热对流影响下液滴蒸发特性模型与实验研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241404

化工学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (S1): 123-132.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20241404

• 流体力学与传递现象 • 上一篇

热对流影响下液滴蒸发特性模型与实验研究

孙浩然¹(), 吴成云¹^,²(), 王艳蒙¹, 孙静楠¹, 胡仞与¹, 段钟弟³^,⁴

^1.中国商飞上海飞机设计研究院，上海 201210
^2.中国航空研究院研究生院，北京 100012
^3.上海交通大学海洋工程国家重点实验室，上海 200240
^4.上海交通大学海洋智能装备与系统教育部重点实验室，上海 200240

收稿日期:2024-12-04 修回日期:2024-12-23 出版日期:2025-06-25 发布日期:2025-06-26
通讯作者: 吴成云
作者简介:孙浩然(1990—)，女，博士，高级工程师，sunhaoran@comac.cc
基金资助:
上海市自然科学基金项目(23ZR1478900);上海市青年科技英才扬帆计划项目(22YF1459700)

Modeling and experimental study on the evaporation characteristics of liquid droplets subject to thermal convection

Haoran SUN¹(), Chengyun WU¹^,²(), Yanmeng WANG¹, Jingnan SUN¹, Renyu HU¹, Zhongdi DUAN³^,⁴

^1.COMAC Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute, Shanghai 201210, China
^2.Graduate School of Chinese Aeronautical Establishment, Beijing 100012, China
^3.State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
^4.Key Laboratory of Marine Intelligent Equipment and System, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Received:2024-12-04 Revised:2024-12-23 Online:2025-06-25 Published:2025-06-26
Contact: Chengyun WU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

森林火灾破坏力巨大，采用航空飞机进行灭火被公认为最安全高效的扑救技术。在高空风场与地面火场的复杂耦合作用下，高速喷洒出的灭火介质会迅速扩张、碎裂并雾化蒸发，这一过程可能影响灭火效能。为了深入理解灭火介质的蒸发损失特性，构建了热对流环境下的液滴蒸发特性仿真模型，该模型涵盖了传热动态模型与传质动态模型两大组成部分。同时，搭建了可视化液滴蒸发特性测量实验平台，用以分别观测水及凝胶灭火剂的液滴蒸发过程，并据此获取了液滴直径的变化率。在此基础上，进一步开展了模型验证工作。实验验证结果显示，本文所建模型能够较为准确地反映水及灭火剂的液滴蒸发特性，模型的预测结果与实验数据高度一致，液滴半径的预测偏差控制在±0.2 mm以内。

关键词: 热对流, 液滴, 蒸发, 实验验证

Abstract:

Forest fires have immense destructive power, and aerial firefighting is the safest and most efficient technique for combating them. Under the coupling effects of high-altitude wind fields and ground fire conditions, the fire extinguishing medium sprayed at high speed rapidly expands, fragments, atomizes, and evaporates, causing a loss of firefighting effectiveness. To understand the evaporation characteristics of the extinguishing medium, a model of droplet evaporation under thermal convection conditions is established in this study, including the dynamic equations of the heat transfer and mass transfer, and a visualized experimental setup for measuring droplet evaporation characteristics is carried out. The evaporation processes of water and gel fire extinguishing agents are observed, and the rates of change in droplet diameters are measured. The model is validated based on the experimental data. The experimental validation shows that the proposed model accurately reflects the evaporation characteristics of water and fire extinguishing agents, and the model's prediction results agree well with the experimental data, with the deviations of droplet radius being less than ±0.2 mm.

Key words: thermal convection, droplet, evaporation, experimental validation

中图分类号:

TK 121

孙浩然, 吴成云, 王艳蒙, 孙静楠, 胡仞与, 段钟弟. 热对流影响下液滴蒸发特性模型与实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(S1): 123-132.

Haoran SUN, Chengyun WU, Yanmeng WANG, Jingnan SUN, Renyu HU, Zhongdi DUAN. Modeling and experimental study on the evaporation characteristics of liquid droplets subject to thermal convection[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(S1): 123-132.

图/表 14

图1 液滴蒸发机理示意图

Fig.1 Diagram of droplet evaporation mechanism

表1 工质物性计算模型

Table 1 Calculation model for working fluid properties

工质	物性模型	系数	数值
空气	ρ_a=P/(R_gT)	－	－
	μ_a=C₁T²+C₂T+C₃	C₁	-3.0506×10^-11
		C₂	6.6581×10^-8
		C₃	1.3499×10^-6
	λ_a=C₁T²+C₂T+C₃	C₁	-3.7018×10^-8
		C₂	9.5333×10^-5
		C₃	7.2062×10^-4
水	P_sat=C₁T⁴+C₂T³+C₃T²+C₄T+C₅	C₁	1.4432×10^-3
		C₂	-1.7385
		C₃	7.9385×10²
		C₄	-1.6258×10⁵
		C₅	1.2580×10⁷
	ρ_l =C₁T³+C₂T²+C₃T+C₄	C₁	1.9274×10^-6
		C₂	-4.7005×10^-3
		C₃	1.9938
		C₄	7.6906×10²
	ρ_v= C₁T⁴+C₂T³+C₃T²+C₄T+C₅	C₁	7.4579×10^-9
		C₂	-9.1998×10^-6
		C₃	4.3292×10^-3
		C₄	-9.1810×10^-1
		C₅	7.3805×10¹
	c_p,l = C₁T⁴+C₂T³+C₃T²+C₄T+C₅	C₁	2.7494×10^-7
		C₂	-3.8423×10^-4
		C₃	2.1109×10^-1
		C₄	-5.2976×10¹
		C₅	9.2251×10³
	c_p,_v= C₁T⁴+C₂T³+C₃T²+C₄T+C₅	C₁	-4.0561×10^-8
		C₂	2.0386×10^-4
		C₃	-1.5837×10^-1
		C₄	4.5579×10¹
		C₅	-2.6813×10³
	γ_l-_v=C₁T³+C₂T²+C₃T+C₄	C₁	-1.8577×10^-2
		C₂	1.7211×10¹
		C₃	-7.7141×10³
		C₄	3.7039×10⁶
	λ_v=C₁T³+C₂T²+C₃T+C₄	C₁	4.0527×10^-10
		C₂	-1.0454×10^-7
		C₃	1.9981×10^-5
		C₄	1.1145×10^-2
	μ_v=C₁T³+C₂T²+C₃T+C₄	C₁	-1.0524×10^-13
		C₂	1.3638×10^-10
		C₃	-2.3965×10^-8
		C₄	7.6824×10^-6

图2 基于显式求解思路的模型求解算法

Fig.2 Model solving algorithm based on explicit solution approach

图3 基于隐式求解思路的模型求解算法

Fig.3 Model solving algorithm based on implicit solution approach

图4 显式求解算法与隐式求解算法结果对比

Fig.4 Comparison of results between explicit and implicit solution algorithms

图5 液滴蒸发特性实验原理

Fig.5 Principle of the experiment on droplet evaporation characteristics

图6 液滴蒸发过程图像采集照片

Fig.6 Photographs of droplet evaporation process image acquisition

图7 基于图像识别的液滴直径处理方法

Fig.7 Droplet diameter processing method based on image recognition

表2 实验工况

Table 2 Experimental conditions

工况编号	工质	液滴初始直径/mm	风速/(m/s)	温度/℃
1	水	1.91	1.67	70
2	水	1.29	4.00	60
3	水	1.56	4.19	44
4	灭火剂	1.53	3.90	69
5	灭火剂	2.09	4.00	57
6	灭火剂	2.68	4.00	51

图8 液滴蒸发模型计算结果与实验数据对比

Fig.8 Comparison of droplet evaporation model calculation results with experimental data

表3 液滴蒸发特性影响分析工况

Table 3 Analysis of operating conditions affecting droplet evaporation characteristics

工况条件	液滴直径影响	对流速度影响	空气温度影响
液滴初始温度/K	300	300	300
液滴初始直径/mm	0.3~1.1	0.5	0.5
对流速度/ (m/s)	3	0~10	3
空气温度/K	330	330	300~360

图9 初始直径对于液滴蒸发特性的影响

Fig.9 Influence of initial diameter on droplet evaporation characteristics

图10 对流速度对于液滴蒸发特性的影响

Fig.10 Influence of convective velocity on droplet evaporation characteristics

图11 空气温度对于液滴蒸发特性的影响

Fig.11 Influence of air temperature on droplet evaporation characteristics

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热对流影响下液滴蒸发特性模型与实验研究

Modeling and experimental study on the evaporation characteristics of liquid droplets subject to thermal convection

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