面向石油化工难分离体系的分离技术研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250981

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在石油化工中，分离过程是关键过程环节，且能耗占比大，其技术复杂度与效率直接决定了产品质量、能耗水平及环保性能。诸多难分离体系如芳烃与非芳烃、烯烃与烷烃等，因组分性质相近、易形成共沸物、近沸物等特性，给传统分离技术带来严峻挑战。首先系统梳理和分析了石油化工难分离体系类型及特征，并详细介绍了精馏、萃取、结晶等传统分离技术方法的应用及其局限性，探讨了离子液体萃取精馏、膜分离及吸附等新型分离技术带来的分离流程创新和过程瓶颈。并提出了面向过程低碳化绿色化要求的分离技术未来发展方向，以实现石油化工难分离体系的高效、节能、环保分离，推动石油化工行业低碳绿色可持续发展。

关键词: 传质, 分离, 优化设计, 过程系统, 模型

Abstract:

In the petrochemical industry, separation is a crucial process stage that accounts for a large share of energy consumption. The complexity and efficiency of separation technologies directly determine product quality, energy use, and environmental performance. Many challenging separation systems, such as aromatics/non-aromatics and olefins/paraffins, pose severe challenges to conventional technologies due to their similar physicochemical properties, tendency to form azeotropes, and close boiling points. This paper first systematicallyreviews and analyzes the types and characteristics of difficult-to-separate petrochemical systems and then discusses the applications and limitations of conventional separation technologies such as distillation, extraction, and crystallization. It further examines the process innovations and bottlenecks associated with emerging techniques, including ionic liquid-based extractive distillation, membrane separation, and adsorption. Finally, future development directions are proposed to meet the requirements of low-carbon and green processes, aiming to achieve efficient, energy-saving, and environmentally friendly separation of challenging petrochemical systems, thereby advancing the sustainable development of the petrochemical industry.

Key words: mass transfer, separation, optimized design, process system, model

中图分类号:

TQ54

陈毓秋, 潘婉莹, 闫佳淇, 周嘉萍, 雷杨, 张香平. 面向石油化工难分离体系的分离技术研究进展[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250981.

Yuqiu CHEN, Wanying PAN, Jiaqi YAN, Jiaping ZHOU, Xiangping ZHANG, Yang LEI. Advances in separation technologies for difficult-to-separate systems in petrochemical industry[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250981.

图/表 13

图1 难分离体系及常见分离技术分类

Fig.1 Classification of difficult-to-separate systems and common separation techniques

图2 基于Web of Science（WOS）数据库的丙烯/丙烷分离方法近五年发文数量统计注:(注:数据检索范围为"last five year",检索关键词为:"propylene/propane" and "separation technology",文献类型限定为 "Article")

Fig.2 Statistical data of the number of published papers on separation methods of propylene/propane in the Web of Science (WOS) database in the past five years(Note: The data retrieval range is "last five years", the search keywords are "propylene/propane" and "separation technology", and the document type is limited to "Article".)

图3 基于Web of Science（WOS）数据库的苯/环己烷分离方法近五年发文数量统计注:(注:数据检索范围为"last five year",检索关键词为:"benzene cyclohexane separation",文献类型限定为 "Article")

Fig.3 Statistics of the number of published papers on benzene/cyclohexane separation methods in the past five years based on the Web of Science (WOS) database(Note: The data retrieval range is "last five years", the search keywords are "benzene cyclohexane separation", and the document type is limited to "Article")

图4 芳烃异构体分离方法和分离效率的关系

Fig.4 Relationship between the separation methods of aromatic isomers and their separation efficiency

图5 基于分子机理的混合萃取剂分离环己烷-异丙醇-水体系[44]

Fig.5 Separation of the cyclohexane-iso-propanol-water system using a mixed extractant based on molecular mechanism [44]

图6 基于量子化学计算方法分离1-甲基萘和十二烷体系[52]

Fig.6 System for separating 1-methylnaphthalene and dodecane based on quantum chemical calculation method [52]

表1 不同传统分离技术的对比

Table 1 Comparison of Different Traditional Separation Techniques

分离技术	能耗	环境影响	优点	缺点
传统精馏	高	大	技术成熟，操作简单	投资高，能耗高
萃取精馏	中	中	操作灵活，能耗较低	溶剂回收成本高
共沸精馏	中	中	投资较少，能耗较低	溶剂回收成本高
液液萃取	低	中	操作简便，选择性强	溶剂回收成本高
结晶分离	低	低	工艺简单，能耗低	连续工业化生产难

图7 “溶剂设计-工艺模拟-工业评估”的技术链条

Fig.7 The technical chain of "solvent design - process simulation - industrial evaluation"

图8 离子液体萃取精馏分离和传统分离丙烯/丙烷工艺的能源和成本比较[73]

Fig.8 Comparison of energy and cost between ionic liquid extractive distillation separation and traditional propylene/propane separation processes[73]

图9 离子液体萃取精馏分离和传统分离乙苯/苯乙烯工艺的能源和碳排放比较[70]

Fig.9 Comparison of energy and carbon emissions between ionic liquid extractive distillation separation and traditional ethylbenzene/styrene separation processes [70]

图10 不同膜分离体系作用机制

Fig.10 Mechanisms of Action of Different Membrane Separation Systems

图11 分子筛分离C2H4/C2H2作用机制[122]

Figure 11 Mechanism of molecular sieve separation of C2H4/C2H2[122]

表2 不同新型分离技术的对比

Table 2 Comparison of Different New Separation Technologies

分离技术	能耗	环境影响	优点	缺点
离子液体	中	中	分离效果好	成本高，工业化难
膜分离	低	小	分离效率高，能耗低	成本高，适用范围窄
吸附分离	低	小	选择性高、低能耗	吸附剂再生成本高
超临界萃取	高	小	绿色环保，分离效率高	成本高，操作严格

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