Viscosity measurements and prediction model construction for liquid JP-10 at high-temperature conditions

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20211084

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on the laminar Hagen-Poiseuille law of fluid dynamics, the liquid viscosity of high-density hydrocarbon fuel JP-10 was measured by a two-capillary method. The measured temperature range was 326.6—671.2 K and the measured pressure was 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 MPa. The extended relative uncertainties of the measured dynamic viscosities were identified as 2.88%—4.96% (coverage factor k=2). The experimental system was calibrated by measuring the dynamic viscosity of the pure substance cyclohexane. The average relative deviation between the measured results and NIST data was less than 1.22%, the maximum absolute value of relative deviation was 2.04%, and the average relative deviation between the experimental results and the recommended viscosity value is 1.25% at 2.0 MPa, 1.61% at 4.0 MPa. The absolute value of the maximum relative deviation is 3.50%, which verified the reliability of the experimental system. The viscosity value of the critical-pressure state was selected as the reference state value. By referring to the viscosity empirical formula of Yaws liquid phase organic compounds and combining with SRK state equation, the absolute rate theoretical viscosity model was improved. Coupling with the experimental data, a prediction model for the liquid-phase viscosities of hydrocarbon fuels at high-temperature and high-pressure conditions were established. The conjugate gradient method and genetic algorithm were used to fit the model parameters. The average relative deviation between the calculated results and the experimental results was less than 2.00%, and the absolute value of the maximum relative deviation was less than 4.50%, which verified the accuracy of the prediction model.

Key words: hydrocarbons, two-capillary method, measurement, viscosity prediction model, absolute rate theory, equation of state

摘要：

基于流体动力学层流哈根-泊肃叶（Hagen-Poiseuille）定律，利用双毛细管法，对高密度空天动力燃料JP-10液态黏度进行实验测量，测温范围326.6~671.2 K，测量压力2.0、 3.0、 4.0 MPa，扩展相对不确定度2.88%~4.96%（置信因子k=2）。通过纯物质环己烷动力黏度的测量，对实验系统进行了标定，实验结果与NIST数据库平均相对偏差在1.22%以内，最大相对偏差绝对值为2.04%，实验结果与推荐黏度值在2.0 MPa时平均相对偏差为1.25%，4.0 MPa时平均相对偏差为1.61%，最大相对偏差绝对值为3.50%，验证了实验系统的可靠性。选取临界压力状态的黏度值作为参考状态值，通过引用Yaws液相有机化合物的黏度经验公式，结合SRK状态方程对绝对速率理论黏度模型进行了改进，耦合实验数据，建立了一种适用于碳氢燃料的高温高压液相黏度的推算模型。采取共轭梯度法和遗传算法对模型参数进行拟合，计算结果与实验结果的平均相对偏差值在2.00%以内，最大相对偏差绝对值小于4.50%，验证了模型的精确性。

关键词: 碳氢化合物, 双毛细管法, 测量, 黏度预测模型, 绝对速率理论, 状态方程

CLC Number:

TK 124

Jiaqing ZHANG, Zhaohui LIU, Yu LI, Chenyang SONG. Viscosity measurements and prediction model construction for liquid JP-10 at high-temperature conditions[J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(1): 153-161.

张家庆, 刘朝晖, 李宇, 宋晨阳. 碳氢燃料JP-10高温液态黏度测量和推算模型构建方法研究[J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(1): 153-161.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of experimental system

Fig.2 Measured viscosity and deviation of cyclohexane

Table 1 Calibration experimental values of cyclohexane dynamic viscosity

p=2.0 MPa				p=4.0 MPa
T/K	η_exp/ (μPa·s)	T/K	η_ref/ (μPa·s)	T/K	η_exp/ (μPa·s)	T/K	η_ref/ (μPa·s)
302.0	863.65	290.0	1056.6	302.0	884.37	290.0	1085.5
319.5	646.27	300.0	885.9	319.5	663.26	300.0	909.7
327.6	594.57	310.0	754.2	327.6	610.19	310.0	774.1
335.9	531.99	320.0	650.4	335.5	541.90	320.0	667.5
345.5	471.67	330.0	567.0	345.1	486.65	330.0	581.9
356.1	416.09	340.0	498.7	356.1	427.50	340.0	511.9
368.1	356.53	350.0	441.8	368.2	366.24	350.0	453.7
375.4	336.10	400.0	259.9	375.3	346.24	400.0	268.1
391.8	283.30	500.0	106.34	392.0	291.42	500.0	115.16
396.0	275.59			396.0	284.17
405.1	244.10			405.1	252.00
416.6	219.31			416.9	226.13

Table 2 Uncertainties of the main experimental parameters

参数	标准不确定度
体积流量	0.01 ml/min
压力	0.008 MPa
上游压差	1.346 kPa
下游压差	0.006 kPa
温度	0.38 K
JP-10密度	2.50 kg/m³
T₀温度环己烷黏度	4.32 μPa·s

Fig.3 Distribution of the combined relative standard uncertainty in the dynamic viscosity(k=2)

Table 3 Viscosity measurement value of JP-10

p=2.0 MPa		p=3.0 MPa		p=4.0 MPa
T/K	η/(μPa·s)	T/K	η/(μPa·s)	T/K	η/(μPa·s)
326.9	1605.43	327.1	1588.19	326.6	1613.19
349.5	1139.05	350.4	1139.05	351.7	1124.82
376.4	808.93	377.6	815.40	376.6	836.88
400.1	644.97	401.4	641.91	402.0	647.21
425.7	516.52	427.1	517.38	427.4	519.82
450.2	433.51	452.0	438.02	452.4	441.02
473.3	377.72	475.4	376.50	476.6	376.06
501.2	306.59	503.8	306.19	504.6	312.49
525.8	266.17	527.4	266.55	527.2	271.98
554.6	218.34	556.5	212.97	557.0	218.35
573.1	189.09	574.7	190.73	575.4	196.10
596.9	165.20	598.9	163.11	599.5	170.53
625.1	126.74	628.7	138.08	629.2	141.91
661.2	120.62	668.3	135.11	665.3	134.56

Fig.4 Viscosities of JP-10 with different temperatures at pressures of 2.0—4.0 MPa

Fig.5 Deviations of the measured viscosities from the NIST prediction data for JP-10

Fig.6 Compression factor curves of different working conditions

Table 4 Physical parameters of JP-10 （hanged tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene）

分子量(M)	临界压力/MPa	临界温度/K	偏心因子( $ω$ )
136.234	3.733	698.00	0.307

Table 4 Physical parameters of JP-10 （hanged tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene）

分子量(M)	临界压力/MPa	临界温度/K	偏心因子( $ω$ )
136.234	3.733	698.00	0.307

Table 5 Empirical equation fitting parameters of JP-10 viscosity at critical pressure

a^#	b^#	c^#	d^#	AAD/%	MAD/%
-0.755	1002.697	0.004	-2.95×10^-6	1.91×10^-3	9.86×10^-3

Table 6 Fitting parameters and calculation results of JP-10 liquid viscosity calculation model

压力/MPa	α	β	γ	Z	AAD/%	MAD/%
2.0	1.746	0.947	-0.688	0.082~0.112	1.94	3.09
3.0	2.347	-0.414	0.171	0.128~0.169	1.96	4.10
4.0	2.779	-1.189	0.618	0.168~0.225	1.86	3.24

Fig.7 Deviation distribution of viscosity calculation model and experimental data

References 33

1	Edwards T. Liquid fuels and propellants for aerospace propulsion: 1903—2003[J]. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2003, 19(6): 1089-1107.
2	肖红雨, 高峰, 李宁. 再生冷却技术在超燃冲压发动机中的应用与发展[J]. 飞航导弹, 2013(8): 78-81.
	Xiao H Y, Gao F, Li N. Application and development of regenerative cooling technology in scramjet engine [J]. Aerodynamic Missile Journal, 2013(8):78-81.
3	Jones J P, Kuffel L, Sorto-Ramos E, et al. Investigating the legacy of air-breathing and rocket propulsion systems [C]//AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2020 Forum. Reston, Virginia: AIAA, 2020.
4	Xie G N, Xu X X, Lei X L, et al. Heat transfer behaviors of some supercritical fluids: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2021, DOI:10.1016/j.cja.2020.12.022. DOI
5	Zhu Y H, Peng W, Xu R N, et al. Review on active thermal protection and its heat transfer for airbreathing hypersonic vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2018, 31(10): 1929-1953.
6	Deng H W, Zhang C B, Xu G Q, et al. Viscosity measurements of endothermic hydrocarbon fuel from (298 to 788) K under supercritical pressure conditions[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2012, 57(2): 358-365.
7	Xu K K, Meng H. Analyses of surrogate models for calculating thermophysical properties of aviation kerosene RP-3 at supercritical pressures[J]. Science China Techmological Sciences, 2015, 58(3):510-518.
8	Li B, Lee Y, Yao W, et al. Development and application of ANN model for property prediction of supercritical kerosene[J]. Computers & Fluids, 2020, 209:104665.
9	Liu Z H, Trusler J P M, Bi Q C. Viscosities of liquid cyclohexane and decane at temperatures between (303 and 598) K and pressures up to 4 MPa measured in a dual-capillary viscometer[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2015, 60(8): 2363-2370.
10	Yang Z Q, Bi Q C, Guo Y, et al. Design of a gamma densitometer for hydrocarbon fuel at high temperature and supercritical pressure[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2014, 59(11): 3335-3343.
11	Vieira dos Santos F J, Castro C A N. Viscosity of toluene and benzene under high pressur[J]. International Journal of Thermophysics, 1997, 18(2): 367-378.
12	Avelino H, Fareleira J, Wakeham W. Simultaneous measurement of the density and viscosity of compressed liquid toluene[J]. International Journal of Thermophysics, 2003, 24(2):323-336.
13	王小杰, 朱山杉, 王晓坡, 等. 落体法流体高压液相黏度实验系统[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2020, 41(4): 788-791.
	Wang X J, Zhu S S, Wang X P, et al. Experimental system for high-pressure viscosity measurement based on the falling-body method[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2020, 41(4):788-791.
14	Paton J M, Schaschke C J. Viscosity measurement of biodiesel at high pressure with a falling sinker viscometer [J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2009, 87(11): 1520-1526.
15	Wu J T, Liu Z G, Bi S S, et al. Viscosity of saturated liquid dimethyl ether from (227 to 343) K[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2003, 48(2): 426-429.
16	冯松, 毕勤成, 刘朝晖, 等. 采用双毛细管等流量法测量航空煤油RP-3的动力黏度[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2017, 51(3): 48-53.
	Feng S, Bi Q C, Liu Z H, et al. Viscosity measurement of aviation kerosene RP-3 using a double-capillary viscometer with equal mass flow[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2017, 51(3):48-53.
17	杨竹强, 冯松, 潘辉, 等. 双毛细管式碳氢化合物黏度测量方法研究[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2015, 49(7): 37-41.
	Yang Z Q, Feng S, Pan H, et al. Viscosity measurement of hydrocarbons using a two-capillary viscometer[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2015, 49(7): 37-41.
18	Yang Z Q, Liu Z H, Bi Q C, et al. Viscosity measurements of hydrocarbon fuel at temperatures from (303.2 to 513.2)K and pressures up to 5.1 MPa using a two-capillary viscometer[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 2015, 617:1-7.
19	Miyara A, Alam M J, Kariya K. Measurement of viscosity of trans-1‑chloro‑3,3,3-trifluoropropene (R-1233zd(E)) by tandem capillary tubes method[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2018, 92:86-93.
20	Deguchi S, Ghosh S K, Alargova R G, et al. Viscosity measurements of water at high temperatures and pressures using dynamic light scattering[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2006, 110(37): 18358-18362.
21	曹冬冬, 郭亚军, 冯松, 等. 吸热型碳氢燃料高压低温密度测量实验研究[J]. 热能动力工程, 2017, 32(3): 28-32.
	Cao D D, Guo Y J, Feng S, et al. Experimental study on density measurement of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels under high pressure and low temperature[J]. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2017, 32(3): 28-32.
22	刘向阳, 齐雪涛, 何茂刚. 含氧燃料黏度的理论推算模型[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2016, 37(3): 471-474.
	Liu X Y, Qi X T, He M G. A viscosity model for oxygenated fuel[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2016, 37(3): 471-474.
23	Viscosity Eyring H., plasticity, and diffusion as examples of absolute reaction rates[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1936, 4(4): 283-291. .
24	Martins R J, de M Cardoso M J E, Barcia O E. A new model for calculating the viscosity of pure liquids at high pressures[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2003, 42(16): 3824-3830.
25	Macías-Salinas R, García-Sánchez F, Hernández-Garduza O. Viscosity model for pure liquids based on Eyring theory and cubic EOS[J]. AIChE Journal, 2003, 49(3): 799-804.
26	Zhu C Y, Yang F, Liu X Y, et al. Viscosity of oxygenated fuel: a model based on Eyring's absolute rate theory[J]. Fuel, 2019, 241: 218-226.
27	Gong S Y, Zhang X W, Bi Q C, et al. Experimental measurement of JP-10 viscosity at 242.7—753.3 K under pressures up to 6.00 MPa[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2017, 62(11): 3671-3678.
28	Tariq U, Jusoh A R B, Riesco N, et al. Reference correlation of the viscosity of cyclohexane from the triple point to 700 K and up to 110 MPa[J]. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 2014, 43(3): 033101.
29	Lemmon E W, Huber M L, McLinden M O. NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 9.1, Standard Reference Data Program[DB]. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2013.
30	Bruno T J, Huber M L, Laesecke A, et al. Thermochemical and thermophysical properties of JP-10[R]. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2006.
31	韩光泽,房增科,陈明东.Eyring黏度公式的几率修正及基于液体准晶模型分子活化能的计算[J].中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2010,40(9):1092-1098.
	Han G Z, Fang Z K, Chen M D. Probability modification of Eyring viscosity formula and molecular activation energy calculation based on liquid quasicrystal model [J]. Scientia Sinica (Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica), 2010, 40(9): 1092-1098.
32	Lei Q F, Hou Y C, Lin R S. Correlation of viscosities of pure liquids in a wide temperature range[J]. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1997, 140(1/2): 221-231.
33	Yaws C L. Chapter 3: Viscosity of liquid-organic compounds [M]//Transport Properties of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons. 2nd ed. Oxford: Gulf Publishing Company, 2014: 131-254.

[1]	Xianheng YI, Wu ZHOU, Xiaoshu CAI, Tianyi CAI. Measurable range of nanoparticle concentration using optical fiber backward dynamic light scattering [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3320-3328.
[2]	Yuanjing MAO, Zhi YANG, Songping MO, Hao GUO, Ying CHEN, Xianglong LUO, Jianyong CHEN, Yingzong LIANG. Estimation of SAFT-VR Mie equation of state parameters and thermodynamic properties of C₆—C₁₀ alcohols [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1033-1041.
[3]	Junxian CHEN, Zhongli JI, Yu ZHAO, Qian ZHANG, Yan ZHOU, Meng LIU, Zhen LIU. Study on online detection method of particulate matter in natural gas pipeline based on microwave technology [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1042-1053.
[4]	Jiaqing ZHANG, Rongpei JIANG, Weikang SHI, Boxiang WU, Chao YANG, Zhaohui LIU. Study on viscosity-temperature characteristics and component characteristics of rocket kerosene [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(2): 653-665.
[5]	Yongqian WANG, Ping WANG, Kang CHENG, Chenlin MAO, Wenfeng LIU, Zhicheng YIN, Antonio Ferrante. Stability and NO production of lean premixed ammonia/methane turbulent swirling flame [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(9): 4087-4094.
[6]	Zirui WU, Rui SUN, Lingfeng SHI, Hua TIAN, Xuan WANG, Gequn SHU. A comparative and predictive study of the mixing rules for the vapor-liquid equilibria of CO₂-based mixtures [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(4): 1483-1492.
[7]	Biqiang LIU, Haishan CAO. Adsorption measurement method based on flow calibration and its error analysis [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(4): 1597-1605.
[8]	Wenjie LAN, Xiaojie HU, Dizong CAI. Determination of interaction force between droplet and solid surface using droplet probe [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(3): 1119-1126.
[9]	Yukun SUN, Tao YANG, Jiangtao WU. Measurement of vapor-liquid equilibrium for R32+R1234yf+R1234ze(E) [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(3): 1063-1071.
[10]	Pengzhi BEI, Wenying LI. An energy decomposition analysis-based extractant selection [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(2): 739-746.
[11]	Junyi LUO, Shiliang WU, Rui XIAO. Study on combustion characteristics of cycloalkanes mixed with aviation kerosene [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(2): 847-856.
[12]	Hanwen XUE, Feng NIE, Yanxing ZHAO, Xueqiang DONG, Hao GUO, Jun SHEN, Maoqiong GONG. Experimental study of flow boiling pressure drop of R290 in a horizontal tube based on flow pattern [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(11): 4903-4916.
[13]	Chenyang ZHU, Xiangyang LIU, Maogang HE, Guangjin CHEN. Viscosity estimation of fluid mixtures based on Eyring's absolute rate theory [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(11): 4826-4837.
[14]	JIANG Jiatong, HU Bin, WANG Ruzhu, LIU Hua, ZHANG Zhiping, LI Hongbo. Dynamic simulation of horizontal condenser of R1233zd(E) high temperature heat pump [J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(S1): 98-105.
[15]	WU Di, HU Bin, WANG Ruzhu, YU Jingjing, LIN Xinyi, LI Ziliang. Theoretical study and performance comparison of different heat pump cycles using water as working fluid [J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(S1): 236-243.