Abstract: Highly concentrated KCl and MgCl₂ solutions were treated with direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The effects of salt concentration (1.0—4.0 mol·L^-1) and circulation velocity (0.1—0.5 m·s^-1) on permeate flux were investigated. Permeate flux decreased with increasing concentration, which was attributed to vapor pressure reduction caused by decrease of water activity in the solution. Reversed flux occurred in the DCMD process of highly concentrated MgCl₂ solution (>3.0 mol·L^-1) under the test conditions, which was due to the combined effect of lower water activity and higher viscosity of the fluid. Permeate fluxes increased with increasing circulation velocity, which was more effective to reduce the negative effect of temperature and concentration polarization for MgCl₂ solution with higher viscosity. Membrane distillation-crystallization (MDC) of a highly concentrated solution of KCl-MgCl₂-H₂O was investigated for recovery of KCl crystalline product and pure water with batch operation mode. The effect of way of cooling on supersaturation of solution, morphology, and crystal size distribution was studied. KCl crystalline product with regular shape, tidy surface and concentrated particle size distribution was obtained by natural cooling and maximum degree of supercooling generated under natural cooling was lower than under quick cooling, which was beneficial to control nucleation amount and growth rate of KCl.

Key words: highly concentrated brine, DCMD, desalination, crystallization, size distribution, water activity

摘要： 用直接接触膜蒸馏处理高浓度的KCl和MgCl₂溶液,考察了盐水浓度(1.0～4.0 mol·L^-1)、循环流速(0.1～0.5 m·s^-1)对膜蒸馏性能的影响;结果表明:随着盐水浓度的升高,膜通量下降,这是由于盐溶液的蒸汽压(即溶液中水的活度)下降的缘故;当浓度超过3.0 mol·L^-1时,MgCl₂溶液的膜通量出现负值,这主要归结为MgCl₂溶液低的水的活度和高黏度的协同影响;提高循环流速,膜通量增大,尤其对高黏度的盐水(即MgCl₂溶液),增大流速对减少温度和浓度极化的影响更加有效。利用膜蒸馏-结晶耦合技术和间歇式操作,从高浓度KCl-MgCl₂-H₂O溶液中回收纯水和KCl结晶产品,考察了不同冷却方式对溶液过饱和度、KCl晶体形貌、粒度和粒度分布的影响。结果表明,自然冷却有利于形成形貌规整、粒度分布相对集中的结晶产品;在KCl降温过程中,自然冷却过程中的最大过冷度比快速降温过程小,从而有效地控制晶核形成的数量和晶体的生长速率。

关键词: 高浓度盐水, 直接接触膜蒸馏, 脱盐, 结晶, 粒度分布, 水活度