微纳米气泡及其气-液界面特性

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20251039

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微纳米气泡（Micro-nano bubbles， MNBs）是指分散于水相、油相或固体基质中，特征尺寸处于微米级至纳米级范围的气泡。与毫米级气泡相比，微纳米气泡具有高比表面积、优异稳定性以及自发产生活性氧（ROS）等独特性质。高比表面积赋予了微纳米气泡体系极高的气-液界面密度，结合其优异稳定性可显著提高气-液传质效率，在化工过程强化、药物靶向输送及土壤修复等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。微纳米气泡在气-液界面处自发产生的活性氧能够高效降解有机污染物，在废水处理领域展现出显著优势。此类活性氧还可进一步作为绿色合成反应中的活性中间体，在温和条件下实现多种高附加值化学品的高效合成。微纳米气泡从“强化传质”到“界面合成”的跨越，标志着该技术步入全新发展阶段。这一突破为开发清洁、绿色的化学工艺提供了新策略，具有重大的科学与工业价值。

关键词: 微纳米气泡, 气-液界面, 气-液传质, 活性氧, 绿色合成

Abstract:

Micro-nano bubbles (MNBs) refer to bubbles dispersed in aqueous phase, oil phase, or solid matrices, with characteristic sizes ranging from micrometers to nanometers. Compared to millimeter-scale bubbles, MNBs possess unique properties such as high specific surface area, exceptional stability, and the ability to spontaneously generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The high specific surface area endows MNBs systems with an exceptionally dense gas-liquid interface. Combined with outstanding stability, this feature significantly enhances gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency, demonstrating immense application potential in chemical hydrogenation, targeted drug delivery, and soil remediation. Additionally, the spontaneously generated ROS at the gas-liquid interface of MNBs can efficiently degrade organic pollutants, offering considerable advantages in wastewater treatment. In recent years, this characteristic has been further extended to the field of green synthesis: by leveraging the self-generation of ROS at the gas-liquid interface, researchers have achieved efficient synthesis of various high-value-added chemicals under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. The significant leap of MNBs from "mass transfer enhancement" to "interfacial reaction synthesis" represents a new developmental stage for this technology, providing novel strategies for developing cleaner and greener chemical processes with substantial scientific and industrial value.

Key words: micro-nano bubbles, gas-liquid interface, gas-liquid mass transfer, reactive oxygen species, green synthesis

中图分类号:

TQ031

刘继坤, 包若凝, 蓝兴英, 徐春明, 韩晔华. 微纳米气泡及其气-液界面特性[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251039.

Jikun LIU, Ruoning BAO, Xingying LAN, Chunming XU, Yehua HAN. Micro-nano-bubble technology and its gas-liquid interface characteristics[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251039.

图/表 12

表1 MNBs制备方法

Table 1 Methods for MNBs preparation

机制：在声波或者流体流动作用下，局部压力波动，诱导MNBs生成；

应用：生物成像、药物输送、肿瘤细胞或生物组织的消融、表面清洁、矿物加工以及废水处理等。

优势：技术成熟，工艺简单，能耗低，效率高，可持续性和灵活性强；

劣势：超声空化的规模化较差，水力空化易导致堵塞和材料腐蚀。

气体分散

机制：在机械搅拌或者在微孔结构和微流体设备中，将气相分解成更小的尺寸，生成MNBs

应用：功能材料制备、食品加工等。

优势：技术成熟，工艺简单，灵活性强；

劣势：能耗高，效率低，生成的气泡尺度有限，制备相对较大的气泡。

溶剂交换

机制：利用两种具有不同气体溶解度的可混溶液体，混合后形成MNBs；

应用：功能材料制备等。

优势：技术成熟，工艺简单，能耗低，效率高；

劣势：气泡尺寸控制精度差，难以扩大规模。

化学反应

机制：MNBs通过化学反应产生；

应用：功能材料制备等。

优势：技术成熟，工艺简单，能耗低，效率高；

劣势：气泡尺寸控制精度差，难以扩大规模，依赖化学反应体系，可生成的气泡种类有限。

电解

机制：通过电极上的电化学反应生成MNBs；

应用：用于氢气和氧气的制备。

优势：技术成熟，工艺简单，可持续性强，气体纯度高；

劣势：巨大的电能消耗，难以扩大规模。

图1 (a)超声空化的三种典型装置[15] (b)文丘里流体动力空化反应器示意图[16] (c)通过轴向流剪切的水动力空化原理图[17]

Fig.1 (a) Three typical setups for ultrasonic cavitation. (b) Schematic of the Venturi Hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. (c) Schematic of Hydrodynamic cavitation via axial flow shearing

图2 通过溶剂交换形成MNBs[25]

Fig.2 Formation of micro- nano-bubbles by solvent exchange

图3 电解法产生MNBs[33]

Fig.3 Electrolysis generates micro-nano-bubbles

图4 DLS系统的示意图[37]

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of the DLS system

图5 高速摄像机的构成以及应用[42]

Fig.5 The structure and applications of high-speed cameras

图6 MNBs和普通气泡的上升速度对比[54]

Fig.6 Comparison of the rising speeds of MNBs and ordinary bubbles

图7 MNBs的Zeta电位示意图[54]

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of ZP of the MNBs

图8 气泡尺寸“双峰”分布增强鼓泡塔反应器中的混合和传质[73]

Fig.8 Enhanced mixing and mass transfer in bubbling column reactors through “bimodal” bubble size distribution

图9 氧纳米气泡改性沸石在沉积物-水界面处缓解缺氧[83]

Fig.9 Oxygen nanobubble modified zeolites to alleviate hypoxia at the sediment-water interface

图10 pH值对MNBs降解有机污染物的影响[31]

Fig.10 Effect of pH on the degradation of organic pollutants by MNBs

图11 气-水界面处二氧化碳选择性光化学转化为甲酸[98]

Fig.11 Selective photochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid at the gas-water interface

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