复合系统, 同步硝化反硝化, 低碳运行

Abstract:

In recent years, the membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) has increasingly become a key development direction in urban wastewater treatment technology due to its high oxygen utilization efficiency and low operational energy consumption. Studies have shown that the integrated system of biofilm and activated sludge in MABR can significantly enhance the efficiency of biological nitrogen removal. However, the mechanisms underlying the microbial community synergy across different carriers remain unclear. This study investigated the feasibility of initiating a synchronous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process in MABR for treating simulated municipal wastewater through coordinated regulation of influent loading and nitrogen composition. The reactor performance, biofilm growth dynamics, and functional structure of the microbial community were systematically analyzed. Results indicated that the SND function was successfully established after 20 days of operation under an influent carbon to nitrogen mass ratio (COD/TN) of 5. When the influent nitrogen loading rate per unit membrane area was increased to 3.59 g N·(m²·d)^-1, the removal efficiencies of COD and TN reached 89.07 ± 0.57% and 88.37 ± 0.36%, respectively. Furthermore, the nitrogen removal loading rate per unit membrane area in the MABR was significantly higher than the average value reported in previous studies (1.89 g N·(m²·d)^-1). High-throughput sequencing and functional gene analysis revealed that under high-load conditions, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Nitrosomonas), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Nitrospira), and denitrifying bacteria (e.g., Flavobacterium) were simultaneously enriched in the biofilm, whereas the suspended sludge was predominantly composed of heterotrophic bacteria. The calculation results demonstrated that the operational energy consumption and whole-process carbon emission intensity of the MABR system per cubic meter of wastewater treated were 0.18 kW·h·m^-3 and 0.27 kgCO₂eq·m^-3, respectively, which are considerably lower than those associated with the conventional activated sludge method. These findings indicate that MABR offers both high treatment efficiency and low-carbon operation, highlighting its promising potential for widespread application and promotion.

Key words: membrane aeration biofilm reactor, municipal wastewater, biofilm-activated sludge composite system, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, low-carbon operation

中图分类号:

X 703

洪锦波, 陆美杰, 胡洋, 袁隆昊, 刘锋, 钱飞跃. MABR中泥-膜复合系统的协同脱氮机制与低碳运行特性研究[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250827.

Jinbo HONG, Meijie LU, Yang HU, Longhao YUAN, Feng LIU, Feiyue QIAN. Study on the synergistic nitrogen removal mechanisms between biofilms and activated sludge and the low-carbon operational characteristics of MABR[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250827.

图/表 8

图1 膜曝气生物膜反应器（MABR）的结构图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR)

表1 MABR连续运行的工况条件

Table 1 Operating conditions of the MABR under continuous operation modes

运行阶段	运行时间	进水氮负荷 NLR（g N·(m²·d)^-1）	NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N摩尔比	进水有机负荷 OLR（g·(m²·d)^-1）	HRT （h）	管路供气流量（mL·min^-1）
Ⅰ	第1~19 d	1.22 ± 0.01	1:1	6.12 ± 0.02	24	70 ± 2
Ⅱ	第20~37 d	1.62 ± 0.02	1:1	8.06 ± 0.20	18	70 ± 2
Ⅲ	第38~69 d	2.41 ± 0 .04	1:1	12.04 ± 0.30	12	70 ± 2
Ⅳ	第70~91 d	3.59 ± 0.05	1:1	17.84 ± 0.70	8	70 ± 2
Ⅴ	第92~150 d	3.59 ± 0.07	3:1	17.84 ± 0.70	8	150 ± 5

图2 运行期间，MABR进出水中（a）NH4+-N、NO2- -N、NO3—N，（b）COD浓度，（c）TN、COD去除率及（d）DO浓度的变化情况

Fig. 2 Variations in concentrations of (a) NH4+-N, NO2- -N, NO3--N, (b) COD, (c) removal efficiencies of TN and COD, and (d) DO concentrations in the MABR during the operational period

图3（a） PDMS膜表面生物膜的形态变化和（b）本研究中MABR脱氮效能与文献报道结果的对比[21-32]

Fig.3 (a) Morphological evolution of biofilms on the surface of PDMS membranes during operation; (b) Comparison of nitrogen removal efficiency in the MABR with values reported in the literature[21-32]

图4 三组微生物样品在OTU水平上的（a）PCoA图和（b）Venn图以及在（c）门和（d）属水平上的菌群结构

Fig.4 (a) PCoA analysis and (b) Venn diagram at the OTU level; Microbial community structure at (c) phylum and (d) genus levels within the three sample groups

图5 （a）LB、（b）HB和（c）HS样品中相对丰度TOP 50菌属的共现网络图

Fig.5 Microbial co-occurrence networks of the top 50 bacterial genera in (a) LB, (b) HB, and (c) HS samples

图6 MABR中（a）生物膜驱动SND脱氮的反应机制和（b）PICRUSt对硝化/反硝化功能基因的预测结果

Fig.6 (a) Mechanisms of the SND process for nitrogen removal in MABR; (b) PICRUSt predicted nitrification/denitrification functional genes in the three sample groups

表2 A/A/O工艺和MABR反应器处理市政污水的技术参数比较

Table 2 Technical comparison between A/A/O process and MABR reactor for municipal wastewater treatment

工艺类型		A/A/O工艺	MABR工艺
反应器性能	进水COD/TN浓度（mg·L^-1）	270~550 / 35~50	210~650 / 32~48	200 / 40
	单位膜面积氮负荷（g N·(m²·d)^-1）	/	0.13~4.30	3.59 ± 0.07
	进水TN容积负荷（kg N·(m³·d)^-1）¹	0.05~0.12	0.02~0.43	0.36
	COD去除率（%）	85%~95%	85%~98%	89.07 ± 0.57%
	TN 去除率（%）	70%~85%	72%~95%	88.37 ± 0.36%
污水处理单位能耗药耗	运行能耗（kW·h·m^-3）²	0.20~0.51	0.11~0.25	0.18
污水处理单位能耗药耗	碳源投加（g·m^-3）	30~150	/	/
全流程碳排放强度³ （kgCO₂eq·m⁻³）	电力消耗	0.24~0.39	0.08~0.21	0.15
	N₂O排放	0.15~0.47	0.02~0.09	0.06
	CH₄排放	0.03~0.07	0.01~0.02	0.02
	碳源投加	0.12~0.34	/	/
	剩余污泥处置³	0.10~0.23	0.02~0.06	0.04
	合计	0.53~1.13	0.12~0.30	0.27
数据来源		[44-46]	[23-24, 27]	本研究

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