Measurement of granular temperature during silo flow by speckle visibility spectroscopy

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20220128

Abstract

Abstract:

Granular flow in silos is widely used in chemical reactions. Accurately grasping the dynamic law of granular flow is extremely important for regulating the mixing and transmission efficiency in chemical reaction process. Granular temperature is one of the important parameters affecting granular flow. In this paper, a speckle visibility spectroscopy measurement device based on linear CCD camera is built, and spherical particles with mean particle sizes of 0.94 and 1.55 mm were selected. By measuring the time-varying granular temperature during silo flow, it was found that the discrete particle motion is stable under mesoscale conditions. Further, comparing the granular temperature values of the two particle sizes, it is observed that the larger particle size has higher energy dissipation in the steady-state flow, so the relationship between the macro mass flow rate and the mesoscopic granular temperature is established. In addition, by analyzing the distribution characteristics of the particle temperature field in the silo, it is found that the discrete particles near the orifice have directional and orderly motion. Finally, according to the curve of granular temperature during the jamming in silos. the relaxation change law of clogging is revealed. The experimental results reveal the law of granular flow in the silo, which provides reference data for improving the storage and transportation of granular material in chemical production.

Key words: granular flow, dynamics, mesoscale, granular temperature, jamming

摘要：

筒仓内颗粒流在化工生产中广泛应用，准确描述颗粒流的动力学规律对于调控化工反应过程中的混合和传输效率极为重要。颗粒温度是影响颗粒流的重要参数之一，为此搭建了基于线阵CCD相机的散斑能见度光谱测量装置，选取均值粒径分别为0.94和1.55 mm的球形颗粒进行实验。通过测量卸料过程中筒仓内颗粒流的时变颗粒温度，发现了离散颗粒运动在介尺度条件下具有稳定性。进一步，对比两种粒径颗粒的颗粒温度值，观察到稳态流动中大粒径颗粒具有更高的能量耗散，从而建立了宏观质量流率与介观颗粒温度之间的联系。通过分析筒仓内颗粒温度场的分布特征，发现了孔口附近的离散颗粒存在定向有序的运动。最后，根据筒仓内颗粒流堵塞过程中的颗粒温度变化曲线，揭示了颗粒流堵塞的弛豫变化规律。实验结果揭示的筒仓内颗粒流的运动规律，为完善化工生产中颗粒材料的存储与运输提供了参考数据。

关键词: 颗粒流, 动力学, 介尺度, 颗粒温度, 堵塞

CLC Number:

TB 133

Quan CHEN, Zexi ZHENG, Ran LI, Qicheng SUN, Hui YANG. Measurement of granular temperature during silo flow by speckle visibility spectroscopy[J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(6): 2603-2611.

陈泉, 郑泽希, 李然, 孙其诚, 杨晖. 散斑能见度光谱法测量筒仓内颗粒流的颗粒温度[J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(6): 2603-2611.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1 The image of glass beads and the cumulative particle size distributions of the glass beads

Table 1 Characteristic of granular materials used in this work

材料	密度/(kg/m3)	堆积密度/(kg/m3)	d/mm	β/(°)	静摩擦系数	恢复系数
小玻璃珠	2500	1567±21	0.94±0.06	27.32±0.22	0.52	0.65
大玻璃珠	2500	1428±34	1.55±0.08	25.75±0.16	0.48	0.67

Fig.2 The annotated photo of the experimental setup

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of measuring granular temperature by speckle visibility spectroscopy

Fig.4 The curve of granular temperature at measuring point A (0, 10 mm, 0) in silo

Table 2 The statistics of the granular temperature on the point A and mass flow rate

参数		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
$δ v_{1}^{2}$ /(mm²/s²)	均值	2.02	2.01	2.02	2.02	2.01	2.03	2.02	2.02	2.03	2.01
$δ v_{1}^{2}$ /(mm²/s²)	方差	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.01
Q₁/(g/s)	均值	32.6	33.5	34.2	33.8	32.2	33.2	33.5	33.8	34.3	32.9
Q₁/(g/s)	方差	0.9	0.5	1.0	0.5	1.0	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.9
$δ v_{2}^{2}$ /(mm²/s²)	均值	2.32	2.35	2.33	2.37	2.33	2.36	2.32	2.35	2.34	2.36
$δ v_{2}^{2}$ /(mm²/s²)	方差	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.02
Q₂/(g/s)	均值	27.1	26.5	26.9	26.1	27.3	25.9	26.7	27.0	26.5	26.4
Q₂/(g/s)	方差	0.5	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.8	0.4	0.3

Table 2 The statistics of the granular temperature on the point A and mass flow rate

参数		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
$δ v_{1}^{2}$ /(mm²/s²)	均值	2.02	2.01	2.02	2.02	2.01	2.03	2.02	2.02	2.03	2.01
$δ v_{1}^{2}$ /(mm²/s²)	方差	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.01
Q₁/(g/s)	均值	32.6	33.5	34.2	33.8	32.2	33.2	33.5	33.8	34.3	32.9
Q₁/(g/s)	方差	0.9	0.5	1.0	0.5	1.0	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.9
$δ v_{2}^{2}$ /(mm²/s²)	均值	2.32	2.35	2.33	2.37	2.33	2.36	2.32	2.35	2.34	2.36
$δ v_{2}^{2}$ /(mm²/s²)	方差	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.02
Q₂/(g/s)	均值	27.1	26.5	26.9	26.1	27.3	25.9	26.7	27.0	26.5	26.4
Q₂/(g/s)	方差	0.5	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.8	0.4	0.3

Fig.5 Granular temperature distribution of steady flow in silo

Fig.6 The curve of granular temperature with an average particle size of 0.94 mm at position A in silos during blockage

Fig.7 The curve of relaxation time of blockage changed with orifice size in silo

References 30

1	周益娴. 基于连续数值模拟的筒仓卸载过程中颗粒物压强及其速度场分析[J]. 物理学报, 2019, 68(13): 134701.
	Zhou Y X. Analysis of the granular pressure and velocity field of hourglass flow based on the local constitutive law[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(13): 134701.
2	Mollon G, Zhao J D. Characterization of fluctuations in granular hopper flow[J]. Granular Matter, 2013, 15(6): 827-840.
3	俞良群, 邢纪波. 筒仓装卸料时力场及流场的离散单元法模拟[J]. 农业工程学报, 2000, 16(4): 15-19.
	Yu L Q, Xing J B. Discrete element method simulation of forces and flow fields during filling and discharging materials in silos[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2000, 16(4): 15-19.
4	Medina A, Córdova J A, Luna E, et al. Velocity field measurements in granular gravity flow in a near 2D silo[J]. Physics Letters A, 1998, 250(1/2/3): 111-116.
5	Saleh K, Golshan S, Zarghami R. A review on gravity flow of free-flowing granular solids in silos - basics and practical aspects[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2018, 192: 1011-1035.
6	Maiti R, Das G, Das P K. Experiments on eccentric granular discharge from a quasi-two-dimensional silo[J]. Powder Technology, 2016, 301: 1054-1066.
7	Hidalgo R C, Lozano C, Zuriguel I, et al. Force analysis of clogging Arches in a silo[J]. Granular Matter, 2013, 15(6): 841-848.
8	Jop P, Forterre Y, Pouliquen O. Crucial role of side walls for granular surface flows: consequences for the rheology[EB/OL]. 2005: arXiv: cond-mat/0503425[cond-mat.soft]. .
9	孙其诚. 颗粒介质的结构及热力学[J]. 物理学报, 2015, 64(7): 076101.
	Sun Q C. Granular structure and the nonequilibrium thermodynamics[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(7): 076101.
10	Ogawa S, Umemura A, Oshima N. On the equations of fully fluidized granular materials[J]. Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Mathematik Und Physik ZAMP, 1980, 31(4): 483-493.
11	Ahn H. Computer simulation of rapid granular flow through an orifice[J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2007, 74(1): 111-118.
12	Tewari S, Dichter M, Chakraborty B. Signatures of incipient jamming in collisional hopper flows[J]. Soft Matter, 2013, 9(20): 5016.
13	Goetsch R J, Regele J D. Discrete element method prediction of particle curtain properties[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2015, 137: 852-861.
14	杨晖, 张国华, 王宇杰, 等. 密集颗粒体系的颗粒运动及结构测量技术[J]. 力学进展, 2018, 48: 541-590.
	Yang H, Zhang G H, Wang Y J, et al. Measurement techniques of grain motion and inter-grain structures in dense granular materials[J]. Advances in Mechanics, 2018, 48: 541-590.
15	Bandyopadhyay R, Gittings A S, Suh S S, et al. Speckle-visibility spectroscopy: a tool to study time-varying dynamics[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2005, 76(9): 093110.
16	Katsuragi H, Abate A R, Durian D J. Jamming and growth of dynamical heterogeneities versus depth for granular heap flow[J]. Soft Matter, 2010, 6(13): 3023.
17	Chen Q, Yang H, Li R, et al. Rearrangement of irregular sand particles in a rotary drum after avalanche flow[J]. Powder Technology, 2020, 360: 549-554.
18	陈泉, 杨晖, 李然, 等. 转筒颗粒流崩塌前后的颗粒温度和体积分数测量[J]. 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学, 2019, 49(6): 58-70.
	Chen Q, Yang H, Li R, et al. Measurements of solid volume fraction and granular temperature at granular avalanches in a drum[J]. Scientia Sinica (Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica), 2019, 49(6): 58-70.
19	Chen Q, Li R, Xiu W Z, et al. Dynamics of irregular particles in the passive layer under the slumping regime[J]. Powder Technology, 2020, 372: 32-39.
20	Barrett P J. The shape of rock particles, a critical review[J]. Sedimentology, 1980, 27(3): 291-303.
21	Henein H, Brimacombe J K, Watkinson A P. Experimental study of transverse bed motion in rotary kilns[J]. Metallurgical Transactions B, 1983, 14(2): 191-205.
22	Menon N, Durian D J. Diffusing-wave spectroscopy of dynamics in a three-dimensional granular flow[J]. Science, 1997, 275(5308): 1920-1922.
23	Dixon P K, Durian D J. Speckle visibility spectroscopy and variable granular fluidization[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2003, 90(18): 184302.
24	Weitz D A, Pine D J, Durian D J, et al. Diffusing wave spectroscopy: the dynamics of multiply scattering media[J]. MRS Proceedings, 1991, 253: 421.
25	Li R, Zheng G, Chen Q, et al. Two types of particle dynamics in the passive layer of a granular bed composed of irregular particles[J]. Powder Technology, 2020, 362: 231-237.
26	Yang H, Zhu Y H, Li R, et al. Kinetic granular temperature and its measurement using speckle visibility spectroscopy[J]. Particuology, 2020, 48: 160-169.
27	Nielsen J. Pressures from flowing granular solids in silos[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1998, 356(1747): 2667-2684.
28	Choi J, Kudrolli A, Bazant M Z. Velocity profile of granular flows inside silos and hoppers[J]. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2005, 17(24): S2533-S2548.
29	Zhang Y X, Jia F G, Zeng Y, et al. DEM study in the critical height of flow mechanism transition in a conical silo[J]. Powder Technology, 2018, 331: 98-106.
30	Hu G Q, Zhang X S, Bao D S, et al. The molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of channel width on two dimensional granular flow[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2004, 53(12): 4277.

[1]	Lisen BI, Bin LIU, Hengxiang HU, Tao ZENG, Zhuorui LI, Jianfei SONG, Hanming WU. Molecular dynamics study on evaporation modes of nanodroplets at rough interfaces [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 172-178.
[2]	Hongxin YU, Shuangquan SHAO. Simulation analysis of water crystallization process [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 250-258.
[3]	Xin YANG, Wen WANG, Kai XU, Fanhua MA. Simulation analysis of temperature characteristics of the high-pressure hydrogen refueling process [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 280-286.
[4]	Siyu ZHANG, Yonggao YIN, Pengqi JIA, Wei YE. Study on seasonal thermal energy storage characteristics of double U-shaped buried pipe group [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 295-301.
[5]	Minghui CHANG, Lin WANG, Jiajia YUAN, Yifei CAO. Study on the cycle performance of salt solution-storage-based heat pump [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 329-337.
[6]	Mingkun XIAO, Guang YANG, Yonghua HUANG, Jingyi WU. Numerical study on bubble dynamics of liquid oxygen at a submerged orifice [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 87-95.
[7]	Xiaoxiong FAN, Lifang HAO, Chuigang FAN, Songgeng LI. Study on the catalytic denitrification performance of low-temperature NH₃-SCR over LaMnO₃/biochar catalyst [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3821-3830.
[8]	Jianbo HU, Hongchao LIU, Qi HU, Meiying HUANG, Xianyu SONG, Shuangliang ZHAO. Molecular dynamics simulation insight into translocation behavior of organic cage across the cellular membrane [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3756-3765.
[9]	Jiali ZHENG, Zhihui LI, Xinqiang ZHAO, Yanji WANG. Kinetics of ionic liquid catalyzed synthesis of 2-cyanofuran [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3708-3715.
[10]	Manzheng ZHANG, Meng XIAO, Peiwei YAN, Zheng MIAO, Jinliang XU, Xianbing JI. Working fluid screening and thermodynamic optimization of hazardous waste incineration coupled organic Rankine cycle system [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3502-3512.
[11]	Linzheng WANG, Yubing LU, Ruizhi ZHANG, Yonghao LUO. Analysis on thermal oxidation characteristics of VOCs based on molecular dynamics simulation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3242-3255.
[12]	Yue YANG, Dan ZHANG, Jugan ZHENG, Maoping TU, Qingzhong YANG. Experimental study on flash and mixing evaporation of aqueous NaCl solution [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3279-3291.
[13]	Rubin ZENG, Zhongjie SHEN, Qinfeng LIANG, Jianliang XU, Zhenghua DAI, Haifeng LIU. Study of the sintering mechanism of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles based on molecular dynamics simulation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3353-3365.
[14]	Linjing YUE, Yihan LIAO, Yuan XUE, Xuejie LI, Yuxing LI, Cuiwei LIU. Study on influence of pit defects on cavitation flow characteristics of throat of thick orifice plates [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3292-3308.
[15]	Lei XING, Chunyu MIAO, Minghu JIANG, Lixin ZHAO, Xinya LI. Optimal design and performance analysis of downhole micro gas-liquid hydrocyclone [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3394-3406.