Experiment and simulation of PSA process for small oxygen generator with two adsorption beds

doi:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20180729

Abstract

Abstract:

A small two-bed pressure swing adsorption oxygen generator was designed and a series of experiments were carried out in the low-pressure cabin. The influences of structure and operating parameters were investigated simultaneously. The mathematic model of oxygen production process was established. The model was matched with the experiment results to verify the accuracy of the model. Numerical simulation and simulation researches were carried out to determine the relevant intrinsic parameters and external factors on the process of oxygen production and the effect of oxygen production. Performance of oxygen generator at different altitudes with different operating conditions, design parameters and operating parameters were studied to improve the oxygen production efficiency and reduce the manufacturing and operating costs of oxygen generator.

Key words: small pressure swing absorption, numerical simulation, model, plateau altitude, air separation, experimental validation

摘要：

设计一种两吸附床小型PSA制氧机，并在低压舱内模拟海拔高度对两吸附床小型PSA制氧机的影响，同时对结构参数以及操作参数的影响进行考察，建立制氧工艺流程数学模型，通过实验对比，微调模型使之与实际相符，验证模型的准确性，并开展数值仿真与模拟研究，以确定相关的内在参数及外部因素对制氧过程及制氧效果等性能指标的影响规律，得到不同海拔不同工况下，较优的设计参数和操作参数，从而提高制氧效率，降低制氧机的制造和运行成本。

关键词: 微型变压吸附, 数值模拟, 模型, 高原海拔, 空气分离, 实验验证

CLC Number:

TQ 028.1

Tao TIAN, Bing LIU, Meisheng SHI, Yaxiong AN, Jun MA, Yanjun ZHANG, Xinxi XU, Donghui ZHANG. Experiment and simulation of PSA process for small oxygen generator with two adsorption beds[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(3): 969-978.

田涛, 刘冰, 石梅生, 安亚雄, 马军, 张彦军, 徐新喜, 张东辉. 双塔微型变压吸附制氧机实验和模拟[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(3): 969-978.

Figures/Tables 18

Fig.1 Apparatus for adsorption isotherm measuring

Fig.2 N2 and O2 adsorption isotherm on LiLSX at different temperatures

Fig.3 Diagram of two-bed PSA oxygen generation apparatus

Table 1 Schedule for two-bed PSA process

Bed	Time/s
Bed	4—9		0.8	4—9		0.8
1	AD		ED	PP	PUR	ER
2	PP	PUR	ER	AD		ED

Table 2 Mathematical model of bed for two-bed PSA process

Model equation	Mathematical expression
mass balance	$- ε b D a x, i ? 2 C i ? z 2 + ? (v g C i) ? z + (ε b + (1 - ε b) ε p) ? C i ? t + ρ s (1 - ε b) ? q i ? t = 0$ $D a x, i = 0.73 D m, i + v g r p ε b 1 + 9.49 ε b D m, i 2 v g r p$	(1) (2)
energy balance gas phase solid phase bed wall	$- k g ? 2 T g ? z 2 + c v g v g ρ g ? T g ? z + ε b c v g ρ g ? T g ? t + P ? v g ? z + h f (T g - T s) + 4 h w D b (T g - T 0) = 0$	(3)
	$- k s ? 2 T s ? z 2 + c p s ρ s ? T s ? t + ρ s ∑ i = 1 n (c p a, i q i) ? T s ? t + ρ s ∑ i = 1 n Δ H i ? q i ? t - h f (T g - T s) = 0$	（4）
	$k w ? 2 T w ? z 2 + c p w ρ w ? T w ? z - h w 4 D b (D b + W t) 2 - D b 2 (T g - T w) + h a m b 4 (D b + W t) 2 (D b + W t) 2 - D b 2 (T w - T a m b) = 0$	(5)
momentum balance	$- ? P ? z = 150 μ (1 - ε b) 2 ε b 3 (2 r p ψ) 2 + 1.75 M (1 - ε b) ρ g 2 r p ψ ε b 3 v g v g$	(6)
adsorption balance	$q i * = q m, i b i P i 1 + ∑ i = 1 n b i P i, b i = b 0 i e x p (- Δ H i / R g T), - Δ H i = R g T ? l n P i ? T q$	(7)
adsorption rate	$? q i ? t = k L D F, i (q i * - q i) = 15 D e, i r p 2 (q i * - q i), D e, i = ε p τ D k, i D m, i D k, i + D m, i, D k, i = 97.0 r p T M i$	(8)
purity	$p u r i t y O 2 = ∫ 0 t c y c l e F o u t y o u t, O 2 d t ∫ 0 t c y c l e F o u t d t$	（9）
recovery	$r e c o v e r y O 2 = ∫ 0 t c y c l e F o u t y o u t, O 2 d t ∫ 0 t c y c l e F i n y i n, O 2 d t$	（10）
productivity	$p r o d u c t i v i t y O 2 = 3600 ∫ 0 t F / A D F o u t y o u t, O 2 d t 2 t c y c l e w a d s W a d s = ρ p (1 - ε b) π H b R b 2$	（11）
valve	$F = C V (P i n - P o u t)$	（12）

Table 2 Mathematical model of bed for two-bed PSA process

Model equation	Mathematical expression
mass balance	$- ε b D a x, i ? 2 C i ? z 2 + ? (v g C i) ? z + (ε b + (1 - ε b) ε p) ? C i ? t + ρ s (1 - ε b) ? q i ? t = 0$ $D a x, i = 0.73 D m, i + v g r p ε b 1 + 9.49 ε b D m, i 2 v g r p$	(1) (2)
energy balance gas phase solid phase bed wall	$- k g ? 2 T g ? z 2 + c v g v g ρ g ? T g ? z + ε b c v g ρ g ? T g ? t + P ? v g ? z + h f (T g - T s) + 4 h w D b (T g - T 0) = 0$	(3)
	$- k s ? 2 T s ? z 2 + c p s ρ s ? T s ? t + ρ s ∑ i = 1 n (c p a, i q i) ? T s ? t + ρ s ∑ i = 1 n Δ H i ? q i ? t - h f (T g - T s) = 0$	（4）
	$k w ? 2 T w ? z 2 + c p w ρ w ? T w ? z - h w 4 D b (D b + W t) 2 - D b 2 (T g - T w) + h a m b 4 (D b + W t) 2 (D b + W t) 2 - D b 2 (T w - T a m b) = 0$	(5)
momentum balance	$- ? P ? z = 150 μ (1 - ε b) 2 ε b 3 (2 r p ψ) 2 + 1.75 M (1 - ε b) ρ g 2 r p ψ ε b 3 v g v g$	(6)
adsorption balance	$q i * = q m, i b i P i 1 + ∑ i = 1 n b i P i, b i = b 0 i e x p (- Δ H i / R g T), - Δ H i = R g T ? l n P i ? T q$	(7)
adsorption rate	$? q i ? t = k L D F, i (q i * - q i) = 15 D e, i r p 2 (q i * - q i), D e, i = ε p τ D k, i D m, i D k, i + D m, i, D k, i = 97.0 r p T M i$	(8)
purity	$p u r i t y O 2 = ∫ 0 t c y c l e F o u t y o u t, O 2 d t ∫ 0 t c y c l e F o u t d t$	（9）
recovery	$r e c o v e r y O 2 = ∫ 0 t c y c l e F o u t y o u t, O 2 d t ∫ 0 t c y c l e F i n y i n, O 2 d t$	（10）
productivity	$p r o d u c t i v i t y O 2 = 3600 ∫ 0 t F / A D F o u t y o u t, O 2 d t 2 t c y c l e w a d s W a d s = ρ p (1 - ε b) π H b R b 2$	（11）
valve	$F = C V (P i n - P o u t)$	（12）

Table 3 Physical characteristics of adsorption bed and adsorbent

Parameter	Value
H_b/m	0.339
D_b/m	0.068
W_t/m	0.001
r_p/m	6.0× 10^-4
ρ_b /(kg·m^-3)	610.0
k_w/(W·m^-1·K^-1)	17.0
k_s/(W·m^-1·K^-1)	0.30
k_g/(W·m^-1·K^-1)	0.024
c_p_w /(kJ·kg^-1·K^-1)	0.502
c_p_s /(kJ·kg^-1·K^-1)	0.902
c_v_g /(kJ·kg^-1·K^-1)	0.758
H_amb/(W·m^-2·K^-1)	22.3
h_w/(W·m^-2·K^-1)	10.0
h_f/(W·m^-2·K^-1)	60.0
ε_b	0.33
ε_p	0.53
ρ_w /(kg·m^-3)	7800
T_amb/K	298.15

Table 4 Parameters of Langmuir adsorption model for N2/O2/Ar

Parameter	Ar	N₂	O₂
IP₁/(mol·kg^-1·kPa^-1)	1.16× 10^-8	2.72× 10^-9	1.16× 10^-8
IP₂/K	1406	2465	1406
IP₃/kPa^-1	1.86× 10^-6	1.11× 10^-6	1.86× 10^-6
IP₄/K	1406	2465	1406
ΔH/(kJ^-1·mol^-1)	-13.478	-24.57	-13.478
c_p_a/(kJ·kmol^?1·K^?1)	20.8	29.06	29.09

Table 5 Summary of boundary conditions for each step

Step	z=0	z=L
adsorption(AD step)
	$P z = 0 = P f e e d$	$P z = L = P o u t l e t$
	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t, i z = 0 = u 0 C i - ε b D a x C ? y i ? z$	$? C i ? z z = L = 0$
	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t z = 0 = u 0 C$	$? T g ? z z = L = 0$
	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t c p T i n e r t z = 0 = u 0 C c p T g - k g ? T g ? z$
equalization repressurization(ER step)
	$? C i ? z z = 0 = 0$	$? C i ? z z = L = 0$
	$u 0 z = 0 = 0$	$P z = L = P o u t l e t$
	$? T g ? z z = 0 = 0$	$? T g ? z z = L = 0$
equalization depressurization(ED step)
	$? C i ? z z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t, i z = L = u 0 C i - ε b D a x C ? y i ? z$
	$u 0 z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t z = L = u 0 C$
	$? T g ? z z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t c p T i n e r t z = L = u 0 C c p T g - k g ? T g ? z$
PUR(product upper gas purge step)
	$? C i ? z z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t, i z = L = u 0 C i - ε b D a x C ? y i ? z$
	$P z = 0 = P o u t l e t$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t z = L = u 0 C$
	$? T g ? z z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t c p T i n e r t z = L = u 0 C c p T g - k g ? T g ? z$
PP(purge product gas step)
	$? C i ? z z = 0 = 0$ $u 0 z = 0 = 0$ $? T g ? z z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t, i z = L = u 0 C i - ε b D a x C ? y i ? z$ $u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t z = L = u 0 C$ $u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t c p T i n e r t z = L = u 0 C c p T g - k g ? T g ? z$

Table 5 Summary of boundary conditions for each step

Step	z=0	z=L
adsorption(AD step)
	$P z = 0 = P f e e d$	$P z = L = P o u t l e t$
	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t, i z = 0 = u 0 C i - ε b D a x C ? y i ? z$	$? C i ? z z = L = 0$
	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t z = 0 = u 0 C$	$? T g ? z z = L = 0$
	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t c p T i n e r t z = 0 = u 0 C c p T g - k g ? T g ? z$
equalization repressurization(ER step)
	$? C i ? z z = 0 = 0$	$? C i ? z z = L = 0$
	$u 0 z = 0 = 0$	$P z = L = P o u t l e t$
	$? T g ? z z = 0 = 0$	$? T g ? z z = L = 0$
equalization depressurization(ED step)
	$? C i ? z z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t, i z = L = u 0 C i - ε b D a x C ? y i ? z$
	$u 0 z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t z = L = u 0 C$
	$? T g ? z z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t c p T i n e r t z = L = u 0 C c p T g - k g ? T g ? z$
PUR(product upper gas purge step)
	$? C i ? z z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t, i z = L = u 0 C i - ε b D a x C ? y i ? z$
	$P z = 0 = P o u t l e t$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t z = L = u 0 C$
	$? T g ? z z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t c p T i n e r t z = L = u 0 C c p T g - k g ? T g ? z$
PP(purge product gas step)
	$? C i ? z z = 0 = 0$ $u 0 z = 0 = 0$ $? T g ? z z = 0 = 0$	$u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t, i z = L = u 0 C i - ε b D a x C ? y i ? z$ $u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t z = L = u 0 C$ $u 0, i n l e t C i n l e t c p T i n e r t z = L = u 0 C c p T g - k g ? T g ? z$

Table 6 Summary of simulation and experiment results for two-bed PSA process

Altitude /m	Tower high/mm	Adsorption time/s	Pore size/mm	Q_out/ (L·min^-1)	Purity/%		Recovery/%
Altitude /m	Tower high/mm	Adsorption time/s	Pore size/mm	Q_out/ (L·min^-1)	Simulation	Experiment	Simulation	Experiment
2000	339	7	0.9	5.00	94.86	94.30	35.73	35.63
3000	339	7	0.9	5.00	92.64	94.00	40.95	41.59
4000	339	7	0.9	5.00	86.41	91.85	45.16	48.20
5000	339	7	0.9	5.00	80.98	83.75	47.24	48.95
3000	226	3	0.9	5.00	91.22	90.01	39.04	38.64
3000	226	4	0.9	5.00	92.17	91.89	40.37	40.13
3000	226	5	0.9	5.00	93.19	92.35	41.66	41.41
3000	226	6	0.9	5.00	92.93	91.40	42.36	41.79
3000	226	7	0.9	5.00	92.24	89.41	42.97	41.78
5000	339	9	0.6	4.40	88.31	90.56	48.11	49.00
5000	339	9	0.7	4.40	89.24	91.57	48.05	48.97
5000	339	9	0.8	4.40	90.23	92.95	47.80	48.90
5000	339	9	0.9	4.40	88.72	93.15	46.21	48.19
5000	339	9	1.0	4.40	88.14	92.05	45.87	47.58

Fig.4 Atmospheric pressure and feed rate of air at different altitudes

Fig.5 Pressure variation of single cycle in tower at different altitudes

Fig.6 Purity and recovery of O2 under different altitude

Table 7 Material balance of O2 in CSS

Altitude/

Q_out/

(L·min^-1)

(PO₂^*/FO₂^*)/%

(W^*O₂^*/FO₂^*)/%

Composition of pressure equalization gas

Fig.7 Concentration distribution of N2 in adsorption bed under different adsorption time

Fig.8 Purity and recovery of O2 under different adsorption time

Fig.9 Flushing gas flow at different time under different pore size

Fig.10 Adsorption bed pressure at different time under different pore size

Fig.11 Purity and recovery of O2 under different pore size

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