空间用单机两级有阀线性压缩机研制及测试

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241296

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在宇宙探索中，可靠的低温环境对空间探测器至关重要。有阀线性压缩机是Joule-Thomson（JT）节流制冷机的驱动部件，其结构及性能直接影响制冷机制冷性能及效率。基于课题组研究基础，本文优化压缩机电机及气阀，研制了一款单机两级有阀线性压缩机原理样机并开展相关研究测试。实验结果表明，随着充气压力从0.1 MPa增加至0.3 MPa时，质量流量增长337%，压比仅降低19.7%，电机效率与等熵效率在0.15 MPa时达到最大；随着活塞行程从2 mm增加至10 mm时，质量流量增长了10.6倍，压比增长了9.6倍，电机效率在4 mm时达到最大，而等熵效率与行程呈线性增长趋势。该压缩机最大输出性能为16 mg/s（19.7压比），能覆盖两台单级压缩机的输出能力。该原理样机的研制，为后续空间节流制冷机的轻量高效需求奠定了基础。

关键词: 压缩机, 非线性负载, 气阀, 优化, 输出能力, 实验验证, 轻量高效

Abstract:

In cosmic exploration, a dependable low-temperature environment is indispensable for space detectors. The valved linear compressor (VLC) functions as the core component in the Joule-Thomson (JT) throttling cryocooler, with its structure and performance having a direct bearing on the cryocooler's cooling efficacy and efficiency. To attain lightweight and efficient VLCs for space applications, the motion characteristics of the double-acting piston structure are analyzed, building on the research foundation of our group. The gas load is then determined using the describing function method. By optimizing the motor structure and gas valve, an independent two-stage VLC prototype is developed, accompanied by variable parameter studies across different charging pressures and piston strokes. Experimental findings reveal that as the charging pressure rises from 0.1 MPa to 0.3 MPa, the mass flow rate increases by 337%, while the pressure ratio decreases by just 19.7%. Both motor efficiency and isentropic efficiency peak at 0.15 MPa. As the piston stroke expands from 2 mm to 10 mm, the mass flow rate multiplies by 10.6, and the pressure ratio increases by 9.6 times. Motor efficiency peaks at 4 mm, whereas isentropic efficiency demonstrates a linear increase with stroke length. Testing confirms that this compressor's maximum output performance is 16 mg/s at a pressure ratio of 19.7, sufficient to match the output capacity of two single-stage compressors. The creation of this prototype establishes a foundation for meeting the lightweight and efficient demands of future space throttling cryocoolers.

Key words: compressor, non-linear load, gas valve, optimization, output capacity, experimental validation, lightweight and efficient

中图分类号:

TB 652

沙鑫权, 胡然, 丁磊, 蒋珍华, 吴亦农. 空间用单机两级有阀线性压缩机研制及测试[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(S1): 114-122.

Xinquan SHA, Ran HU, Lei DING, Zhenhua JIANG, Yinong WU. Development and testing of an independent two-stage valved linear compressor for space applications[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(S1): 114-122.

图/表 17

图1 两级有阀线性压缩机原理结构简图

Fig.1 Schematic structure diagram of two-stage valved linear compressor

表1 单机两级有阀线性压缩机参数

Table 1 Parameters of single two-stage linear compressor

参数	值
整机质量G/kg	9.5
活塞直径D₁/mm	32
活塞直径D₂/mm	16
运行频率f/Hz	30~60
比推力F_max	27

图2 单机两级有阀线性压缩机理论循环

Fig.2 Theoretical cycle of two-stage valved linear compressor

表2 单机两级有阀线性压缩机工作过程

Table 2 Working process of two-stage valved linear compressor

工作过程	低压级状态	高压级状态
1	压缩(1→2)	膨胀(1′→2′)
2	压缩(1→2)	吸气(2′→3′)
3	排气(2→3)	吸气(2′→3′)
4	膨胀(3→4)	压缩(3′→4′)
5	吸气(4→1)	压缩(3′→4′)
6	吸气(4→1)	排气(4′→1′)

图3 平板阀原理结构

Fig.3 Principle structure of flat valve

图4 不同孔径下气阀阀孔压力损失

Fig.4 Pressure loss of valve hole of gas valve under different hole diameters

表3 阀片刚度和最大应力

Table 3 Stiffness and maximum stress of flat valve

阀片	阀片刚度/(N/m)	最大应力/MPa
低压进气阀片	93.5	79.4
低压排气阀片	254	198.9
高压进气阀片	75	73.6
高压排气阀片	107	97.1

图5 阀片应力情况(以低压进气阀为例)

Fig.5 Stress of flat valve (taking low-pressure suction valve as an example)

图6 模态分析(以低压进气阀为例)

Fig.6 Modal analysis (taking low-pressure suction valve as an example)

表4 阀片的一阶固有频率

Table 4 First-order natural frequency of flat valve

阀片	一阶固有频率/Hz
低压吸气阀片	263
低压排气阀片	522
高压吸气阀片	280
高压排气阀片	357

图7 单机两级有阀线性压缩机原型及测试试验台

Fig.7 Prototype and test bench of independent two-stage valved linear compressor

表5 传感器主要性能参数

Table 5 Main performance parameters of sensors

0~30 mg/s

0~5 mg/s

±0.5% Rd plus ± 0.1% FS

图8 充气压力对压比、流量的影响

Fig.8 Influence of inflation pressure on pressure ratio and mass flow rate

图9 充气压力对效率的影响

Fig.9 Influence of inflation pressure on efficiency

图10 活塞行程对压缩机流量、压比的影响

Fig.10 Influence of piston stroke on compressor mass flow rate and pressure ratio

图11 活塞行程对压缩机效率的影响

Fig.11 Influence of piston stroke on compressor efficiency

图12 压缩机性能曲线

Fig.12 Compressor performance curve

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