固体蓄冷填充床性能提升及保冷特性研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20251171

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提升液态空气储能（LAES）系统中基于固体蓄冷材料的填充床性能，缓解其在释冷过程中因出口温度显著升高所造成的系统效率下降及运行不稳定性问题，提出一种优化的蓄冷填充床运行流程，并研究了保温材料热阻对斜温层分布与漏冷负荷的影响。模拟结果表明：引入预冷流程可有效抑制释冷阶段的温升，当预冷比为4时，出口温度上升幅度被控制在15 K以内，填充床的㶲效率提升至88.04%；同时，保温材料热阻在约15 （m²·K）/W时表现出良好的工程经济性。在此基础上，搭建了蓄冷填充床实验平台，验证了优化流程的有效性，并将其集成于50 kW级LAES系统中进行全流程实验。实验结果表明，集成优化蓄冷系统后，LAES系统的蓄冷效率达到94.45%，系统往返效率提高至55.53%。

关键词: LAES, 传热, 填充床, 优化, 实验验证

Abstract:

An optimized operational strategy is proposed for the packed-bed cold storage unit in Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) systems to address performance limitations such as significant outlet temperature rise during cold release and suboptimal system efficiency. Through the introduction of a pre-cooling stage and systematic evaluation of insulation thermal resistance effects on thermocline behavior and cooling loss, the study establishes that a pre-cooling ratio of 4 effectively suppresses discharge temperature fluctuation, limiting the outlet temperature increase to within 15 K and raising the exergy efficiency to 88.04%. Furthermore, a thermal resistance around 15 m²·K/W is identified as providing a balanced trade-off between performance and cost in engineering applications. Experimental validation is conducted using a custom-built packed-bed cold storage platform integrated into a 50 kW LAES system. Test results demonstrate a cold storage efficiency of 94.45% and a system round-trip efficiency of 55.53%, confirming the practical applicability and performance enhancement achieved through the proposed optimization approach. This work provides both experimental evidence and technical insights supporting the implementation of solid packed-bed cold storage in real-world LAES applications.

Key words: LAES, heat transfer, packed bed, optimization, experimental validation

中图分类号:

TE09

王辰辰, 张金亚, 孙娜. 固体蓄冷填充床性能提升及保冷特性研究[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251171.

Chenchen WANG, Jinya ZHANG, Na SUN. Study on performance enhancement and cold retention characteristics of solid packed bed cold energy storage[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251171.

图/表 18

图1 冷能耦合LAES技术原理图

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of cold energy coupled LAES

图2 蓄冷技术原理图

Fig. 2 Schematic Diagram of Cold Storage Technology

图3 固体蓄冷填充床结构示意图

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of solid cold storage packed bed structure

图4 模型简化

Fig. 4 Model simplification

表1 求解器设置

Table 1 Solver Settings

设置参数	值	设置参数	值
入口边界/(kg/h)	510	填料体积热容/[kJ/m³·K]	1885
出口边界/kPa	101.3	填料导热率/[W/(m·K)]	3.17
环境温度/K	300	外侧对流换热系数/[W/m²·K]	15
时间步长/s	0.1	填充床直径/m	1.8
填充床填料高度/m	5	静置/充冷/释冷时间/h	4
预冷时间/h	4~24	填料密度/(kg/m³)	2700

图5 静置时间内部温度变化

Fig. 5 Changes in internal temperature during the standing period

图6 保温层热阻对填充床漏冷负荷影响

Fig. 6 Impact of thermal resistance of insulation layer on cold loss load of packed bed

图7 填充床循环过程温度示意图

Fig. 7 Schematic Diagram of Cycle Process Temperature

图8 填充床内温度分布（未增加预冷流程）

Fig. 8 Temperature distribution (without pre-cooling process)

图9 填充床内温度分布（增加预冷流程）

Fig. 9 Temperature distribution (with precooling process)

图10 释冷氮气温度变化

Fig. 10 Temperature variations of released cold energy nitrogen

图11 性能测试实验流程

Fig. 11 Performance Testing Experimental Process

表2 填充床相关信息

Table 2 Information related to the solid packed bed

参数		值
罐体高度/m		4.5
罐体直径/m		1.8
填料重量/kg		~13000
填料高度/m		~2.5
平均孔隙率		~0.34
保温层厚度/m	二烯烃（内层）	0.3
保温层厚度/m	橡塑（外层）	0.2

图12 填充床预冷过程温度变化

Fig. 12 Temperature changes during the pre-cooling process

图13 填充床充冷过程温度变化

Fig. 13 Temperature changes during the cold process

图14 填充床释冷过程温度变化

Fig. 14 Temperature changes during the cold Release process

图15 含填充床的冷能耦合LAES系统流程

Fig. 15 Process of a cold energy-coupled LAES with packed bed

图16 填充床在LAES系统中的应用数据

Fig. 16 Application data of packed beds in LAES systems

参考文献 30

[1]	Li D, Duan L Q. Techno-economic analysis of solar aided liquid air energy storage system with a new air compression heat utilization method[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 278: 116729.
[2]	Hunt J D, Zakeri B, Nascimento A, et al. Compressed air seesaw energy storage: A solution for long-term electricity storage[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 60: 106638.
[3]	Vecchi A, Sciacovelli A. Long-duration thermo-mechanical energy storage - Present and future techno-economic competitiveness[J]. Applied Energy, 2023, 334: 120628.
[4]	Mukherjee S S, Meshram H A, Rakshit D, et al. A comparative study of sensible energy storage and hydrogen energy storage apropos to a concentrated solar thermal power plant[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 61: 106629.
[5]	Vecchi A, Li Y L, Ding Y L, et al. Liquid air energy storage (LAES): a review on technology state-of-the-art, integration pathways and future perspectives[J]. Advances in Applied Energy, 2021, 3: 100047.
[6]	Qi M, Kim M, Dat Vo N, et al. Proposal and surrogate-based cost-optimal design of an innovative green ammonia and electricity co-production system via liquid air energy storage[J]. Applied Energy, 2022, 314: 118965.
[7]	Park J H, Heo J Y, Lee J I. Techno-economic study of nuclear integrated liquid air energy storage system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 251: 114937.
[8]	Sciacovelli A, Smith D, Navarro M E, et al. Performance analysis and detailed experimental results of the first liquid air energy storage plant in the world[J]. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 2018, 140(2): 020908.
[9]	Sciacovelli A, Vecchi A, Ding Y. Liquid air energy storage (LAES) with packed bed cold thermal storage–From component to system level performance through dynamic modelling[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 190: 84-98.
[10]	An B L, Chen J X, Deng Z, et al. Design and testing of a high performance liquid phase cold storage system for liquid air energy storage[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 226: 113520.
[11]	赵稳勇. LNG加气站市场分析及发展布局[J]. 石油化工管理干部学院学报, 2025, 27(2): 38-41.
	Zhao W Y. Market analysis and development planning of LNG refueling stations[J]. Journal of Sinopec Management Institute, 2025, 27(2): 38-41.
[12]	杜旭, 陈煜, 巨永林. 液化天然气(LNG)的长距离输送及其冷能利用[J]. 化工学报, 2018, 69(S2): 442-449.
	Du X, Chen Y, Ju Y L. Long-distance transportation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and cold energy utilization[J]. CIESC Journal, 2018, 69(S2): 442-449.
[13]	向腾龙, 王治红, 汪贵, 等. 液化天然气冷能梯级利用的多功能集成系统研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(10): 3401-3413.
	Xiang T L, Wang Z H, Wang G, et al. Research on multifunctional integrated system for cold energy cascade utilization of liquefied natural gas[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(10): 3401-3413.
[14]	卢昕悦, 陈锐莹, 姜夏雪, 等. 耦合LNG冷能的液态空气储能系统和液态CO₂储能系统对比分析[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(9): 3297-3309.
	Lu X Y, Chen R Y, Jiang X X, et al. Comparative study on liquid air energy storage system and liquid carbon dioxide energy storage system coupled with liquefied natural gas cold energy[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(9): 3297-3309.
[15]	王晨, 折晓会, 张小松. 含空气净化过程的液态空气储能热力学研究[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(S1): 23-30.
	Wang C, Zhe X H, Zhang X S. Thermodynamic study of liquid air energy storage with air purification unit[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(S1): 23-30.
[16]	Li Y L, Cao H, Wang S H, et al. Load shifting of nuclear power plants using cryogenic energy storage technology[J]. Applied Energy, 2014, 113: 1710-1716.
[17]	Chen J X, An B L, Yang L W, et al. Construction and optimization of the cold storage process based on phase change materials used for liquid air energy storage system[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 41: 102873.
[18]	Chai L, Wang L, Liu J, et al. Performance study of a packed bed in a closed loop thermal energy storage system[J]. Energy, 2014, 77: 871-879.
[19]	张赵雪, 李正宇, 崔文慧, 等. 基于液氖液氮梯级蓄冷的液氢储能中冷能回收利用研究[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(4): 1731-1741.
	Zhang Z X, Li Z Y, Cui W H, et al. Research on cascade recovery and utilization of cold energy in liquid hydrogen energy storage based on liquid neon-liquid nitrogen[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(4): 1731-1741.
[21]	Liao Z R, Zhong H, Xu C, et al. Investigation of a packed bed cold thermal storage in supercritical compressed air energy storage systems[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 269: 115132.
[22]	Guo L N, Ji W, Gao Z Z, et al. Dynamic characteristics analysis of the cold energy transfer in the liquid air energy storage system based on different modes of packed bed[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 40: 102712.
[23]	Guo L N, Ji W, Fan X Y, et al. Experimental analysis of packed bed cold energy storage in the liquid air energy storage system[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 82: 110282.
[24]	孙潇, 罗志斌, 蔡春荣, 等. 不同长径比填充床蓄冷器储释冷特性研究[J]. 太阳能学报, 2024, 45(10): 745-751.
	Sun X, Luo Z B, Cai C R, et al. Study on cold storage characteristics of packed bed regenerator with different aspect ratio[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2024, 45(10): 745-751.
[25]	Morgan R, Rota C, Pike-Wilson E, et al. The modelling and experimental validation of a cryogenic packed bed regenerator for liquid air energy storage applications[J]. Energies, 2020, 13(19): 5155.
[26]	Lee I, You F Q. Systems design and analysis of liquid air energy storage from liquefied natural gas cold energy[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 242: 168-180.
[27]	Wang P Z, Zhao P, Xu W P, et al. Performance analysis of a combined heat and compressed air energy storage system with packed bed unit and electrical heater[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 162: 114321.
[28]	颜成辉, 谢应明, 庞治海, 等. 泡沫多孔材料对R134a水合物蓄冷的强化研究[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(6): 3084-3092.
	Yan C H, Xie Y M, Pang Z H, et al. Study on strengthening of cold storage of R134a hydrate by foamed porous materials[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(6): 3084-3092.
[29]	Peng H, Li R, Ling X, et al. Modeling on heat storage performance of compressed air in a packed bed system[J]. Applied Energy, 2015, 160: 1-9.
[30]	Zou J L, He F, Qi Y Y, et al. Thermal performance improvement of thermal energy storage systems by employing a contrastive experiment[J]. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2023, 41: 102647.