Experimental study on pressure drop for subcooled water flow boiling under high heat fluxes

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20190163

Abstract

Abstract:

Subcooled boiling has been widely used in high heat flow cooling applications, such as fusion reactor divertor cooling and pressurized water reactor core cooling. In this paper, the pressure drop characteristics of subcooled water flowing in a vertical stainless circular tube are experimentally investigated under high heat fluxes condition. The test tube has an inner diameter of 6 mm and a length-to-diameter of 44.4. The operating parameters are as follows: heat flux q = 7.5—12.5 MW/m², mass flux G = 6000—10000 kg/(m²?s), pressure p = 3—5 MPa, and inlet fluid temperature T _b = 80—200℃. The effects of mass flux, heat flux, pressure, boiling number and Jacob number on subcooling boiling pressure drop were discussed. The results show that subcooled boiling pressure drop increases with increasing heat and mass fluxes but decreases with increasing pressure. The experimental data are compared with the available empirical correlations, and it is found that these correlations cannot well predict our data, which may be mainly due to the variations in operating parameters and working fluids. Moreover, it is observed that the subcooled boiling pressure drop is affected by diameter effect. Therefore, a new correlation is proposed based on our previous correlation, in which a correction term for diameter effect is added. The new correlation can capture the experimental data within ±18% error bands.

Key words: pressure drop, subcooled boiling, heat transfer, two-phase flow, convection

摘要：

过冷沸腾在高热流冷却场合得到了广泛的应用，如聚变堆偏滤器冷却、压水堆堆芯冷却。其中，过冷沸腾流动阻力是换热系统设计的关键内容之一。试验研究了高热流条件下竖直通道内水的过冷沸腾流动阻力特性，试验段为内径6 mm、长径比44.4的不锈钢圆管。试验参数范围：热通量7.5~12.5 MW/m²，质量流速6000~10000 kg/(m²?s），系统压力3~5 MPa，进口流体温度80~200℃。分析了质量流速、热通量、压力、沸腾数、Jacob数等参数对阻力的影响。结果显示，过冷沸腾流动阻力随着热流及质量流速的增加而增加，随压力增加而减小。将试验数据与文献中的经验关联式作对比，结果表明各关联式的预测误差较大，主要归结于拟合参数及工作流体的差异。研究发现管径尺寸效应也是影响阻力的一个因素，为此在前期成果的基础上，提出了一个添加管径因素修正项的经验关联式，该关联式的预测误差在±18%范围内。

关键词: 压降, 过冷沸腾, 传热, 两相流, 对流

CLC Number:

TK 124

Jianguo YAN, Pengcheng GUO, Jiaqi MA, Xingqi LUO, Qincheng BI. Experimental study on pressure drop for subcooled water flow boiling under high heat fluxes[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(11): 4257-4267.

颜建国, 郭鹏程, 马嘉琦, 罗兴锜, 毕勤成. 高热流条件下过冷沸腾流动阻力特性试验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(11): 4257-4267.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 General features of pressure drop for subcooled flow boiling in heated channels under high heat fluxes

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of experimental loop

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of test section and general features of pressure drop

Table 1 Uncertainties of experimental parameters

参数	不确定度/%
压力/MPa	0.25
压差/kPa	5.2
质量流速/(kg/(m²?s))	0.28
流体温度/℃	0.5
壁面温度/℃	0.4
热通量/(MW/m²)	5.12

Fig.4 Typical curves of pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient

Fig.5 Effect of mass flux on subcooled boiling pressure drop

Fig.6 Effect of heat flux on subcooled boiling pressure drop

Fig.7 Effect of pressure on subcooled boiling pressure drop

Table 2 Empirical correlations for subcooled boiling pressure drop

作者	关联式	适用范围
Owens-Schrock^[21]	$Φ 2 = 0.97 + 0.028 e x p 6.13 L s b L s a t$	p = 0.34~2.76 MPa；G = 1143~5322 kg/(m²?s)；q = 0.675~4 MW/m²；d = 3, 4.63 mm
Tarasova et al.^[22]	$Φ 2 = 1 + B o 0.7 ρ l ρ g 0.78 20 L s b / L s a t 1.315 - L s b / L s a t$	p = 0.98~19.6 MPa；G = 1400~3000 kg/(m²?s)；q = 0.58~1.75 MW/m²；d = 2.89, 6.34, 8.31 mm
Hahne et al.^[23]	$Φ 2 = 1 + C B o 1.6 J a - 1.2 ρ l ρ g d h e a t e d d w e t t e d$ (C = 80，水；C = 500，R12和R134a)	p = 0.8~2 MPa；G = 750~3000 kg/(m²?s)；q < 0.208 MW/m²；ΔT _sub = 2~47.6℃；d = 5.5~9.5 mm
Tong et al.^[24]	$Φ 2 = L s b L s a t 1.3 e x p L s b L s a t + 1.35$ ， $L d = 25$ $Φ 2 = L s b L s a t 1.3 e x p L s b L s a t + 0.4$ ， $L d = 50$	p = 0.4~1.6 MPa；G = 25000~45000 kg/(m²?s)；q _cr = 50~80 MW/m²；T _{b, i} = 22~66℃；d = 1.05~2.44 mm
Baburajan et al.^[25]	$Φ 2 = 1 + 32500 B o 1.6 J a - 1.2 d 9.53 2.2$	G = 450~935 kg/(m²?s)；d = 5.5, 7.5, 9.5 mm；ΔT _{sub, i} = 29, 50, 70℃；L = 550~1000 mm
Yan et al.^[20]	$Φ 2 = 1 + 2250 B o 1.5 J a - 1.43 ρ l ρ g 0.2$	p = 3~5 MPa；G = 6000~10000 kg/(m²?s)；q = 7.5~12.5 MW/m²；T _{b, i} = 80~220℃；ΔT _{sub, i} = 40~185℃；d = 9 mm；L = 400 mm

Table 2 Empirical correlations for subcooled boiling pressure drop

作者	关联式	适用范围
Owens-Schrock^[21]	$Φ 2 = 0.97 + 0.028 e x p 6.13 L s b L s a t$	p = 0.34~2.76 MPa；G = 1143~5322 kg/(m²?s)；q = 0.675~4 MW/m²；d = 3, 4.63 mm
Tarasova et al.^[22]	$Φ 2 = 1 + B o 0.7 ρ l ρ g 0.78 20 L s b / L s a t 1.315 - L s b / L s a t$	p = 0.98~19.6 MPa；G = 1400~3000 kg/(m²?s)；q = 0.58~1.75 MW/m²；d = 2.89, 6.34, 8.31 mm
Hahne et al.^[23]	$Φ 2 = 1 + C B o 1.6 J a - 1.2 ρ l ρ g d h e a t e d d w e t t e d$ (C = 80，水；C = 500，R12和R134a)	p = 0.8~2 MPa；G = 750~3000 kg/(m²?s)；q < 0.208 MW/m²；ΔT _sub = 2~47.6℃；d = 5.5~9.5 mm
Tong et al.^[24]	$Φ 2 = L s b L s a t 1.3 e x p L s b L s a t + 1.35$ ， $L d = 25$ $Φ 2 = L s b L s a t 1.3 e x p L s b L s a t + 0.4$ ， $L d = 50$	p = 0.4~1.6 MPa；G = 25000~45000 kg/(m²?s)；q _cr = 50~80 MW/m²；T _{b, i} = 22~66℃；d = 1.05~2.44 mm
Baburajan et al.^[25]	$Φ 2 = 1 + 32500 B o 1.6 J a - 1.2 d 9.53 2.2$	G = 450~935 kg/(m²?s)；d = 5.5, 7.5, 9.5 mm；ΔT _{sub, i} = 29, 50, 70℃；L = 550~1000 mm
Yan et al.^[20]	$Φ 2 = 1 + 2250 B o 1.5 J a - 1.43 ρ l ρ g 0.2$	p = 3~5 MPa；G = 6000~10000 kg/(m²?s)；q = 7.5~12.5 MW/m²；T _{b, i} = 80~220℃；ΔT _{sub, i} = 40~185℃；d = 9 mm；L = 400 mm

Fig.8 Effects of Ja and Bo on Φ 2

Fig.9 Comparison of experimental data and estimated results from Owens–Schrock correlation

Fig.10 Comparison of experimental data and estimated results from correlation of Tong et al.

Fig.11 Comparisons between experimental data and predictions from various correlations

Table 3 Prediction performances of empirical correlations for subcooled boiling pressure drop

关联式	MAE/%	RMSE/%
Owens-Schrock^[21]	14.34	25.40
Tarasova et al.^[22]	57.66	60.97
Hahne et al.^[23]	16.97	18.37
Baburajan et al.^[25]	50.64	52.10
Tong et al.^[24]	18.59	22.79
Yan et al.^[20]	10.04	10.27
新公式	5.48	5.53

Fig.12 Prediction performance of new correlation for subcooled boiling pressure drop

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