In order to recover the solvent that used for extraction of bitumen from oil sands by SC-CO₂, the vapor-liquid equilibrium data of supercritical carbon dioxide and reformed naphtha system were measured at 30.3—70.2℃ in the pressure range of 4.02—14.01 MPa.The measurements were carried out in a high pressure PVT apparatus with a movable piston.The range of recovery temperature and pressure was obtained.The average characteristic parameters of the reformed naphtha were calculated with group contribution method.The regression analysis of binary interactive parameters of supercritical carbon dioxide and reformed naphtha system with the state equation of Peng-Robinson was used to estimate the vapor-liquid equilibrium data under the same condition, which agreed well with the experimental data.

Considering the association contribution，the equation of state for square-well chain fluid with variable range（SWCF-VR EOS）in a previous work was extended for calculations of density and vapor-liquid equilibrium（VLE）of alcohol-amines.New molecular parameters of 18 alcohol-amines were obtained by fitting saturated vapor pressures and liquid densities at different temperatures.The overall average deviations of saturated vapor pressure and liquid density were only 0.94% and 0.88% respectively.Coupling with a simple mixing rule，the model was further applied to mixtures.The results show that the densities of binary and ternary alcohol-amine mixtures are satisfactorily predicted.Using an adjustable parameter independent of temperature，VLE data of binary alcohol-amine mixtures are well correlated.The model can reproduce phase behavior of multi-component mixtures，indicating that the new equation of state is appropriate for modeling phase behavior of alcohol-amine systems.

The supersonic non-equilibrium steam flow with spontaneous condensation was studied numerically.Based on the numerical simulation，the non-equilibrium thermodynamic phenomena such as the homogenous nucleation and the condensation shock were investigated，and the interaction between the homogenous condensation and the shock was revealed.The research focused on the condensation characteristics of non-equilibrium phase change under different pressures.The influence of inlet steam pressure on the homogenous nucleation and the condensation shock and the impact of pressure change on the thermodynamic characteristic such as super saturation ratio and nucleation rate were investigated.

The characteristics and mechanism of pressure fluctuations in a CFB riser were investigated with the measurement on dynamic pressure of a gas-solid two-phase flow in a φ200 mm×12500 mm riser using FCC catalyst.The mass flux of solids in the riser was varied in the range 0 to 250 kg•m^-2•s^-1 and the superficial gas velocity was 5.6 m•s^-1.Pressure transducers were employed to evaluate the axial pressure profile，especially the dynamics pressure along the riser.The experimental results show two types of pressure fluctuations in the riser.One is at low frequency and high amplitude，which is resulted from unstable feeding to the riser,and the other is at high frequency and low amplitude，which is the resultant of a variety of factors，such as cluster movement，gas-solid interaction and gas velocity fluctuation.The dynamic behavior of the pressure fluctuation is characterized by Fourier spectral analysis.The standard deviation and power spectral density of pressure fluctuations indicate that the intensity of pressure fluctuations increases with solid mass flux，but it attenuates in some degree along the axial direction of the riser.The dimensionless power spectral density shows that the fluctuations at low frequency and high amplitude are similar along the axial direction of the riser.

A quantitative study on the absorption of CO₂ by aqueous solutions of N-methyldiethanolamine（MDEA）in a rotating packed bed（RPB）was presented in this paper.The diffusion-reaction process for CO₂-MDEA mass transfer in the RPB is modeled according to Higbie’s penetration theory with the assumption that all reactions are reversible.The results from both experiment and model show that the intensification within the RPB is mainly achieved by the larger concentration gradient of the dissolvable gas in the liquid film.The frequent renewal of the film results in short lifetime of liquid film on packing surfaces and increases the mass transfer coefficient significantly.The mass transfer within the RPB is a dynamic process. The shorter the lifetime of liquid film，the larger the mass transfer coefficient.Experiments are carried out at various rotating speeds，MDEA concentrations，temperatures and gas/liquid flow rates.The validity of this model is demonstrated by the fact that the simulated values agree well with the experimental data.

Initial dropwise condensation of moist air on a hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer（SAM）surface was investigated with a high speed camera and a microscope.The transient initial droplet size distribution and the growth of micro-droplets by direct condensation on the surface without coalescence were analyzed from the concept of molecular clustering.Based on the general characteristics of nucleation of dropwise condensation，a molecular clustering physical model was proposed to describe the state of steam molecules in the bulk steam phase before condensing on the cooled surface.

In gas-liquid mass transfer processes，interfacial turbulence may occur due to the surface tension gradient and the density gradient produced by mass transfer near the interface.The interfacial turbulence can enhance the mass transfer since it intensifies the movement of interfacial fluid.By means of the shadowgraph optical method，the interfacial turbulence patterns vertical to the interface were observed directly in the volatilization process of binary systems.The images of the amplified interfacial turbulence showed the variation of concentration and the fluid movement under the interface.Two patterns of interfacial turbulence were observed in the experiments：plume and vortex.With the plume，the interfacial fluid moved slowly and penetrated the liquid deeply.With the vortex，the interfacial turbulence occurred in the vicinity of the liquid interface and the fluid moves quite fast.A qualitative analysis was carried out based on the mechanism of Rayleigh-Bénard convection induced by density gradient and Marangoni convection induced by surface tension gradient.

A kinetic model involving effectiveness factor of external diffusion was proposed based on the experimental data on the benzene alkylation with long-chain olefins over solid acid catalyst at different mass flow velocities.The model can be used for the determination of experimental conditions at which the resistance of external diffusion was eliminated.The model parameters were evaluated，and the model was justified by variance analysis and residual analysis.The agreement between the prediction values by the kinetic model and experimental data was satisfactory.The results showed that the external diffusion factor went up with increasing mass flow velocity sharply at first，then approached 1 slowly.When the reaction time was prolonged，the external diffusion factor increased continuously.If the alkylation rate increased，the weight hourly space velocity required for eliminating the influence of external diffusion raised.The results indicated that the effect of external diffusion for the benzene alkylation with long-chain olefins over solid acid catalyst could be eliminated when the mass flow velocity was 4.0 g·cm^-2·h^-1.

In order to control styrene composition and block molecular weight，styrene reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer（RAFT），bulk and mini-emulsion polymerization processes were performed with 1-phenylethyl phenyldithioacetate（PEPDTA）during styrene homopolymerization and copolymerization with other monomers.For styrene bulk RAFT polymerization，retardation was not important because the cross-termination rate of propagating radical with intermediate radical was much slower than the termination rate of double propagating radicals.It was difficult to obtain high conversion and molecular weight with narrow polydispersity index（PDI）due to its slow reaction rate.For styrene mini-emulsion RAFT polymerization，the induction period and retardation were more obvious with increasing PEPDTA concentration，and the polymerization rate was much faster.Meanwhile，the number of particles decreased and its distribution became broader.The molecular weight increased linearly with increasing conversion，and its molecular weight distribution became much narrower when PEPDTA concentration increased.The theoretical modeling curves formulated were close to the experimental data，and RAFT mini-emulsion polymerization kinetics model based on the Smith-Ewart equation could well predict the experimental processes.

An integrated design and optimization method of the microwave radiator used in a microwave chemical reactor is discussed.The radiator，made of high-borosilicate glass，is an important part of the reactor，by which the microwave energy is delivered from the microwave source to the cavity of the reactor.It is composed of radiating part，baffle and impedance matching part，to obtain better radiating effect.However，under the influence of the microwave energy，the thermal stress，resulted from the large variation of temperature when the reactor is working，may make the radiator crack，so that the reactor does not work properly，even leading to explosion.In order to avoid the above phenomenon，the design of reactor is modified.First，based on the analysis on the electromagnetic transmission characteristics of the radiator，in which the Maxwell equations are solved with the electromagnetic boundary condition by finite-element method，the structural parameters of the radiator is optimized，to make the reflection coefficient as low as possible to reduce the loss of microwave energy during the transmission.Secondly，the design of radiator is modified to improve its stability to avoid the excessive local thermal stress at the transition structure，in which the integrated analysis for multi-fields is applied by solving the Maxwell equations，the heat conduction equation and the thermoelastic equation.The desired results are obtained.The reflection coefficient is below -10 dB，as required，in the frequency range of 2.4—2.5 GHz，the thermal stress is reduced greatly from 17.62 MPa to 12.43 MPa，and the position with the highest thermal stress is away from the joint of the baffle and the radiating part，so that the radiator is more stable during the operation.This method can be applied to develop microwave radiators with good stability，and it is of practical value in the industrial production.

The method of inverse size-exclusion chromatography (ISEC) was established to determine the pore size distribution (PSD) of porous chromatographic media.Two well-known pore size distribution (PSD) models，Gaussian distribution and log-normal distribution，were investigated in the present work.The most used local partition coefficient model was adopted with the assumption of rigid spherical solutes in the cylindrical pores.Then the relationship between PSD and the theoretical distribution coefficient K_d was established.After the measurement of K_d with a series of molecule standards by size-exclusion chromatography，the information of PSD could be obtained with the correlation of calculated Kd to the experimental data.In the present work，K_d of five typical chromatographic media，SP Sepharose FAST FLOW，Q Sepharose FAST FLOW，Toyopearl DEAE-650M，Streamline DEAE and Sephadex G-150，were measured by using dextrans as the standards.Then the PSDs of five media tested were determined by the method of ISEC.The model calculation fitted well with the experimental data，and the PSDs of different media were analyzed.In addition，the accessible internal pore surface area was calculated and discussed.The results demonstrated that ISEC is a feasible method to determine the PSD of porous chromatographic media.

Humic acid in soil plays an important role in transfer of hydrophobic organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).Humic acid can be coated onto some carriers，and its adsorption performance is of great concern.In this study，glass beads in four different size ranges (37—63 μm，105—125 μm，177—250 μm,350—500 μm) were used as the carrier and coated with humic acid extracted from natural soil.The lab-scale experiment for phenanthrene adsorption was carried out.The distribution of phenanthrene in solid and water phases was in accordance with Freundlich isotherms，which implies that larger total surface area (TSA) leads to higher coating efficient and adsorption capacity.However，when the ratio of Freundlich capacity parameter to coating efficiency was used to evaluate the adsorption performance of humic acid in consideration of TSA，smaller particles (with larger TSA) resulted in a smaller ratio value.This study provides a reference for further studies on improvement of adsorption of humic acids.

In this paper，the feasibility and efficiency for capture of post-combustion CO₂ on carbonaceous materials by electrical swing adsorption (ESA) technology were evaluated experimentally.Carbonaceous materials made from various raw materials，such as coal，coconut shell，pitch，charcoal and polymer，and moulded into granular，porous，and fiber adsorbents were tested for capture of post-combustion CO₂ under the ambient pressure and temperature with a simulated flue gas composed of N₂ and CO₂. Several carbonaceous materials were evaluated and compared on the adsorption capacity and selectivity for CO₂，the electric and thermal conductivities，and the electric energy consumption at the direct-electrothermal desorption step.The experimental results demonstrated that the adsorbents could be regenerated quickly by direct heating the carbonaceous materials with electricity, and a lower power consumption was needed. The ESA process for CO₂ capture has significant advantages if the carbonaceous materials had a good CO₂ adsorption capacity by further modification.

Proper set-point regulation based on quality assay is an important measure to optimize the operation of rotary kiln processes.However，due to the inherited non-stationarity of rotary kilns and the effects of various stochastic time-dependent variables，it is difficult to evaluate the performance of the set-point regulation.In this paper，a novel method is proposed to solve this problem.First，the time-frequency distribution characteristics of the quality fluctuation component resulting from set-point regulation were analyzed based on the large time-delay feature of the quality feedback within rotary kilns.Then the characteristics were used to separate the quality fluctuation component from the whole quality assay time-dependent serials with the Hilbert-Huang transformation.The intensity of the fluctuation component was estimated as a function of time.Finally，simulation results were provided to demonstrate the validity of the method.

To meet a demand for various polymer products，grade transitions are frequently required in the polymerization process.The recent studies for grade transition optimization mostly focused on adjusting the quality specifications to target values.However，the variations on quality specifications and state variables during the grade transition will greatly affect the operation stability of the system and the product qualities.In this study，the authors proposed a simple and effective approach to alleviate the fluctuations during grade transition by adding path constraints to the optimization structure of grade transition in a gas-phase fluidized bed reactor for polyethylene.The path constraints were transformed to control variable constraints by solving the differential algebraic equation，which significantly improves the traditional control vector parameterization method to solve dynamic optimization problems with path constraints.The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach to enhance the operation stability.

Based on the logic expression of Petri Net and its dynamic and concurrent characteristics，optimization modules were established for the minimum heat transfer temperature difference，analysis and synthesis of pinch design.First，with the excitation rule of Petri Net and vertical heat transfer，the minimum temperature difference was optimized.Secondly，data was transferred in the modules according to the arithmetic mechanism of Petri Net，so that the pinch point，the maximum heat recovery，the minimum loads of cold and hot utility were determined.Then，the initial heat exchanger network was synthesized based on the heuristic feasible rules for pinch design and the supervision mechanism of Petri Net.Finally，an evolutionary heat exchanger network was obtained by loop fracture and path relaxation according to the self-organizing mechanism of the Petri Net.An example was presented to demonstrate the validity and advantages of the proposed approach.

For the gas-assisted injection molding process, it is hard to find the explicit relationship between the depth of gas penetration and processing parameters.In this paper, an optimization strategy based on Kriging metamodel and adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm was developed.The Kriging metamodel was adopted to approximate the nonlinear relationship between processing parameters and the depth of gas penetration, and the APSO algorithm was adopted to carry out the optimization procedure.Moreover, such strategy was used for the parameter optimization of a real auto rear view mirror, in which the depth of gas penetration was set as the optimization objective.It was shown that the presented optimization strategy based on Kriging metamodel and APSO algorithm could achieve higher solving accuracy and fast convergence rate for those small sample size problems.

The corrosion behavior of 304 nitrogen controlled stainless steel C-ring specimen with constant load in acidic NaCl solution is studied using acoustic emission（AE）and electrochemical noise（EN）techniques.The solution contains 0.5 mol·L^-1 NaCl and 1.5 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄.The ring-down count feature of each AE signal generated during the corrosion process is extracted.By analyzing the ring-down count distribution as a function of time，it is found that the ring-down counts are significantly different in different corrosion stage，which may be used to estimate different stages of corrosion process.The frequency spectrum of AE signal at each main stage is analyzed.The stress corrosion cracking（SCC）of specimen is detected by using AE and EN techniques and the acquired data are compared.The result shows that AE technique is very sensitive to the AE signals generated by 304 nitrogen controlled stainless steel in acidic NaCl solution，so that the corrosion can be detected effectively.The test result of AE is consistent with that of EN，and the combination of AE and EN techniques makes the on-site testing more reliable.

Thin-layer cyclic voltammetry and double potential step UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical method were used to study the reductive color-hiding and oxidative decolorization of indigo sulfonate（IC）in a long-path thin-layer electrochemical cell to understand the reaction mechanism in the two cases.IC was electro-reduced to its leuco form via a 2e^-/2H⁺ reversible reaction at appropriate potentials not lower than -1.0 V（vs Ag/AgCl/saturated KCl）.The leuco-IC can be electrochemically reoxidized to IC with a rate constant an order of magnitude higher than that in the electro-reduction，or it can be chemically reoxidized by dissolved oxygen，leading to a decrease in electro-reduction efficiency.For the oxidative decolorization of IC，a complex electrochemical-chemical-electrochemical（ECE）mechanism was proposed，in which the oxidized intermediate formed in the first step decomposes to isatin sulfonic acid（ISA）upon cleavage of the center C=C double bond of IC，and the ISA may be further electro-degraded to small molecules at more positive potentials.

Molecular dynamics simulation of the impact of disulfide bond on the conformational stability of native and reduced insulin was conducted at all-atom level.It was shown that disulfide bond restricted the relative motion of chain A and chain B in native insulin and thus strengthened the conformational stability for both the domain and active site.For reduced insulin without the native disulfide bonds，the conformation of the activate site altered while chain A and chain B dissociated.Moreover，the simulation suggested that the central helix in chain B would be unstable after disengaging the disulfide bonds，i.e.，the deactivation was irreversible.The above described simulation reproduced the experimental observations reported in the literatures，and established a molecular insight into the impact of disulfide bonds on the conformational stability of insulin，and would be of fundamental importance to the processing，formulating and pharmaceutical application of insulin.

Vitamin E succinate was synthesized via acylation of vitamin E with succinic anhydride using Candida sp.lipase as catalyst.The effects of enzyme sources，organic media and reaction temperature on the reaction yield were investigated.The results showed that Candida sp.lipase was the best lipase，the mixture of tert-butanol and DMSO (2∶3，vol) was the most suitable media for the reaction，and the appropriate reaction temperature was 30℃.Response surface methodology (RSM) and three-level-three-factor Box-Behnken design were used to evaluate the effects of other synthesis parameters，such as reaction time，substrates concentration and the molar ratio of vitamin E to succinic anhydride on the yield of vitamin E succinate.By solving the quadratic regression model equation using appropriate statistic methods，the optimum synthesis conditions were as follows：reaction time 71 h，vitamin E concentration 0.26 mmol·ml^-1，vitamin E to succinic anhydride molar ratio 1∶5.The predicted value of the vitamin E succinate yield was 99.27%.The actual experimental value 98.71% was in good agreement of the predicted value.

Insect cell-baculovirus expression system has been widely used in insect pesticide and recombinant protein production on a large scale.The interplay among the multiplicity of infection (MOI)，time of infection (TOI) and initial cell density (ICD) in insect cell-recombinant expression systems is not clearly understood and the literature related to the investigation of the quantitative relationship of MOI，TOI and ICD is very scarce.In the present study，an orthogonal design was used to select the optimum conditions，in which the effects of MOI，ICD and TOI on the budded virus (BV) titer and occluded virus (OV) number were evaluated in the HzAM1 insect cell-recombinant baculovirus system at a low MOI in shake-flasks.The results indicated that among MOI，TOI and ICD，MOI had a significant influence on the amounts of BVs and OVs produced.The optimal conditions for the production of both BVs and OVs in the HzAM1 insect cell-recombinant baculovirus system were：MOI of 0.1，initial cell density of 2×10⁵ cells·ml^-1 and infection at the early exponential phase.A maximum BV concentration of 2.0×10⁷ TCID₅₀·ml^-1，was obtained.Furthermore，the optimal condition obtained was applied to the scale-up test in the airlift reactor，and a maximum BV concentration of 2.13×10⁷ TCID₅₀·ml^-1 was obtained，which was bigger than those in the shaked flask.

The flow driving system of single cell is one of the key components of flow cytometer.The method of single cell arrangement was proposed based on the digitalization of microfluids driving and controlling technology，and the driving mechanism of single cell flow was analyzed.By way of encoded digital high frequency pulse imposed on flow chamber，cells from continuous sheath fluid were split into single cell.One quartz micro flow chamber of the core of flow cytometry fabricated by sophisticated glass-processing technology was designed.The driving experiment on the lymphocytes of human peripheral blood was conducted，and real-time observation of fluidic status of single cell was performed through the fluorescence microscope.The experiment showed that the entire system was compact and easy to operate.

A series of ZnAlLa layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized by the coprecipitation method，and their structure and phosphate adsorption capacities were studied.The results showed that the layered structure was maintained when a proper amount of La was added as a trivalent cation into ZnAl LDHs.At the Zn∶Al∶La molar ratio of 2.00∶0.90∶0.10，the phosphate adsorption by the obtained ZnAlLa LDHs in 24 h was 35.15 mg P·g^-1，which was 41.9% higher than that by the La-free LDHs.After calcination at 300℃，the ZnAlLa LDHs were transformed to metastable mixed metal oxides with a higher specific surface area.The phosphate adsorption by the calcined LDHs was 1.48-fold higher when compared with that by the raw material.The phosphate adsorption by the ZnAlLa showed a high stability against pH variation and competing ions in the solution.The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model and the isotherms were of the Langmuir type.

A Fe-based ionic liquid (Fe-IL) was synthesized directly by mixing 1∶2 mole ratio of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium(BmimCl) and FeCl₃·6H₂O at room temperature.The Fe-IL is of unstoichiometric ［Bmim］Fe_0.9Cl_4.7，and shows high hydrophobicity，thermostability and oxidation ability.Based on the new Fe-IL a non-aqueous wet oxidation desulfurization for hydrogen sulfide was investigated and developed.It is found that its sulfur capacity is 0.31 g·L^-1 and the desulfurization efficiency is high，which depends on flow and concentration of hydrogen sulfide，reaction temperature and oxygen flow.Compared with wet oxidation desulfurization process，the new desulfurization process is of several advantages：no secondary pollutants produce，product water separates easy and control of pH value is not necessary.The new non-aqueous desulfurization process is not only of high desulfurization efficiency on the removal of hydrogen sulfide，but also of no secondary pollution.So，it could be expected that a green wet oxidation of desulfurization can be developed based on Fe-IL oxidation desulfurater.

With the shortage of petroleum，liquid fuel techniques are needed to reconstruct a reliable energy framework.To solve the problem with the greenhouse gases in utilization of fossil fuel，coal based polygeneration is now becoming one of the choices.The application of coal-based polygeneration depends on the conversion of raw material to liquid fuel and decrease in the waste gas to the environment.In this study，process simulation software Aspen Plus was used to setup the module of the polygeneration system based on its mass and energy balances.Coke-oven gas and coal gasified gas were input into the system as the feeding materials，in which methane mainly from the coke-oven gas and CO₂ from the coal gasified gas reacted to adjust the ratio H/C in the syngas.The main components of the greenhouse gases (CO₂ and CH₄) were reduced due to the CH₄/CO₂ reforming.The simulation includes five units，which are the unit of air separation，gas clean-up unit，reforming，production of chemical products，and combined turbine cycle.The processing units with the chemical reactions were included in the program through the dynamic and thermodynamic subroutines.Dimethyl ether (DME) and electric power are the main products from the simulated polygeneration system.The equivalent electric power efficiency (η₁) and total heating efficiency (η₂) were calculated.The results showed that η₁，which refers to the energy quality，is more appropriate for evaluating the coal-based polygeneration system.

Oxy-fuel (alcohol，DME，etc.) is the main chemical product of the coal-based polygeneration system.In this system，25%(vol)methane in the coke-oven gas is reformed with 23%（vol）CO₂ in the gasified gas，and the syngas at a proper H/C ratio is further changed to oxy-fuel.It is a system with energy-saving and friendly environment.The synthesis of oxy-fuel is the key unit for determining the efficiency and economics for the polygeneration system.In this study，Aspen Plus software was employed to establish an integrated coal-based polygeneration flowsheet.In the simulation，the equivalent yield of methanol and conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ were used as the objective functions for optimizing the operation parameters in the whole polygeneration system.Furthermore，the synergetic effect in the one-step DME synthesis process was investigated.

The efficiencies of chlorine dioxide delignification and oxygen delignification and corresponding bleaching sequences were investigated comparatively.The results indicated that the effect of ClO₂ delignification (D₀) on the modification of residual lignin was better than that of O₂ delignification (O).Under the conditions of lower than and near to the removal rate of O₂ delignification，the bleachability of D₀ stage pulp was superior to that of O stage pulp.With the same removal percentage of delignification，the final brightness of bleached pulp by D₀A/QP sequence and D₀EP sequence were 11.2 and 10.3 points higher than the ones bleached by OA/QP sequence respectively，where A/Q stand for the acid chelating stage，E for alkaline extraction and P for hydrogen peroxide bleaching stage respectively.The COD_Cr loads of the D₀ stage filtrate and corresponding mixed effluents by three stages of D₀A/QP sequence were lower than those of O stage filtrate and corresponding mixed effluents by three stages of OA/QP sequence.Additionally，the characteristic absorption of aromatic ring of lignin was found in the UV spectroscopy of D₀ filtrates and O filtrates.FT-IR spectroscopy analysis of unbleached and bleached pulps suggested that the amounts of hydroxyl and carbonyl increased in the D₀ pulps and O pulps.With the subsequent bleaching stages，main chromophores such as carbonyl gradually decreased and a high brightness of pulp was obtained.The SEM analysis of fiber morphology revealed that the destruction and damage of the surface of fibers in D₀ stage and corresponding D₀A/QP sequence were less than those of O stage and corresponding OA/QP sequence.

In order to investigate the metabolic activity of microorganisms and the rate of substrate degradation during the aerobic biological treatment，a method of on-line determination of specific oxygen uptake rate（SOUR）in the sequencing batch reactor（SBR）process was established.The trends of SOUR in the organic matter degradation and ammonium oxidation processes were investigated.It was shown in the SOUR profiles that the system underwent three stages under either constant DO concentration or airflow rate conditions，i.e.deliquescent COD degradation，ammonium oxidation and endogenous respiration.The heterotrophic bacteria showed a higher DO affinity compared with the autotrophic bacteria，thereby resulting in COD removal firstly and subsequent nitrification.SOUR was 0.36 mg O₂·（g MLSS）^-1·h^-1 during the COD degradation，and 0.18 mg O₂·（g MLSS）^-1·h^-1 during the ammonia oxidation at the constant DO concentration of 1.0 mg·L^-1.SOUR declined sharply when ammonia oxidation was completed，which indicated completion of the partial nitritation process.Aeration should be terminated to avoid further oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. Accordingly，initiation and maintenance of the partial nitritation process can be realized by identifying the slope of SOUR profile.

Traditional Fenton oxidation process uses ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) as catalyst.Fenton-like reactions using iron minerals as heterogeneous catalysts has caught attention recently.However，Fenton-like reaction using pyrite cinder as catalyst was not reported in early research.The catalytic activity of pyrite cinder for pollutants oxidation was evaluated by using Acid Red B，phenol and industrial wastewater as model organic contaminants.The effect of catalyst and H₂O₂ dosage，initial pH，reaction time，reusability of catalyst on the oxidation was investigated.When the concentration of pyrite cinder and H₂O₂ dosage were 10 g·L^-1 and 20 ml·L^-1 respectively，the removal efficiencies of Acid Red B and phenol were almost 100% in a broad range of pH value from 1 to 11.Obvious decolorization of industrial wastewater was observed within 6 h，and the ratio of BOD₅/COD increased greatly.The results indicated that unlike traditional Fenton reagent，the reaction of pyrite cinder with H₂O₂ could effectively catalyze the oxidation of organic contaminants at circumneutral pH.This process avoids the initial acidification.In addition，pyrite cinder exhibited higher activity than other pure iron oxide minerals.The catalyst could be easily recovered by sedimentation or filtration for further use.

The removal of wastewater nutrients in the modified UCT step feed process was investigated when treating municipal wastewater.Based on experimental data under steady-state conditions, the equations for calculating material balances of COD, nitrogen and phosphate were established.These three material distributions in the system were also evaluated.The results indicated that with stable effluent quality and good capacity of resistance to shock load, the effluent concentrations of COD，TN and TP were 43.5, 8.51, 0.29 mg·L^-1 on average, respectively, which the first level A discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant was met.Furthermore, according to calculation equations and transformation pathways of nutrients, it was found that approximately 67.1% of nitrogen was successfully removed during the denitrification process, including anoxic denitrification process and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process, which greatly contributed to high nitrogen removal efficiency.COD consumed in the denitrification and phosphate release process accounted for 62.1%, which embodied the advantage of sufficient utilization of influent carbon sources.Both nitrogen and COD balance ratios were as high as 99.8%, which confirmed the validity of equations established.Phosphate removal was mainly achieved by the discharge of excess sludge, accounting for 71.7% of the total.

Cellulose was pretreated by impregnation of four metal chlorides (KCl, CaCl₂, FeCl₃ and ZnCl₂), and then subjected to fast pyrolysis by using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS).The pyrolysis products were on-line analyzed to reveal the catalytic effects of the four metal chlorides.The results indicated that the presence of metal chlorides reduced the pyrolysis temperature of cellulose.Moreover, the impregnation of CaCl₂ and FeCl₃ inhibited the devolatilization of cellulose considerably, while this was not the case for the impregnation of KCl and ZnCl2.Fast pyrolysis of pure cellulose produced abundant levoglucosan, some furans as well as light carbonyl compounds, mainly including hydroxyacetaldehyde.After the impregnation of metal chlorides, the formation of levoglucosan was deeply inhibited.KCl and CaCl₂ mainly promoted the depolymerization and dehydration of cellulose to form furans, and the pyrolytic ring scission to form various linear carbonyls and acids.FeCl₃ and ZnCl₂ mainly promoted the depolymerization and dehydration of cellulose to form anhydrosugars and furans.

Based on the products distribution from fast pyrolysis of cellulose and levoglucosan（LG），it was determined that competing pyrolytic pathways were responsible for the formation of LG，other anhydrosugars，furans，light linear carbonyls and other products during the fast pyrolysis process.According to the catalytic effects of the four metal chlorides，the pyrolytic pathways for the formation of LGO，LAC，DGP，HMF and FF from depolymerization and dehydration of cellulose，as well as the formation of HAA and acetol from pyrolytic ring scission were discussed.Furthermore，experiments on secondary catalytic cracking of primary products were performed.The results indicated that LGO，LAC and DGP could be produced through the impregnation of FeCl₃ or ZnCl₂，but these anhydrosugars were sensitive to the catalysts.HMF， HAA and acetol could be produced through the impregnation of KCl.FF could be produced through the impregnation of ZnCl₂，while moderate secondary cracking by ZnCl₂ would promote the yield and purity of FF.

The process of microwave flocculation and Fe/C micro-electrolysis was used to treat several oilfield production wastewater, and the effects of microwave on flocculation, disinfection, de-oiling and decrease of the corrosion rate were investigated.The results showed that microwave coagulation could reduce 20% dosage for PAC and 30% for PAM, and the settling time of microwave flocculation was only 1/4 of normal flocculation, and total removal efficiency of COD for the wastewater reached 96%.Microwave could effectively kill total growth bacteria (TGB) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the wastewater, and the removal of bacteria reached 99%.Microwave accelerated oil-water separation and promoted emulsion-breaking simutaneously, and the average removal efficiency of oil was 95%.Microwave also played an active role in the reduction of corrosion rate, and the average corrosion reduction reached 90% in the microwave assisted process, which was 10 points higher than that in normal process.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are prepared in large scale from Taixi anthracite coal using arc discharge technique.The properties of the arc plasma during the arcing process are analyzed in situ using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and are correlated to the yield of SWCNTs to understand the growth mechanism of SWCNTs.The SWCNTs are characterized by TEM，TGA，Raman spectroscopy and N₂ adsorption technique.The results show that Taixi anthracite is a suitable carbon source for mass production of SWCNTs with Y₂O₃ and Ni as catalysts at a helium pressure of 0.05 MPa.The yield of SWCNTs increases as the carbonization temperature of coal-based anode increases.In the SWCNTs，there are metals and minerals that account for about 40%(mass).The coal-based SWCNTs have a diameter of 1.5—2.4 nm and a surface area of 199 m²·g^-1.The OES analysis reveals that active species such as C₂ dimers and CN species are present in the arcing plasma and the active intermediates involved in the formation and growth of SWCNTs.

Sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) resins (SPS) present many advantages，so they have been widely studied in laboratory and applied in industrial processes.To lower their price for potential applications，low-price sulfonating agents are used to convert polystyrene (PS) to SPS.The traditional sulfonating agents are sulphuric acid，fuming sulfuric acid and SO₃，but sulphuric acid leads to high cost and pollution，and SO₃ makes the sulfonation reaction violent，in which local overheating，oxidation and coking are observed.This work reports a new method that SPS is synthesized by PS-DVB and chlorosulfonic acid (HSO₃Cl).The influence factors on the sulfonation reaction，such as reaction time，temperature，solvents，amount of sulfonating agent，were investigated.Some results are obtained.(1) The solvent may be chloroform or carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄).(2) The optimized reaction time is 30 min and the optimized mole ratio of HSO₃Cl to PS is 1∶1.(3) By controlling the amount of sulfonating agent and reaction time，the sulfonic loading can be controlled in the range of 0—5.4 mmol·g^-1.When HSO₃Cl is used as the sulfonating agent，HCl is easy to remove，making the sulfonation reaction more complete.This method has many advantages over the traditional process，such as low temperature，short reaction time，more complete sulfonation and friendly environment and provides potential use of sulfonation products.

A new D-π-A type of single-branched organic dye 1(1-(2-naphthyl)-3-(N-ethyl- carbazolyl)-prop-2-en-one) and a new A-π-D-π-A V type of two-branched organic dye 2(3,6-bis［1-(2-naphthyl)-prop-2-en-one］-N-butyl-carbazole) are synthesized.The photophysical properties of the dyes in different solvents and polymer matrices are investigated.The results reveal that two-branched organic dye 2 has stronger absorption and fluorescence emission than dye 1.With little aggregation of molecules，the fluorescence intensity of the two organic dyes in the polymer matrices is greatly increased compared with that in the solvents at the same concentration.

By using industrial sodium silicate solution as raw material，high purity SiO₂ powder was successfully synthesized by the split-step carbonation method.The relations between pH value of end point and the removal percentage of impurity at the first carbonation and the purity and yield of product SiO₂ powder at the second carbonation were studied.The SiO₂ powder was characterized by using XRD，SEM，IR and composition analysis.The results showed that when the pH value of end point at the first carbonation was 10.9，the purity of SiO₂ prepared was up to 99.9%.The SiO₂ powder synthesized was amorphous with regular sphere shape，uniform size and no reunion.The reaction mechanism was also discussed.