“自下而上”化学合成纳米石墨烯的研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200043

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

纳米石墨烯是组成石墨烯结构的一部分，尺寸一般介于1~100 nm，可以作为结构单元构筑石墨烯、碳纳米管和富勒烯等功能碳材料。纳米石墨烯具有一定的量子效应、边缘效应和界面效应，在新型分子电子器件、传感器等领域有着巨大的应用潜力。本文重点介绍“自下而上”化学合成纳米石墨烯的方法、含七元环或八元环特殊结构的纳米石墨烯、杂原子掺杂的纳米石墨烯以及纳米石墨烯的边缘修饰。探讨了不同合成方法的优势和特点，介绍了不同结构纳米石墨烯的性能及应用前景，概括了“自下而上”合成纳米石墨烯存在的问题及未来的发展趋势。

关键词: 自下而上合成, 纳米石墨烯, 杂原子掺杂, 边缘修饰, 化学合成

Abstract:

Nanographene is a part of graphene structure, and its size is generally in the range of 1—100 nm. It can be used as a structural unit to construct functional carbon materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes and fullerene. Due to the quantum-size effect, edge effect and interface effect, nanographenes are of potential for molecular electronics and the sensors. Herein, we will discuss the bottom-up chemical synthesis for nanographenes, including graphene molecules with seven- or eight-membered rings, heteroatom-doped nanographenes and edge functionalization of nanographenes. The advantages of different synthetic methods and their limitations are highlighed. The properties and applications of nanographenes with different structures have been summarized. The trends and key issues to be tackled in future are also briefly outlined.

Key words: bottom-up synthesis, nanographene, heteroatom-doped, edge functionalization, chemical synthesis

中图分类号:

TB 34

张亚婷, 张博超, 张建兰, 李可可, 党永强, 段瑛峰. “自下而上”化学合成纳米石墨烯的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(6): 2628-2642.

Yating ZHANG, Bochao ZHANG, Jianlan ZHANG, Keke LI, Yongqiang DANG, Yingfeng DUAN. Research progress in “bottom-up” chemical synthesis of nanographenes[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(6): 2628-2642.

图/表 24

图1 根据尺寸大小定义石墨烯术语[14]

Fig.1 Schematic illustration of graphene terminology defined according to their size scale [14]

图2 Clar法合成HBC

Fig.2 Synthesis of HBC by Clar’s method

图3 通过六苯基苯前体合成HBC

Fig.3 Synthesis of HBC from hexaphenylbenzene precursor

图4 通过Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应合成HBC前体

Fig.4 Synthesis of HBC precursor by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction

图5 通过苯炔的[4+2]环加成反应合成纳米石墨烯

Fig.5 Synthesis of nanographenes by [4+2] cycloaddition of aryne

图6 通过苯炔的[2+2+2]环加成反应合成纳米石墨烯

Fig.6 Synthesis of nanographenes by [2+2+2] cycloaddition of aryne

图7 通过Yamamoto偶联反应合成纳米石墨烯

Fig.7 Synthesis of nanographenes by Yamamoto coupling reaction

图8 通过光催化合成六苯并苯衍生物

Fig.8 Synthesis of hexabenzobenzene derivatives by photocatalysis

图9 含有不同中心环的[n]circulenes

Fig.9 [n]Circulenes with different central rings

图10 外围含有七元环结构的纳米石墨烯

Fig.10 Nanographenes with an embeded seven-membered ring

图11 含有五个七元环的纳米石墨烯

Fig.11 Nanographenes with five seven-membered rings

图12 含有八元环的纳米石墨烯

Fig.12 Nanographenes with eight-membered rings

图13 含有吡咯环的纳米石墨烯

Fig.13 Nanographenes with pyrrole rings

图14 其他N-掺杂的纳米石墨烯

Fig.14 Other N-doped nanographenes

图15 含有噻吩环的纳米石墨烯

Fig.15 Nanographenes with thiophene ring

图16 不同结构的S-掺杂纳米石墨烯

Fig.16 S-doped nanographenes with different structures

图17 卤素取代的HBC衍生物

Fig.17 HBC derivatives substituted by halogen

图18 边缘修饰的纳米石墨烯

Fig.18 Edge functionalization of nanographenes

图19 边缘全部氯化的纳米石墨烯

Fig.19 Edge chlorination of nanographenes

图20 硼烷取代的纳米石墨烯及其进一步转化

Fig.20 Borylation of nanographenes and their further transformation

图21 HBC两亲物的结构示意图(a),自组装双层带(b)及石墨纳米管(c) [76]

Fig.21 Schematic diagram of HBC amphiphile (a), self-assembled double-layered belt (b) and graphite nanotubes (c) [76]

图22 含有三个HBC结构的三维纳米石墨烯在细胞荧光成像中的应用[77]

Fig.22 Application of three-dimensional nanographenes containing three HBC structures in cellular fluorescence imaging [77]

图23 NGHC的构造示意图(a)及在NGHCs电极的放电和充电过程中锂离子和电子的扩散(b) [81]

Fig.23 Schematic diagram of structure of NGHC (a) and diffusion of lithium ions and electrons during discharge and charging of NGHCs electrodes (b) [81]

图24 用CNT和HBC溶液制备的Ti/Pd ID电极传感器[83]

Fig.24 Ti/Pd ID electrode sensor prepared by using CNT and HBC solution [83]

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