Abstract: The slow growth and long doubling time of Anammox bacteria have become the bottleneck in its applications. This paper reviewed the anammox processes start-up influencing factors，of the including effects of different types of reactors （e.g.，UASB，SBR，fluidized bed reactor and MBR）， and summarized the characteristics of anammox reactors start-up under the influences of different carriers，inoculated sludge，substrate loading rates and operational temperature during the start-up period. The addition of porous fillers （e.g.，non-woven fabric，sponge，biomass carbon，etc.），inoculation of granular sludge，suitable influent concentrations （the nitrite concentration < 100 mg/L） and stepped low temperature acclimation were effective for quick start-up of the anammox process. The paper also introduced difference phases of substrate consumption，stoichiometric relationships between electron donors and acceptors，and recent advances in enrichment ratios of different microbes，microbial structure and the related population dynamics. Finally，this paper proposed future research directions，such as further understanding of the microscopic growth model of anammox bacteria，modification of functional genes，suitable environment growth factors and so on.

Key words: anaerobic ammonium oxidation, start-up process, start-up way, microbial enrichment regulation

摘要： 厌氧氨氧化菌（Anammox）生长缓慢，生长率低，倍增时间长，导致其富集慢、反应器启动耗时长，成为厌氧氨氧化工程化应用的限制性因素。因此，明确厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动过程与特性将为实现其快速启动提供理论参考。本文系统阐述了厌氧氨氧化反应器启动过程的影响因素，包括：反应器类型对厌氧氨氧化启动过程的影响，归纳了常见厌氧氨氧化反应器上流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）、序批式反应器（SBR）、流化床反应器、膜生物反应器（MBR）等的优缺点及适用性；总结了不同填料、接种污泥、启动负荷和温度的控制造成启动特性的差异，认为添加多孔性填料（无纺布、海绵、生物质炭等）、接种颗粒污泥、控制进水NO2?-N的浓度（＜100mg/L）、梯度式低温驯化等手段可促进厌氧氨氧化快速启动。同时，本文阐述了厌氧氨氧化启动过程中底物消耗阶段、化学计量比、微生物富集比例以及优势微生物种群差异规律的最新研究进展，阐明了厌氧氨氧化快速启动的生化反应过程。最后，本文认为在Anammox菌的微观生长模型、功能基因改性及适宜性生长环境因子等方面仍有待进一步研究。

关键词: 厌氧氨氧化, 启动过程, 启动方式, 微生物富集规律