Thermodynamic and economic analysis of air separation unit with energy storage and generation

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240255

Abstract

Abstract:

Low-temperature air separation equipment is a high energy consumption link for large chemical systems. If it is combined with liquid air energy storage technology, it can effectively balance the load of the grid peak valley and significantly improve the economic benefits of the system. This paper introduces an air separation unit with energy storage and generation (ASU-ESG). It uses valley electricity to liquefy air and recovers liquid air for electricity generation and air distillation, thus reducing peak compression loads and improving load regulation ability. The results show that for an ASU-ESG system with an air processing capacity of 60000 m³/h, the power consumption for oxygen production is 0.378 kW·h/m³. The oxygen extraction rates for energy storage and energy release processes reach 89.46% and 93.71%, respectively. Compared with conventional ASU, the ASU-ESG improves compression load by 28% during off-peak electricity periods and reduces it by 20% during on-peak electricity periods, resulting in annual electricity cost savings of 5.72%—6.88%. The dynamic payback period for the ASU-ESG system is 3.3—4.3 a, and the net present value (NPV) reaches 19714.6×10⁴—28074.7×10⁴ CNY. The ASU-ESG system can balance the peak-valley fluctuation in power grids as well as obtain economic benefits in ASU operations.

Key words: air separation, liquid air energy storage, dynamic payback period

摘要：

低温空气分离设备是大型化工系统的高耗能环节，若与液态空气储能技术相结合，可有效平衡电网峰谷负荷，显著提高系统的经济效益。提出了一种储能式低温空分系统（ASU-ESG），利用谷电制取液态空气并储存，在峰电期内液态空气膨胀发电并参与低温精馏。此方案可有效降低系统在用电峰时的压缩负荷和电力成本，改善空分装置的负荷调节能力。研究结果表明，空气处理量为60000 m³/h的ASU-ESG系统的日均制氧压缩功比功耗为0.378 kW·h/m³，储能和释能过程氧提取率分别为89.46%和93.71%。相比常规ASU系统，该系统的谷时压缩负荷提高了28%，峰时压缩负荷降低了20%，可节约年度用电成本5.72%~6.88%，动态回收期仅为3.3~4.3年，全生命周期净现值可达（19714.6~28074.7）万元。本系统可平衡电网峰谷波动，并利用电价差显著提高系统的经济效益。

关键词: 空气分离, 液态空气储能, 动态回收期

CLC Number:

TK 02

Xiaoqiao QIN, Hongbo TAN, Na WEN. Thermodynamic and economic analysis of air separation unit with energy storage and generation[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(7): 2409-2421.

秦晓巧, 谭宏博, 温娜. 储能式低温空分系统热力学与经济性分析[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(7): 2409-2421.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig.1 Flow diagram of conventional ASU system (a), ASU-ESG system energy storage process (b) and energy release process (c)

Table 1 Main parameters of ASU-ESG system

对象	参数	数值
纯化空气	温度	298.15 K ^[12-13]
	压力	0.1013 MPa ^[12-13]
氧气产品	纯度	≥99.6%（摩尔分数） ^[14]
氮气产品	纯度	≥99.999%（摩尔分数）
CAC	绝热效率	80%^[15]
	压比	1.4
PAC	绝热效率	80%
	压比	1.4
BET	增压端绝热效率	75%
	膨胀端等熵效率	78%
	膨胀端出口带液量	≤3%
AT	等熵效率	80%
	排气压力	0.55 MPa
LAT	容积	120 m³
	压力	0.55 MPa
LAP	绝热效率	80% ^[16]
	泵后压力	6 MPa
CACC/PACC/BETC	进口水温	305.15 K ^[17]
CON	最小换热温差	≥1 K ^[18]
MHX/SC	最小换热温差	≥0.5 K
HPC	压力	0.55 MPa
	塔板数	30
LPC	压力	0.13 MPa ^[19]
	塔板数	50

Table 2 Peak and valley electricity periods in Shanghai industrials［3］

项目	低谷时段	平时段	高峰时段
时间范围	23∶00~7∶00	7∶00~10∶00，15∶00~18∶00，21∶00~23∶00	10∶00~15∶00，18∶00~21∶00
ASU-ESG系统运行模式	储能模式	常规模式	释能模式
ASU-ESG系统每日运行时长	8 h	8 h	8 h

Fig.2 Comparison of operation modes between conventional ASU system and ASU-ESG system

Table 3 Distillation product simulation results of conventional ASU and ASU-ESG systems

参数	常规ASU系统	ASU-ESG 系统储能过程	ASU-ESG 系统释能过程
氧气产品
产量/（m³/h）	9649	9650	9649
纯度/% （摩尔分数）	99.60	99.60	99.60
提取率/%	91.53	89.46	93.71
氮气产品
产量/（m³/h）	21910	21910	21910
纯度/% （摩尔分数）	99.999	99.999	99.999
提取率/%	55.47	52.80	58.42
压缩机功耗/kW	3548	4542	2838
液态空气泵功耗/kW	—	—	24
空气膨胀机输出功率/kW	—	—	190
日均制氧压缩功比功耗/（kW·h/m³）	0.368	0.471	0.294

Fig.3 Exergy flow in conventional ASU system (a), ASU-ESG system energy storage process (b) and energy release process (c)

Fig.4 Initial investment costs in conventional ASU system (a) and ASU-ESG system (b)

Table 4 Calculation of electricity price assumptions

序号	峰电单价 ${\dot{C}}_{e l e, p}$ / （CNY/（kW·h））	谷电单价 ${\dot{C}}_{e l e, v}$ / （CNY/（kW·h））	平电单价 ${\dot{C}}_{e l e, f}$ / （CNY/（kW·h））	每月容量电价 ${\dot{C}}_{c a p a c i t y}$ / (CNY/（kV·A））	峰谷价差/ （CNY/（kW·h））
1	1.177	0.329	0.707	20	0.848
2	1.127	0.315	0.677	20	0.812
3	1.077	0.301	0.647	20	0.776
4	1.027	0.287	0.617	20	0.740
5	0.977	0.273	0.587	20	0.704
6	0.928	0.259	0.557	20	0.668
7	0.878	0.245	0.527	20	0.632
8	0.828	0.231	0.497	20	0.596
9	0.778	0.217	0.467	20	0.560
10	0.728	0.203	0.437	20	0.524

Table 4 Calculation of electricity price assumptions

序号	峰电单价 ${\dot{C}}_{e l e, p}$ / （CNY/（kW·h））	谷电单价 ${\dot{C}}_{e l e, v}$ / （CNY/（kW·h））	平电单价 ${\dot{C}}_{e l e, f}$ / （CNY/（kW·h））	每月容量电价 ${\dot{C}}_{c a p a c i t y}$ / (CNY/（kV·A））	峰谷价差/ （CNY/（kW·h））
1	1.177	0.329	0.707	20	0.848
2	1.127	0.315	0.677	20	0.812
3	1.077	0.301	0.647	20	0.776
4	1.027	0.287	0.617	20	0.740
5	0.977	0.273	0.587	20	0.704
6	0.928	0.259	0.557	20	0.668
7	0.878	0.245	0.527	20	0.632
8	0.828	0.231	0.497	20	0.596
9	0.778	0.217	0.467	20	0.560
10	0.728	0.203	0.437	20	0.524

Fig.5 Impact of peak and valley electricity price differences on Cele and ξ

Fig.6 Impact of peak and valley electricity price differences on NCF (a) and NPV (b)

Fig.7 Impact of peak and valley electricity price differences on DPP

Table A1 Energy balance equations and exergy balance equations for ASU-ESG system

设备	能量平衡方程	㶲平衡方程
CAC	${\dot{m}}_{0} (h_{0} - h_{1}) + P_{C A C} = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{0} (e_{0} - e_{1}) + P_{C A C} = E x_{d, C A C}$
PAC	${\dot{m}}_{33} (h_{33} - h_{34}) + P_{P A C} = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{33} (e_{33} - e_{34}) + P_{P A C} = E x_{d, P A C}$
BET	${\dot{m}}_{3} (h_{3} - h_{4}) + {\dot{m}}_{5} (h_{5} - h_{6}) + {\dot{m}}_{8} (h_{8} - h_{9}) + {\dot{m}}_{11} (h_{11} - h_{12}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{3} (e_{3} - e_{4}) + {\dot{m}}_{5} (e_{5} - e_{6}) + {\dot{m}}_{8} (e_{8} - e_{9}) + {\dot{m}}_{11} (e_{11} - e_{12}) = E x_{d, B E T}$
	${\dot{m}}_{3} (h_{3} - h_{4}) + {\dot{m}}_{5} (h_{5} - h_{6}) + {\dot{m}}_{8} (h_{8} - h_{48}) + {\dot{m}}_{11} (h_{11} - h_{50}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{3} (e_{3} - e_{4}) + {\dot{m}}_{5} (e_{5} - e_{6}) + {\dot{m}}_{8} (e_{8} - e_{48}) + {\dot{m}}_{11} (e_{11} - e_{50}) = E x_{d, B E T}$
CACC	${\dot{m}}_{W 1} (h_{W 1} - h_{W 2}) + {\dot{m}}_{1} (h_{1} - h_{2}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{1} (e_{1} - e_{2}) = E x_{d, C A C C}$
PACC	${\dot{m}}_{W 7} (h_{W 7} - h_{W 8}) + {\dot{m}}_{34} (h_{34} - h_{35}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{34} (e_{34} - e_{35}) = E x_{d, P A C C}$
BETC	${\dot{m}}_{W 3} (h_{W 3} - h_{W 4}) + {\dot{m}}_{W 5} (h_{W 5} - h_{W 6}) + {\dot{m}}_{4} (h_{4} - h_{5}) + {\dot{m}}_{6} (h_{6} - h_{7}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{4} (e_{4} - e_{5}) + {\dot{m}}_{6} (e_{6} - e_{7}) = E x_{d, B E T C}$
MHX	${\dot{m}}_{7} (h_{7} - h_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (h_{10} - h_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (h_{14} - h_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{25} (h_{25} - h_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{28} (h_{28} - h_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{31} (h_{31} - h_{32}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{7} (e_{7} - e_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (e_{10} - e_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (e_{14} - e_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{25} (e_{25} - e_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{28} (e_{28} - e_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{31} (e_{31} - e_{32}) = E x_{d, M H X}$
	${\dot{m}}_{7} (h_{7} - h_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (h_{10} - h_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (h_{14} - h_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{35} (h_{35} - h_{36}) + {\dot{m}}_{53} (h_{53} - h_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{57} (h_{57} - h_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{55} (h_{55} - h_{32}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{7} (e_{7} - e_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (e_{10} - e_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (e_{14} - e_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{35} (e_{35} - e_{36}) + {\dot{m}}_{53} (e_{53} - e_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{57} (e_{57} - e_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{55} (e_{55} - e_{32}) = E x_{d, M H X}$
	${\dot{m}}_{7} (h_{7} - h_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (h_{10} - h_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (h_{14} - h_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{25} (h_{25} - h_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{28} (h_{28} - h_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{31} (h_{31} - h_{32}) + {\dot{m}}_{41} (h_{41} - h_{42}) + {\dot{m}}_{43} (h_{43} - h_{44}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{7} (e_{7} - e_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (e_{10} - e_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (e_{14} - e_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{25} (e_{25} - e_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{28} (e_{28} - e_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{31} (e_{31} - e_{32}) + {\dot{m}}_{41} (e_{41} - e_{42}) + {\dot{m}}_{43} (e_{43} - e_{44}) = E x_{d, M H X}$
CON	${\dot{m}}_{36} (h_{36} - h_{37}) + {\dot{m}}_{46} (h_{46} - h_{47}) + {\dot{m}}_{48} (h_{48} - h_{49}) + {\dot{m}}_{50} (h_{50} - h_{51}) + {\dot{m}}_{52} (h_{52} - h_{53}) + {\dot{m}}_{54} (h_{54} - h_{55}) + {\dot{m}}_{56} (h_{56} - h_{57}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{36} (e_{36} - e_{37}) + {\dot{m}}_{46} (e_{46} - e_{47}) + {\dot{m}}_{48} (e_{48} - e_{49}) + {\dot{m}}_{50} (e_{50} - e_{51}) + {\dot{m}}_{52} (e_{52} - e_{53}) + {\dot{m}}_{54} (e_{54} - e_{55}) + {\dot{m}}_{56} (e_{56} - e_{57}) = E x_{d, C O N}$
SC	${\dot{m}}_{16} (h_{16} - h_{17}) + {\dot{m}}_{21} (h_{21} - h_{22}) + {\dot{m}}_{24} (h_{24} - h_{25}) + {\dot{m}}_{27} (h_{27} - h_{28}) + {\dot{m}}_{30} (h_{30} - h_{31}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{16} (e_{16} - e_{17}) + {\dot{m}}_{21} (e_{21} - e_{22}) + {\dot{m}}_{24} (e_{24} - e_{25}) + {\dot{m}}_{27} (e_{27} - e_{28}) + {\dot{m}}_{30} (e_{30} - e_{31}) = E x_{d, S C}$
	${\dot{m}}_{16} (h_{16} - h_{17}) + {\dot{m}}_{21} (h_{21} - h_{22}) + {\dot{m}}_{24} (h_{24} - h_{52}) + {\dot{m}}_{27} (h_{27} - h_{56}) + {\dot{m}}_{30} (h_{30} - h_{54}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{16} (e_{16} - e_{17}) + {\dot{m}}_{21} (e_{21} - e_{22}) + {\dot{m}}_{24} (e_{24} - e_{52}) + {\dot{m}}_{27} (e_{27} - e_{56}) + {\dot{m}}_{30} (e_{30} - e_{54}) = E x_{d, S C}$
TV	${\dot{m}}_{17} (h_{17} - h_{18}) + {\dot{m}}_{22} (h_{22} - h_{23}) + {\dot{m}}_{37} (h_{37} - h_{38}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{17} (e_{17} - e_{18}) + {\dot{m}}_{22} (e_{22} - e_{23}) + {\dot{m}}_{37} (e_{37} - e_{38}) = E x_{d, T V}$
SEP	${\dot{m}}_{18} (h_{18} - h_{19} - h_{20}) + {\dot{m}}_{38} (h_{38} - h_{39} - h_{46}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{18} (e_{18} - e_{19} - e_{20}) + {\dot{m}}_{38} (e_{38} - e_{39} - e_{46}) = E x_{d, S E P}$
LAT	${\dot{m}}_{39} (h_{39} - h_{40}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{39} (e_{39} - e_{40}) = 0$
DC	${\dot{m}}_{13} h_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} h_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} h_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} h_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} h_{23} + Q_{r} = {\dot{m}}_{16} h_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} h_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} h_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} h_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} h_{30} + Q_{c}$	${\dot{m}}_{13} e_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} e_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} e_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} e_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} e_{23} = {\dot{m}}_{16} e_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} e_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} e_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} e_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} e_{30} + E x_{d, D C}$
	${\dot{m}}_{13} h_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} h_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} h_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} h_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} h_{23} + {\dot{m}}_{47} h_{47} + Q_{r} = {\dot{m}}_{16} h_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} h_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} h_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} h_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} h_{30} + Q_{c}$	${\dot{m}}_{13} e_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} e_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} e_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} e_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} e_{23} + {\dot{m}}_{45} e_{47} = {\dot{m}}_{16} e_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} e_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} e_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} e_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} e_{30} + E x_{d, D C}$
	${\dot{m}}_{13} h_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} h_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} h_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} h_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} h_{23} + {\dot{m}}_{45} h_{45} + Q_{r} = {\dot{m}}_{16} h_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} h_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} h_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} h_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} h_{30} + Q_{c}$	${\dot{m}}_{13} e_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} e_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} e_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} e_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} e_{23} + {\dot{m}}_{45} e_{45} = {\dot{m}}_{16} e_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} e_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} e_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} e_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} e_{30} + E x_{d, D C}$
LAP	${\dot{m}}_{40} (h_{40} - h_{41}) + P_{L A P} = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{40} (e_{40} - e_{41}) + P_{L A P} = E x_{d, L A P}$
AT	${\dot{m}}_{42} (h_{42} - h_{43}) + {\dot{m}}_{44} (h_{44} - h_{45}) = P_{A T 1} + P_{A T 2}$	${\dot{m}}_{42} (e_{42} - e_{43}) + {\dot{m}}_{44} (e_{44} - e_{45}) = P_{A T 1} + P_{A T 2} + E x_{d, A T}$

Table A1 Energy balance equations and exergy balance equations for ASU-ESG system

设备	能量平衡方程	㶲平衡方程
CAC	${\dot{m}}_{0} (h_{0} - h_{1}) + P_{C A C} = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{0} (e_{0} - e_{1}) + P_{C A C} = E x_{d, C A C}$
PAC	${\dot{m}}_{33} (h_{33} - h_{34}) + P_{P A C} = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{33} (e_{33} - e_{34}) + P_{P A C} = E x_{d, P A C}$
BET	${\dot{m}}_{3} (h_{3} - h_{4}) + {\dot{m}}_{5} (h_{5} - h_{6}) + {\dot{m}}_{8} (h_{8} - h_{9}) + {\dot{m}}_{11} (h_{11} - h_{12}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{3} (e_{3} - e_{4}) + {\dot{m}}_{5} (e_{5} - e_{6}) + {\dot{m}}_{8} (e_{8} - e_{9}) + {\dot{m}}_{11} (e_{11} - e_{12}) = E x_{d, B E T}$
	${\dot{m}}_{3} (h_{3} - h_{4}) + {\dot{m}}_{5} (h_{5} - h_{6}) + {\dot{m}}_{8} (h_{8} - h_{48}) + {\dot{m}}_{11} (h_{11} - h_{50}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{3} (e_{3} - e_{4}) + {\dot{m}}_{5} (e_{5} - e_{6}) + {\dot{m}}_{8} (e_{8} - e_{48}) + {\dot{m}}_{11} (e_{11} - e_{50}) = E x_{d, B E T}$
CACC	${\dot{m}}_{W 1} (h_{W 1} - h_{W 2}) + {\dot{m}}_{1} (h_{1} - h_{2}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{1} (e_{1} - e_{2}) = E x_{d, C A C C}$
PACC	${\dot{m}}_{W 7} (h_{W 7} - h_{W 8}) + {\dot{m}}_{34} (h_{34} - h_{35}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{34} (e_{34} - e_{35}) = E x_{d, P A C C}$
BETC	${\dot{m}}_{W 3} (h_{W 3} - h_{W 4}) + {\dot{m}}_{W 5} (h_{W 5} - h_{W 6}) + {\dot{m}}_{4} (h_{4} - h_{5}) + {\dot{m}}_{6} (h_{6} - h_{7}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{4} (e_{4} - e_{5}) + {\dot{m}}_{6} (e_{6} - e_{7}) = E x_{d, B E T C}$
MHX	${\dot{m}}_{7} (h_{7} - h_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (h_{10} - h_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (h_{14} - h_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{25} (h_{25} - h_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{28} (h_{28} - h_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{31} (h_{31} - h_{32}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{7} (e_{7} - e_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (e_{10} - e_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (e_{14} - e_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{25} (e_{25} - e_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{28} (e_{28} - e_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{31} (e_{31} - e_{32}) = E x_{d, M H X}$
	${\dot{m}}_{7} (h_{7} - h_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (h_{10} - h_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (h_{14} - h_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{35} (h_{35} - h_{36}) + {\dot{m}}_{53} (h_{53} - h_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{57} (h_{57} - h_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{55} (h_{55} - h_{32}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{7} (e_{7} - e_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (e_{10} - e_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (e_{14} - e_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{35} (e_{35} - e_{36}) + {\dot{m}}_{53} (e_{53} - e_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{57} (e_{57} - e_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{55} (e_{55} - e_{32}) = E x_{d, M H X}$
	${\dot{m}}_{7} (h_{7} - h_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (h_{10} - h_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (h_{14} - h_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{25} (h_{25} - h_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{28} (h_{28} - h_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{31} (h_{31} - h_{32}) + {\dot{m}}_{41} (h_{41} - h_{42}) + {\dot{m}}_{43} (h_{43} - h_{44}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{7} (e_{7} - e_{8}) + {\dot{m}}_{10} (e_{10} - e_{11}) + {\dot{m}}_{14} (e_{14} - e_{15}) + {\dot{m}}_{25} (e_{25} - e_{26}) + {\dot{m}}_{28} (e_{28} - e_{29}) + {\dot{m}}_{31} (e_{31} - e_{32}) + {\dot{m}}_{41} (e_{41} - e_{42}) + {\dot{m}}_{43} (e_{43} - e_{44}) = E x_{d, M H X}$
CON	${\dot{m}}_{36} (h_{36} - h_{37}) + {\dot{m}}_{46} (h_{46} - h_{47}) + {\dot{m}}_{48} (h_{48} - h_{49}) + {\dot{m}}_{50} (h_{50} - h_{51}) + {\dot{m}}_{52} (h_{52} - h_{53}) + {\dot{m}}_{54} (h_{54} - h_{55}) + {\dot{m}}_{56} (h_{56} - h_{57}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{36} (e_{36} - e_{37}) + {\dot{m}}_{46} (e_{46} - e_{47}) + {\dot{m}}_{48} (e_{48} - e_{49}) + {\dot{m}}_{50} (e_{50} - e_{51}) + {\dot{m}}_{52} (e_{52} - e_{53}) + {\dot{m}}_{54} (e_{54} - e_{55}) + {\dot{m}}_{56} (e_{56} - e_{57}) = E x_{d, C O N}$
SC	${\dot{m}}_{16} (h_{16} - h_{17}) + {\dot{m}}_{21} (h_{21} - h_{22}) + {\dot{m}}_{24} (h_{24} - h_{25}) + {\dot{m}}_{27} (h_{27} - h_{28}) + {\dot{m}}_{30} (h_{30} - h_{31}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{16} (e_{16} - e_{17}) + {\dot{m}}_{21} (e_{21} - e_{22}) + {\dot{m}}_{24} (e_{24} - e_{25}) + {\dot{m}}_{27} (e_{27} - e_{28}) + {\dot{m}}_{30} (e_{30} - e_{31}) = E x_{d, S C}$
	${\dot{m}}_{16} (h_{16} - h_{17}) + {\dot{m}}_{21} (h_{21} - h_{22}) + {\dot{m}}_{24} (h_{24} - h_{52}) + {\dot{m}}_{27} (h_{27} - h_{56}) + {\dot{m}}_{30} (h_{30} - h_{54}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{16} (e_{16} - e_{17}) + {\dot{m}}_{21} (e_{21} - e_{22}) + {\dot{m}}_{24} (e_{24} - e_{52}) + {\dot{m}}_{27} (e_{27} - e_{56}) + {\dot{m}}_{30} (e_{30} - e_{54}) = E x_{d, S C}$
TV	${\dot{m}}_{17} (h_{17} - h_{18}) + {\dot{m}}_{22} (h_{22} - h_{23}) + {\dot{m}}_{37} (h_{37} - h_{38}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{17} (e_{17} - e_{18}) + {\dot{m}}_{22} (e_{22} - e_{23}) + {\dot{m}}_{37} (e_{37} - e_{38}) = E x_{d, T V}$
SEP	${\dot{m}}_{18} (h_{18} - h_{19} - h_{20}) + {\dot{m}}_{38} (h_{38} - h_{39} - h_{46}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{18} (e_{18} - e_{19} - e_{20}) + {\dot{m}}_{38} (e_{38} - e_{39} - e_{46}) = E x_{d, S E P}$
LAT	${\dot{m}}_{39} (h_{39} - h_{40}) = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{39} (e_{39} - e_{40}) = 0$
DC	${\dot{m}}_{13} h_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} h_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} h_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} h_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} h_{23} + Q_{r} = {\dot{m}}_{16} h_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} h_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} h_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} h_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} h_{30} + Q_{c}$	${\dot{m}}_{13} e_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} e_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} e_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} e_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} e_{23} = {\dot{m}}_{16} e_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} e_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} e_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} e_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} e_{30} + E x_{d, D C}$
	${\dot{m}}_{13} h_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} h_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} h_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} h_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} h_{23} + {\dot{m}}_{47} h_{47} + Q_{r} = {\dot{m}}_{16} h_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} h_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} h_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} h_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} h_{30} + Q_{c}$	${\dot{m}}_{13} e_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} e_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} e_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} e_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} e_{23} + {\dot{m}}_{45} e_{47} = {\dot{m}}_{16} e_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} e_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} e_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} e_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} e_{30} + E x_{d, D C}$
	${\dot{m}}_{13} h_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} h_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} h_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} h_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} h_{23} + {\dot{m}}_{45} h_{45} + Q_{r} = {\dot{m}}_{16} h_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} h_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} h_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} h_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} h_{30} + Q_{c}$	${\dot{m}}_{13} e_{13} + {\dot{m}}_{15} e_{15} + {\dot{m}}_{19} e_{19} + {\dot{m}}_{20} e_{20} + {\dot{m}}_{23} e_{23} + {\dot{m}}_{45} e_{45} = {\dot{m}}_{16} e_{16} + {\dot{m}}_{21} e_{21} + {\dot{m}}_{24} e_{24} + {\dot{m}}_{27} e_{27} + {\dot{m}}_{30} e_{30} + E x_{d, D C}$
LAP	${\dot{m}}_{40} (h_{40} - h_{41}) + P_{L A P} = 0$	${\dot{m}}_{40} (e_{40} - e_{41}) + P_{L A P} = E x_{d, L A P}$
AT	${\dot{m}}_{42} (h_{42} - h_{43}) + {\dot{m}}_{44} (h_{44} - h_{45}) = P_{A T 1} + P_{A T 2}$	${\dot{m}}_{42} (e_{42} - e_{43}) + {\dot{m}}_{44} (e_{44} - e_{45}) = P_{A T 1} + P_{A T 2} + E x_{d, A T}$

Table A2 Equipment investment cost calculation formulas for the ASU-ESG system

项目	设备	成本估算模型
预处理和纯化单元	PPU	$C_{P P U} = 13 % \times C_{e q, A S U}$
涡轮机械	CAC	$C_{C A C} = 1.051 \times 174.9943 \times p_{C A C} \div 0.14$ ^[32]
	PAC	$l g (0.14 \times C_{P A C}) = K_{C E P C I} K_{B M} {K_{1} + K_{2} l g (P_{P A C} / 1000) + K_{3} [l g (p_{P A C} {/ 1000)]}^{2}}$ ^[24] K_CEPCI=CEPCI₂₀₂₃/CEPCI₂₀₀₁=708/397 ^[19] K_BM=2.75，K₁=2.2897，K₂=1.3604，K₃=-0.1027
	BET	$C_{B E T} = C_{B E T - A C} + C_{B E T - A T}$
		$C_{B E T - A C} = 174.9943 \times p_{B E T - A C} \div 0.14$ ^[13]
		$C_{B E T - A T} = 1100 \times (p_{B E T - A T})^{0.81} \div 0.14$ ^[33]
换热设备	CACC/PACC/BETC	$C_{C A C C} = 12000 \times (U A_{C A C C} {/ 100)}^{0.6} \div 0.14$ ^[34] $U A_{C A C C} = {(\dot{Q} / L M T D)}_{C A C C}$
精馏单元	SC	$C_{S C} = 12000 \times (U A_{S C} {/ 100)}^{0.6} \div 0.14$ ^[34]
	MHX	$C_{M H X} = 1.218 \times F_{m} F_{p} e x p {8.821 - 0.65 \times l n (10.7639 \times A_{M H X}) + 0.0681 \times$ $[l n (10.7639 \times A_{M H X} {)]}^{2}} \div 0.14$ ^[35] $F_{m} = 2.3$ ， $F_{p} = 1.2$ ^[36] $U_{M H X} = 70 W / m^{2}$ ^[35]
	TV1/TV2	$C_{T V} = 114.5 \times ({\dot{m}}_{T V})^{0.67} \div 0.14$ ^[34]
	SEP1	$C_{S E P} = 1218 \times (65 + 3.5 \times {\dot{m}}_{S E P} \times 3600 \times 10^{- 3}) \div 0.14$ ^[8]
	HPC/LPC	$C_{H P C} = C_{v e s s e l} + C_{t r a y} + C_{h e c}$ ^[37-38]
		$C_{v e s s e l} = (M & S / 280) F_{c, v e s s e l} D^{1.066} H^{0.802} \div 0.14$ ^[39]
		$C_{t r a y} = (M & S / 280) F_{c, t r a y} D^{1.55} H \div 0.14$ ^[39]
		$C_{h e c} = (M & S / 280) F_{c, h e c} {(A_{h e c})}^{0.65} \div 0.14$ ^[39]
		$M & S = 1490.2$ ， $F_{c, v e s s e l} = 3966.2$ ， $F_{c, t r a y} = 437.4$ ， $F_{c, H E C} = 1609.16$ ^[39]
LAES单元	CON	$C_{C O N} = 32800 \times (U A_{C O N} {/ 80)}^{0.68} \div 0.14$ ^[34]
	LAT	$C_{L A T} = 320 \times V_{L A T} \div 0.14$ ^[14]
	LAP	$C_{L A P} = 483 \times p_{L A P} \div 0.14$ ^[14]
	AT	$C_{A T} = 1100 \times {p_{A T}}^{0.81} \div 0.14$ ^[33]
	TV3	$C_{T V} = 114.5 \times {\dot{m}}_{T V}^{0.67} \div 0.14$ ^[34]
	SEP2	$C_{S E P} = 1218 \times (65 + 3.5 \times {\dot{m}}_{S E P} \times 3600 \times 10^{- 3}) \div 0.14$ ^[8]

Table A2 Equipment investment cost calculation formulas for the ASU-ESG system

项目	设备	成本估算模型
预处理和纯化单元	PPU	$C_{P P U} = 13 % \times C_{e q, A S U}$
涡轮机械	CAC	$C_{C A C} = 1.051 \times 174.9943 \times p_{C A C} \div 0.14$ ^[32]
	PAC	$l g (0.14 \times C_{P A C}) = K_{C E P C I} K_{B M} {K_{1} + K_{2} l g (P_{P A C} / 1000) + K_{3} [l g (p_{P A C} {/ 1000)]}^{2}}$ ^[24] K_CEPCI=CEPCI₂₀₂₃/CEPCI₂₀₀₁=708/397 ^[19] K_BM=2.75，K₁=2.2897，K₂=1.3604，K₃=-0.1027
	BET	$C_{B E T} = C_{B E T - A C} + C_{B E T - A T}$
		$C_{B E T - A C} = 174.9943 \times p_{B E T - A C} \div 0.14$ ^[13]
		$C_{B E T - A T} = 1100 \times (p_{B E T - A T})^{0.81} \div 0.14$ ^[33]
换热设备	CACC/PACC/BETC	$C_{C A C C} = 12000 \times (U A_{C A C C} {/ 100)}^{0.6} \div 0.14$ ^[34] $U A_{C A C C} = {(\dot{Q} / L M T D)}_{C A C C}$
精馏单元	SC	$C_{S C} = 12000 \times (U A_{S C} {/ 100)}^{0.6} \div 0.14$ ^[34]
	MHX	$C_{M H X} = 1.218 \times F_{m} F_{p} e x p {8.821 - 0.65 \times l n (10.7639 \times A_{M H X}) + 0.0681 \times$ $[l n (10.7639 \times A_{M H X} {)]}^{2}} \div 0.14$ ^[35] $F_{m} = 2.3$ ， $F_{p} = 1.2$ ^[36] $U_{M H X} = 70 W / m^{2}$ ^[35]
	TV1/TV2	$C_{T V} = 114.5 \times ({\dot{m}}_{T V})^{0.67} \div 0.14$ ^[34]
	SEP1	$C_{S E P} = 1218 \times (65 + 3.5 \times {\dot{m}}_{S E P} \times 3600 \times 10^{- 3}) \div 0.14$ ^[8]
	HPC/LPC	$C_{H P C} = C_{v e s s e l} + C_{t r a y} + C_{h e c}$ ^[37-38]
		$C_{v e s s e l} = (M & S / 280) F_{c, v e s s e l} D^{1.066} H^{0.802} \div 0.14$ ^[39]
		$C_{t r a y} = (M & S / 280) F_{c, t r a y} D^{1.55} H \div 0.14$ ^[39]
		$C_{h e c} = (M & S / 280) F_{c, h e c} {(A_{h e c})}^{0.65} \div 0.14$ ^[39]
		$M & S = 1490.2$ ， $F_{c, v e s s e l} = 3966.2$ ， $F_{c, t r a y} = 437.4$ ， $F_{c, H E C} = 1609.16$ ^[39]
LAES单元	CON	$C_{C O N} = 32800 \times (U A_{C O N} {/ 80)}^{0.68} \div 0.14$ ^[34]
	LAT	$C_{L A T} = 320 \times V_{L A T} \div 0.14$ ^[14]
	LAP	$C_{L A P} = 483 \times p_{L A P} \div 0.14$ ^[14]
	AT	$C_{A T} = 1100 \times {p_{A T}}^{0.81} \div 0.14$ ^[33]
	TV3	$C_{T V} = 114.5 \times {\dot{m}}_{T V}^{0.67} \div 0.14$ ^[34]
	SEP2	$C_{S E P} = 1218 \times (65 + 3.5 \times {\dot{m}}_{S E P} \times 3600 \times 10^{- 3}) \div 0.14$ ^[8]

Table A3 Capital investment and operating cost models

项目	计算模型
系统设备（ $C_{e q}$ ）	见表A2
安装工程（ $C_{i n s t a l l}$ ）	$C_{i n s t a l l} = 10 % \times C_{e q}$ ^[24]
仪控电控系统（ $C_{e e m}$ ）	$C_{e e m} = 18 % \times C_{e q}$ ^{[15, 40]}
管道（ $C_{p i p}$ ）	$C_{p i p} = 10 % \times C_{e q}$ ^[40]
其他（ $C_{s f}$ ）	$C_{s f} = 30 % \times C_{e q}$ ^[40]
直接支出（ $C_{D P C}$ ）	$C_{D P C} = C_{e q} + C_{i n s t a l l} + C_{e e m} + C_{p i p} + C_{s f}$
采购（ $C_{e p}$ ）	$C_{e p} = 9.8 % \times C_{e q}$ ^[40]
施工（ $C_{c c f}$ ）	$C_{c c f} = 11.9 % \times C_{D P C}$ ^[40]
间接支出（ $C_{I P C}$ ）	$C_{I P C} = C_{e p} + C_{c c f}$
资本支出总额（ $C_{T C I}$ ）	$C_{T C I} = C_{D P C} + C_{I P C}$
运营人工（ $C_{o l a b}$ ）	$C_{o l a b} = 0.3 % \times 20 \times 8000 \times 12$
维修维护（ $C_{m a i n t a i n}$ ）	$C_{m a i n t a i n} = 2.5 % \times 95 % \times C_{T C I}$ ^[24]
保险（ $C_{i n s u r}$ ）	$C_{i n s u r} = 1 % \times C_{T C I}$ ^[15]
年度固定运营支出（ $C_{F O C}$ ）	$C_{F O C} = C_{o l a b} + C_{m a i n t a i n} + C_{i n s u r}$
电力（ $C_{e l e}$ ）	见正文式（6）和式（7）
冷却用水（ $C_{c w}$ ）	$C_{c w} = 340 \times 10^{- 3} \times 8 \times 3600 \times Z_{c w} ({\dot{m}}_{c w, p} + {\dot{m}}_{c w, v} + {\dot{m}}_{c w, f})$
耗材（ $C_{c o n s}$ ）	$C_{c o n s} = 1 % \times C_{e q}$ ^[35]
年度可变运营支出（ $C_{V O C}$ ）	$C_{V O C} = C_{e l e} + C_{c w} + C_{c o n s}$
年度运营支出总额（ $C_{O & M}$ ）	$C_{O & M} = C_{F O C} + C_{V O C}$

Table A3 Capital investment and operating cost models

项目	计算模型
系统设备（ $C_{e q}$ ）	见表A2
安装工程（ $C_{i n s t a l l}$ ）	$C_{i n s t a l l} = 10 % \times C_{e q}$ ^[24]
仪控电控系统（ $C_{e e m}$ ）	$C_{e e m} = 18 % \times C_{e q}$ ^{[15, 40]}
管道（ $C_{p i p}$ ）	$C_{p i p} = 10 % \times C_{e q}$ ^[40]
其他（ $C_{s f}$ ）	$C_{s f} = 30 % \times C_{e q}$ ^[40]
直接支出（ $C_{D P C}$ ）	$C_{D P C} = C_{e q} + C_{i n s t a l l} + C_{e e m} + C_{p i p} + C_{s f}$
采购（ $C_{e p}$ ）	$C_{e p} = 9.8 % \times C_{e q}$ ^[40]
施工（ $C_{c c f}$ ）	$C_{c c f} = 11.9 % \times C_{D P C}$ ^[40]
间接支出（ $C_{I P C}$ ）	$C_{I P C} = C_{e p} + C_{c c f}$
资本支出总额（ $C_{T C I}$ ）	$C_{T C I} = C_{D P C} + C_{I P C}$
运营人工（ $C_{o l a b}$ ）	$C_{o l a b} = 0.3 % \times 20 \times 8000 \times 12$
维修维护（ $C_{m a i n t a i n}$ ）	$C_{m a i n t a i n} = 2.5 % \times 95 % \times C_{T C I}$ ^[24]
保险（ $C_{i n s u r}$ ）	$C_{i n s u r} = 1 % \times C_{T C I}$ ^[15]
年度固定运营支出（ $C_{F O C}$ ）	$C_{F O C} = C_{o l a b} + C_{m a i n t a i n} + C_{i n s u r}$
电力（ $C_{e l e}$ ）	见正文式（6）和式（7）
冷却用水（ $C_{c w}$ ）	$C_{c w} = 340 \times 10^{- 3} \times 8 \times 3600 \times Z_{c w} ({\dot{m}}_{c w, p} + {\dot{m}}_{c w, v} + {\dot{m}}_{c w, f})$
耗材（ $C_{c o n s}$ ）	$C_{c o n s} = 1 % \times C_{e q}$ ^[35]
年度可变运营支出（ $C_{V O C}$ ）	$C_{V O C} = C_{e l e} + C_{c w} + C_{c o n s}$
年度运营支出总额（ $C_{O & M}$ ）	$C_{O & M} = C_{F O C} + C_{V O C}$

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