海上风电制氢系统建模及热力学与经济学分析

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240904

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为系统分析和评估海上风电制氢系统的热力学性能及经济性，构建了一个在热力学方面充分考虑附属设备、在经济学上兼顾海域特殊性的海上风电制氢系统模型。基于该模型，首先进行了参数研究和敏感性分析，以探讨运行参数对系统性能的影响规律；其次，利用我国海域真实风速数据进行了案例研究，模拟并评估了该海域的制氢能力及系统性能。研究结果表明，风速、电解槽运行温度及运行压力的提升均有助于增强制氢系统的运行性能，其中系统性能对风速变化表现出显著敏感性；案例研究显示该海域全年氢气产量为179908 kg，平均能量效率和㶲效率分别为26.6%和54.4%。然而，成本高昂的海上浮体结构使得氢气平准化成本显著上升。此外，该海域在夏季的制氢能力明显不足，特别是6月份的氢气产量最低，仅为10月或11月的15.3%。

关键词: 海上风电, 制氢, 模拟, 性能评估, 技术经济学, 可再生能源

Abstract:

To systematically analyze and evaluate the thermodynamic performance and economic viability of offshore wind power hydrogen production systems, a comprehensive model was developed that integrates both auxiliary equipment from a thermodynamic perspective and accounts for the unique characteristics of the marine environment within an economic context. Using this model, parameter studies and sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of operational parameters on system performance. Subsequently, a case study was conducted using actual wind speed data from Chinese marine areas to simulate and assess hydrogen production capacity and system performance for that region. The results indicate that increases in wind speed, electrolyzer operating temperature, and operating pressure significantly enhance system performance, with the system being most sensitive to variations in wind speed. The case study showed that the annual hydrogen production in this marine area reached 179,908 kg, with average energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of 26.6% and 54.4%, respectively. However, the high costs associated with offshore floating structures significantly increased the levelized cost of hydrogen. Additionally, hydrogen production in this region was markedly insufficient during the summer months, especially in June, when production was only 15.3% of that in October or November.

Key words: offshore wind, hydrogen production, simulation, performance evaluation, techno-economic assessment, renewable energy

中图分类号:

TK 91

高波, 王佳琪, 刘志亮, 赵玄烈, 葛坤. 海上风电制氢系统建模及热力学与经济学分析[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240904.

Bo GAO, Jiaqi WANG, Zhiliang LIU, Xuanlie ZHAO, Kun GE. Modeling and thermodynamic and economic analysis of offshore wind power-based hydrogen production systems[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240904.

图/表 18

图1 基于海上风能的PEM电解水制氢系统原理图

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of PEM water electrolysis system based on offshore wind energy

图2 PEM电解槽单元电压特性模拟结果与文献实验数据对比

Fig.2 Comparison between the simulated cell voltage performance of a PEM electrolyzer and the experimental data from the literature

图3 PEM燃料电池模型单电池极化曲线模拟结果与文献结果对比

Fig.3 Comparison between the simulated polarization curve of a single cell in the PEM fuel cell model and the experimental results from the literature

表1 系统模型基本参数

Table 1 The basic parameters of the system model

参数	数值	参数	数值
风力机切入风速	3 m/s	质子交换膜厚度	0.0254 cm
风力机额定功率	4 MW	燃料电池活化面积，A_fc	500 cm²
风力机额定风速	10 m/s	燃料电池运行压力	1.5 bar
风能利用系数，C_p	0.45	用户用电负荷，W_ele	300 kW
风力机效率，η_wp	0.8	蓄电池充电功率，W_bat	25 kW
风力机叶片半径，R_wp	155 m	压缩机等熵效率，η_C	0.85
PEM电解槽运行温度，T_el	80℃	海水淡化功耗，P_RO	3.0 kWh/kg
PEM电解槽运行压力，p_el	1.5 bar	换热器最小换热温差	5℃
电解槽单元数目，N_el	800	水泵等熵效率，η_C	0.85
电解槽活化面积，A_el	1000 cm²	氢气储罐入口温度	30℃

图4 风速对系统性能的影响

Fig. 4 Effect of wind speed on the system performace

图5 PEM电解槽运行温度对系统性能的影响

Fig. 5 Effect of the temperature of PEM electrolyzer on the system performance

图6 电解槽运行压力对系统性能的影响

Fig. 6 Effect of the pressure of PEM electrolyzer on the system performance

图7 储氢压力对系统性能的影响

Fig. 7 Effect of hydrogen storage pressure on system performance

图8 参数敏感性分析

Fig. 8 Parameter sensitivity analysis

表 2 各月份系统运行处于不同场景的时长及平均风速

Table 2 Duration of system operation in different scenarios and average wind speed in each month

月份	场景一		场景二		场景三		场景四	总时长 h
月份	时长 h	风速 m/s	时长 h	风速 m/s	时长 h	风速 m/s	时长 h	总时长 h
1	613	8.16	7	4.5	77	3.77	47	744
2	561	8.44	4	4.5	84	3.76	23	672
3	446	7.97	9	4.5	152	3.75	137	744
4	367	8.59	8	4.5	148	3.68	197	720
5	533	7.98	9	4.5	107	3.78	95	744
6	377	6.84	9	4.5	134	3.70	200	720
7	401	7.62	14	4.5	191	3.77	138	744
8	360	7.66	11	4.5	169	3.77	204	744
9	420	8.01	10	4.5	155	3.73	135	720
10	619	8.72	4	4.5	70	3.75	51	744
11	575	8.94	8	4.5	82	3.75	55	720
12	611	7.17	12	4.5	97	3.79	24	744
全年	5883	8.01	105	4.5	1466	3.75	1306	8760

图9 各月场景一的平均风速

Fig. 9 Monthly average wind speed for scenario 1

图10 各月电解槽制氢量与燃料电池耗氢量

Fig. 10 Hydrogen production by electrolyzer and hydrogen consumption by fuel cell for each month

图11 各月的氢气产量和LCOH

Fig. 11 Hydrogen production and LCOH per month

图12 各设备投资成本占整个系统投资成本的比例

Fig. 12 Equipment costs as a percentage of overall system costs

表 3 本研究与其他可再生能源制氢系统相关研究中系统效率的对比

Table 3 Comparison of system efficiency between this study and related research on hydrogen production systems from renewable energy sources

文献	制氢系统类型	系统输出	能量效率	㶲效率
[7]	风能	氢气、电能、热能、冷能	36.1%	59.5%
[6]	风能	氢气、电能、热能	20.0%	21.2%
[7]	风能、生物质能	氢气、电能、热能、冷能	25.0%	41.2%
[35]	太阳能	氢气、电能、淡水	38.5%	35.6%
本文	风能	氢气、电能	26.6%	54.4%

图13 各月的系统能量效率、㶲效率

Fig. 13 System energy efficiency and exergy efficiency per month

图 14 系统运行中各设备耗功占比

Fig. 14 Power consumption ratio of each device in system operation

图15 系统能流图

Fig. 15 System energy flow diagram

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