Direct NaBH₄/H₂O₂ fuel cell is a novel type of fuel cell using liquid fuel and liquid oxidizer.NaBH₄ and H₂O₂ are dissolved in an alkaline electrolyte (usually NaOH) and directly utilized as fuel at the anode and as oxidant at the cathode, respectively.The fuel cell operates with high voltage output, high energy conversion efficiency, and high energy density due to the generation of eight electrons by NaBH₄ in the reaction.In this paper, electrode materials for the oxidation of borohydride and the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, as well as the fuel cell performance are reviewed.

Polyalcohols exhibit crystalline transformation which reversibly absorb and release a large amount of heat and can be used for thermal energy storage.The experimental phase diagram of binary system, pentaerythritol-2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (PE-AMP), was established by three kinds of techniques: differential thermal analysis(DTA) method, X-ray diffraction and IR spectra at various temperatures.The phase diagram was characterized by three invariant equilibria: a peritectoid at 86℃, and, a eutectoid at 143℃, and a peritectic at 176℃.X-ray diffraction was used to determine the phase structure of the binary system at different temperature.The temperature of solid-solid phase transition for polyalcohols measured by the DTA method was consistent with the results of IR,in which the —OH stretching absorptions in infrared spectra of two polyalcohols and their binary system shifted to a higher wavenumber. The miscibility of the system was discussed on the basis of intermolecular interactions between ordered low-temperature phase and orientationally disordered high-temperature phase.

Einstein cycle is a kind of single-pressure absorption refrigerator, using n-butane-ammonia-water as working fluids, driven by low grade heat source.The original cycle was improved, in which two solution heat exchangers were configured respectively before the generator and the evaporator to modify thermal performance of the refrigeration equipment.By using the exergy analysis method, the exergy losses of all thermal parts of the refrigerator were obtained, and the theoretical basis for improving design was given.The energy-saving places and the correlative further improvements were presented to minimize the exergy losses and optimize the whole refrigeration cycle.In addition, the generator and the condenser were the main parts where exergy losses existed.

A study was conducted to investigate the coupling effects of simultaneous heat and mass transfer through a membrane.A mathematic model was established to simulate the combined heat and mass transfer in the membrane separation process.With taking the membrane separation process of moist air as an example，the effects of temperature difference and moisture concentration difference on the heat and mass（moisture）transfer process were analyzed.It was found that the variations of the heat and mass transfer driving forces could cause the variations of both the thermal and moisture resistances of the membrane，which further affected the heat and mass transfer rates across the membrane，generating an additive effect.

Natural convection in a partially open enclosure is encountered in many practical applications such as the cooling of electronic device, the ventilation of building and the heat transfer in chemical process.A model that was formed by adiabatic walls and three partial openings, where the density of fluid changed continuously by linear heat source, was developed based on the theories of computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer.And four different ventilation modes were discussed based on the model.The comparisons among four ventilation modes indicated that the height of neutral level depended on both the source and the ventilation modes.For a specific ventilation mode, the ventilation air-flow rate and heat transfer can be increased by increasing the heat source strength but not by lifting the height of middle opening (MO).It implied that expanding the area of openings directly made ventilation air-flow rate larger, whereas not affirmatively reinforced heat transfer because the heat transfer from the source in the enclosure with a small-area opening was sometimes more than that with a large-area opening.Some general guidelines for optimizing natural convection in practical applications with multi-opening were provided.

A study on the adsorption characteristics of the adsorption refrigeration working pairs using strontium chloride and activated carbon as adsorbents and ammonia as refrigerant was performed.The strontium chloride adsorbent particles had a lower strength which would cause them to swell and smash after a period of working time. In addition, the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the adsorption bed would deteriorate.To solve these problems, activated carbon and calcium sulfate were added and mixed to the strontium chloride with a mass ratio 20%, separately.The adsorption mechanism of strontium chloride and gelation of calcium sulfate were also discussed.The adsorption refrigeration experimental results showed that the control factor was temperature.For example, the refrigeration capacity of the unit adsorbent of strontium chloride/activated carbon and strontium chloride/calcium sulfate were 2.1 times and 1.4 times higher than that of strontium chloride at 100℃, respectively.BET（Brunauer-Emmett-Teller）specific surface area and pore structure of adsorbents were examined.The results showed that the BET specific surface area and pore structure of SrCl₂/CaSO₄ were kept at the same level, and the BET specific surface area of SrCl₂/activated carbon increased greatly and its pore structure was improved.

The finite volume method in the non-staggered grid was applied to the prediction of the two-dimensional branched polymer melts through a 4∶1 planar contraction and planar contraction with inset.The constitutive equation followed the extended pom-pom model (XPP model), which was developed from the Doi-Edwards model based on the rheology molecular theory.The decoupling about velocity-pressure and velocity-stress was removed by a new interpolation technique inspired by that of Rhie and Chow.Moreover, some numerical terms were added in order to promote the stability of the finite volume schemes.With the help of contour about stream function, backbone stretch, the first normal stress difference and the second normal stress difference, the development tendency of the polymer melts in 4∶1 planar contraction and planar contraction with inset was presented.The influence of inset on viscoelasticity of concentrated liquids was also discussed in detail.The numerical result indicated that the quantities describing viscoelasticity of polymer melts, especially for the size and shape of the salient corner vortex and backbone stretch behind inset, had obvious changes if the central position of inset was different.

Based on 61 groups of conductance fluctuating signals in vertical upward oil-water two-phase flow，the relationship between chaotic attractor morphological characteristics and oil-water two-phase flow pattern transition was investigated by placing reference sections in the chaotic attractor field.The oil-in-water flow pattern was steadily distributed in the third-order and fourth-order attractor moment planes，while transitional flow pattern changed irregularly sharply in the third-order attractor moment plane，but changed linearly in the fourth-order attractor moment plane.The study showed that the chaotic attractor morphological of oil-water two-phase flow was sensitive to flow pattern transition，and it was helpful to understanding the nonlinear dynamic mechanism of oil-water flow pattern transition.

A large-scale cold model experimental setup of a riser-fluidized bed coupled reactor was established according to olefin reduction technology with auxiliary reactor for FCC naphtha upgrading.The particle flow behavior in the outlet region of the riser section was experimentally investigated in the setup.Furthermore, the restriction index R_i, the ratio between real and theoretical averaged cross-sectional solid holdups in the particle back-mixing region section, was defined to quantitatively show the restriction effect of the riser outlet distributor and upper fluidized bed on the particle flow behavior in this region.The experimental results showed that, compared with the conventional riser, there existed a particle back-mixing region in the riser outlet of the coupled reactor.The length of the particle back-mixing region was related to the superficial gas velocity, solids flux and the solids bed level in the upper fluidized bed.The maximum local solids holdup in the particle back-mixing region close to the riser outlet appeared at the non-dimensional radial position Φ=0.7 at a lower superficial gas velocity and a higher solids flux. This was because an inverted taper gas-solid distributor was mounted at the riser outlet.The restriction index tended to increase with the axial position increasingly close to the riser outlet.At the same time, the restriction effect of the gas-solid distributor and upper fluidized bed on the gas-solid flow behavior was also gradually enhanced.

To study the inter-particle collision behavior and its effects on particle dispersion in the dilute gas-solid flows, a three-dimensional two-phase turbulent jet was investigated by direct numerical simulation (DNS).A finite volume method and a fractional-step projection algorithm were used to solve the governing equations of gas phase and a Lagrangian method was used to trace the particles.A deterministic hard-sphere model was used to simulate inter-particle collision.It was found that inter-particle collision occurred frequently in the local regions with a higher particle concentration.The variation of average inter-particle collision number with Stokes number was not simple linear under the influence of local accumulation and turbulent transport effects.At St=0.1, average inter-particle collision number reached a peak value.Furthermore, particle distribution was more uniform when considering the effect of inter-particle collision, and the dispersion of the particles also increased in the lateral and spanwise directions.

Acoustic signals emitted from particles and bubbles in the gas-solid fluidized bed were collected by the transducer located under the distributor and the result showed that the energy and deviation of acoustic signals varied regularly with superficial velocity.Superficial velocity was the minimum fluidizing velocity or the minimum turbulent velocity, while energy or deviation changed suddenly.Then a criterion to determine the change of flow pattern was obtained that when the ratio of acoustic energy or deviation reached the maximum, the velocity was the minimum fluidizing velocity, while the ratio of acoustic energy or deviation reached the next maximum the corresponding velocity was the minimum turbulent velocity.Experiments were carried out in a fluidized bed with inner diameter of 250 mm and polyethylene resin particles.The minimum fluidizing and minimum turbulent velocity obtained from the new method agreed well with those deducted from classical equations and traditional methods, including pressure difference method and pressure fluctuation method.In conclusion, an easy, sensitive, exact and on-line way to detect fluidizing velocity is presented, and this method is applicable to industrial equipment.

A complete equilibrium stage model was developed for methyl tert-butyl ether （MTBE）synthesis by suspension catalytic distillation (SCD).The influence of the characteristic parameters for SCD, especially solid/liquid separator ratio φand bottom flow rate B, upon column performance was investigated by a rigorous bifurcation study.Bifurcation analysis results showed that superior column performance could be achieved under practical operation conditions because the upper bound of the multiplicity range for the solid/liquid separation ratio was very small.The parameter plane of input variables φ and B was divided into three sub-fields by limitation point curves, and the top right one was the acceptable operation region with high purity of product and high conversion of isobutene.

A series of sulfonic acid-functional ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared and their acid strength was determined by the Hammett method combined with UV-visible spectroscopy.Then the catalytic activity of the ILs for the synthesis of methylene diphenyl dimethylcarbamate (MDC) from methyl phenyl carbamate (MPC) and formaldehyde (HCHO) was evaluated.The result showed that the acid strength of the ILs was well consistent with their catalytic activity.The acidity of ［HSO₃-bpy］CF₃SO₃ was the strongest and its catalytic activity was the highest.The reaction conditions for the synthesis of MDC were optimized using ［HSO₃-bpy］CF₃SO₃ as reaction media.Under the suitable reaction conditions of 70℃, 60 min, molar ratio of MPC to HCHO 12 and mass ratio of ILs to MPC 4, the yield of MDC was 91.5％.［HSO₃-bpy］CF₃SO₃ could be reused more than five times after the removal of water by vacuum distillation.

Perovskite-type oxides of Au-LSM and Au/LSM with 0.5%(mass) Au doping were synthesized by the coprecipitation (CP) and the deposition-precipitation (DP) processes respectively.They were tested in a flow reactor for total combustion of toluene, and characterized by XRD, BET, H₂-TPR.The results showed that Au doping did not affect the texture properties of La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃, but Au actually enhanced the surficial oxygen mobility of catalysts, and increased catalytic oxidation activity at a low temperature.Compared with Au/LSM, Au-LSM showed better catalytic performance, and its activity was similar to that of the commercial catalyst Pd/Al₂O₃.Au-LSM also had good stability because its performance did not change significantly after 50 h on stream in the temperature range of 280—400℃.

Au-Pd catalysts were prepared by the deposition-precipitation method, and their activities for partial oxidation of methanol were evaluated. XRD, TPR and TPD were used to characterize the catalysts.In comparison to Au-Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂ and Au-Pd/CeO₂-TiO₂ catalysts, the activity of Au-Pd/CeO₂ catalyst for partial oxidation of methanol was higher, which can be related to the formation of more Au_xPd_y alloy and more oxygen vacancies.The hydrogen selectivity of Au-Pd/CeO₂ was improved by using additional support (ZrO₂ or TiO₂), probably due to a combination of different factors, such as increasing active surface area and dispersion.A higher hydrogen yield was found for Au-Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂ and Au-Pd/CeO₂-TiO₂ catalysts because of their higher hydrogen selectivity.

The feasibility of preparing L-lactic acid by lipase-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis of ethyl lactate in organic solvents was explored.The effects of enzyme sources and organic media on the reaction were examined respectively.The results showed that Candida antarctic lipase B（N435）had both the highest catalytic activity and enantioselectivity.The mixture of tert-butanol and isooctane (1∶1,vol) was the most suitable media for the reaction, and other optimum conditions for catalysis were 200 r•min^-1 for shaking rate, 1∶5 for mass ratio of ethyl lactate to water, 0.27 g•ml^-1 for ethyl lactate concentration, 0.8 g•mol^-1 for enzyme concentration and 60℃ for reaction temperature, respectively.Under these optimal conditions, a product enantiomeric excess (ee) of 90.02% and the yield of 28.69% were achieved after 16 h reaction time.The kinetics of lipase-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis of ethyl lactate was investigated too.The experimental results indicated that: the reaction could be described in terms of the Michaelis-Menten equation with a Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism and competitive inhibition by both substrates.The effects of D-lactic acid and D-ethyl lactate substrate concentrations on the initial rate of asymmetric hydrolysis were studied.

The reaction of cyclohexene oxide with CO₂ to synthesize cyclohexene carbonate, catalyzed by a complex catalyst, under 1.4—2.6 MPa of pressure, at 130—170℃ of temperature was studied experimentally.After eliminating the influence of external diffusion, the rate constants of positive and reverse reactions were estimated by fitting the experimental data to a macro-kinetics model.The results indicated that the reaction was an exothermal reaction.The reaction heat was -42.11 kJ•mol^-1.The activation energy was 27.51 kJ•mol^-1 for the positive reaction, and 69.66 kJ•mol^-1 for the reverse reaction.

SnSO₄ is an important promoter of catalyst for preparing naphthalene quinone with oxidation of naphthalene by air.Its thermal decomposition kinetics in N₂ was studied with NETZSCH-STA409PC thermal analyzer.SnSO₄ thermal decomposition was an endothermic reaction and mainly occurred at 450-550℃.The total mass loss was 29.36%，so the reaction products were SnO₂ and SO₂.Kinetic function was obtained and kinetic parameters were calculated with linear regression provided by NETZSCH Instruments Co.Ltd.The correlation coefficient was 0.9997.The results showed that SnSO₄ decomposition was a self-catalysis reaction and the catalyst was its reaction product.The kinetic function predicted that SnSO₄ decomposition was 20% at 450℃ for 120 min and 100% at 480℃ for 106 min，and the process of catalyst preparation can be optimized.

The preparation of 2-aminoethanol salt of dehydroabietic acid from disproportionated rosin by reaction-crystallization coupled with ultrasound wave was studied by using disproportionated rosin and 2-aminoethanol as raw materials, ethanol as reaction solvent, and pure dehydroabietic acid could be obtained by extraction, crystallization, recrystallization and acidification.The effects of concentration of ethanol, reaction temperature, reaction time, ultrasound intensity and agitating velocity on the yield of dehydroabietic acid were investigated by orthogonal experiment, and the optimal conditions for isolation were obtained as follows: reaction time 50 min, reaction temperature 35℃, ultrasound power 500 W, concentration of ethanol 50%, agitating velocity 400 r•min^-1.Under these conditions, the yield of dehydroabietic acid was 55.37％, and the purity was 99.53％.At the same time, the effect of the conversion of phase state during the aminating reaction-crystallization on the chemical equilibrium and selectivity was investigated.When reaction temperatures were 35℃ and 70℃, respectively, the reaction was heterogeneous and homogeneous, and the purities of dehydroabietic acid prepared were 99.53% and 95.66%.The dehydroabietic acid prepared was analyzed and confirmed with GC, GC-MS, elemental analysis, UV, FT-IR, melting point instrument and polarimeter as well, and the results were in good agreement with the values in literature.

The petrochemical process is highly nonlinear and the observation data of the petrochemical process are non-continuous and have classified characteristics.A novel process modeling method, which combined adaptive resonance theory (ART) with support vector regression (SVR), was proposed.Firstly, ART was used to separate the input pattern space into several sub-spaces based on a modeling sample.Then, SVR was used to build up each sub-model for each sub-space.The results of simulation experiment and an application in dry point soft measurement of naphtha showed that ART-SVR could reduce the nonlinear degree of the sub-models and its fitting accuracy and prediction accuracy were both better than those of a single SVR model.

An adaptive nonlinear model predictive control (ANMPC) algorithm was proposed for a class of multivariable nonlinear systems in chemical processes.By on-line identifying the parameters of the predictive model with recursive least-squares algorithm, a BP (back propagation) neural network steady-state model was developed to represent the static nonlinearity of the systems, and the parameters of the ARX predictive model were also modulated according to the dynamic gain calculated from the steady-state model.The design procedure of ANMPC controller was elaborated.The simulation results in a multivariable pH neutralization process demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the ANMPC.

A soft sensor modeling method based on the K-nearest neighbors method (KNN) was proposed.This method applied KNN to secondary variables classification and used the classified result, principal component analysis (KPCA) and support vector machine (SVR) to establish a model for soft measurement.KNN analysis was independent of the correlated regression model, but directly affected the model structure.Via KPCA as a middle layer, under the instruction of assorted result of the kernel function, the method was able to capture the high-ordered principal components among the secondary variables, and use SVR to establish a correlated regression model between the featured principal components and the primary variable.The proposed KKS method was used in soft sensor modeling for the end point of crude gasoline.Compared with the models of linear PLS, RBF-SVR and KPCA-SVM, the result obtained by the KNN-KPCA-SVR (KKS) approach showed better estimation accuracy and was more extendable.

A real-time optimization method MEO (mnemonic enhancement optimization) is introduced according to the characteristics of the real time optimization (RTO) problem, it is an efficient method based on mnemonic enhancement.The framework of MEO is designed, and the process of implementation is presented in this paper.The universal proxy of MEO is developed based on Aspen Plus.Aspen Plus OOMF script language and AOS NLP/NLA interface are used.With the simulations of multi-column system and ethylene separation process system, the effectiveness of MEO is demonstrated.It confirms that MEO is not only efficient in solution and convergence, but also robust and flexible.As a result, MEO can be very useful in the real-time optimization.

A two-stage method for system identification based on asymptotic theory was proposed.Firstly, an unbiased estimation and its frequency variance were obtained by the high-order ARX model.Then each sub model was reduced by the OE structure and MDL criterion.It translated multivariable model structure selection into a simple SISO problem and realized model validation through frequency variance, which resolved the difficult problem of model order selection and model validation for the multivariable system.The use of multivariable test signal reduced time for plant test and disturbance to operation.The application results were given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the identification method.

A new hybrid neural networks modeling approach, named structure approaching hybrid neural network (SAHNN) is presented in this paper.The characteristics and structure of this approach are introduced.The approach which combines first-principles model with neural networks fully utilizes structural information of known nonlinear system, makes neural networks a “grey-box”, describes and explains the consequence relation of system variables in a better way.A detailed analysis of SAHNN modeling was performed.Considering delayed measurement of outputs, simulation of a chemical batch reactor was performed and comparison of two types of hybrid neural network (HNN) was made.The results of simulation and comparison showed that the approach was a promising tool to model complicated nonlinear system effectively and could be utilized as a vehicle to control and optimize chemical reactors.

Two methods were proposed to optimize the training set of chemical engineering modeling based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) with random sampling.The forecasting model was formed by integrating PSO and other machine learning arithmetic which was used to model.In method 1 the optimized training set was acquired firstly by optimizing the training set which set the goal of minimizing the mean of squared errors (mse) in cross validation, secondly by making the prediction to the validation set, and lastly by choosing the one that gave the best prediction results among the optimized training sets.In method 2 the thought of early stop in BP neural network was adopted.The optimized training set was acquired firstly by optimizing the training set which set the goal of minimizing the mse to the validation set, secondly by making the prediction to the testing set, and lastly by choosing the one that gave the best prediction results among the optimized training sets.These two methods were used to deal with the simulation data and the gasoline blending data collected from a refinery.The results showed that the methods could improve the accuracy of prediction greatly.These two methods are worth generalizing in chemical engineering modeling in the future.

In order to improve measurement accuracy and widen measurement range for water content in crude oil, a computation method based on the electrical measurement of multiple modes was proposed in this paper.By the study of oil-water mixture, it could be mainly classified into four different modes.The relationship between water content in crude oil and permittivity as well as conductivity for the different modes can be established by using the FEA (finite element analysis) method, and the different states will be accurately recognized based on self-organizing neural network.The experimental results demonstrated that the different modes of oil-water mixture can be identified by computing the permittivity and conductivity.Therefore, the on-line measurement accuracy and range of the water content in crude oil can be improved effectively.

A system for electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) measurement was set up, which consisted of a potentiostat, a laptop computer, a NI DAQ card and application softwares developed with LabVIEW 7.0.The system was used to detect the corrosion rate of carbon steel/seawater system.The influence of such test parameters as perturbation frequency on the EFM results was studied.The early corrosion rate for Q235 steel in Zhoushan seawater was determined in laboratory with the EFM technique as well as two general electrochemical techniques—analysis of the polarization curve in the vicinity of the corrosion potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).The corrosion rate determined with EFM technique was a little higher than the real value due to the capacitance behavior influence, while the advantages of the EFM technique still make it an ideal candidate for detecting and monitoring the carbon steel coupons’corrosion at the marine corrosion test sites.

The changes of configuration and lattice parameter of CaCO₃ induced by phosphono carboxylic acid (POCA) were studied by using TEM, SEM and XRD.It was confirmed that POCA could change the crystallizing habit of CaCO₃ and cause twist of calcite.The higher the concentration of POCA, the smaller the ratio of calcite and the greater the ratio of aragonite and vaterite .The inhibition of POCA on (110) crystal surface was stronger than that on (104).On the other hand, the interactions between POCA and (110) and (104) crystal surfaces of calcite crystal were simulated by molecular dynamics (MD).The analysis of various interactions of all systems indicated that the binding energies were mainly provided by Coulomb interaction and van der Waals interaction.The binding energies between POCA with (110) and (104) crystal surfaces were compared, and it was found E_bind(110) was greater than E_bind(104) and the ratio was about 1.39, that is to say the combining of POCA with (110) crystal surface was more firmly than that with (104), and so the scale-inhibition of POCA on the growth of (110) crystal surface was dominant.The results of two study methods were consistent.

Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is an essential metabolic enzyme, which has high economic value in protein research.To find an efficient method for MDH IBs refolding, the cooperation of osmolytes (sucrose, betaine and trehalose) and artificial chaperone (CTAB/ β-CD) in eMDH IBs refolding was investigated.The results showed that when sucrose and betaine were added with artificial chaperone, the refolding of eMDH was facilitated and the activity was twice higher than the refolded eMDH by dilution.But trehalose did not have any influence.Then, the optimal ratio of CTAB to β-CD was decreased from 1∶8 to 1∶6 by the cooperation.As a result, more artificial chaperone could be used to facilitate the refolding with a higher eMDH concentration.Because of the thermo-protection of osmolytes, the refolding of eMDH at a higher temperature (15℃) was achieved.According to structure analysis, the contents of α-helix and dimer structure in refolded eMDH were increased by the cooperation, and eMDH activity was enhanced.

In order to investigate the feasibility and validity of using fuzzy-control strategy for nitrogen removal of saline sewage in the sequence batch reactor (SBR) process, the real saline sewage was treated firstly in this experiment and the variation patterns of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH value during the removal of organic matter, nitrification and denitrification were studied in detail with fresh sewage and saline sewage at salinity 10 g•L^-1, 20 g•L^-1, 35 g•L^-1 during steady state and salinity shock periods.The results showed that the characteristic points and platforms of pH value detected in saline sewage were repeated very well and had the same regularity but DO curve changed a lot with different regularities .The characteristic points a (break point), b (ammonia valley), c（nitrate apex）could indicate the completion of organic matter degradation, nitrification and denitrification.Points a and b would appear late in the sewage with a high salinity.During the salinity shock periods, the pH value also changed with the same regularity though the characteristic points appeared in different times.However, when the salinity was above 30 g•L^-1 the pH curve became flat.Points a and b would not appear until the aeration time was prolonged but c was influenced little.Because during the shock periods the nitrification oxidation bacteria were inhibited at first, then were ammonia oxidation bacteria, and the denitrification bacteria were inhibited at last.pH should be used as the fuzzy-control parameter for nitrogen removal of saline sewage in sequence batch reactor (SBR) process.

To address the requirements and characteristics of low-temperature(≤4℃) and anaerobic domestic sewage treatment in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the mechanism of advanced treatment of enhanced flocculation and catalytic electrochemical oxidation of cold domestic sewage in the Plateau was studied.The best combination unit including enhanced flocculation and catalytic electrochemical oxidation for treatment of cold domestic sewage was presented.The result of advanced treatment showed that the removal rate of COD was over 50% at polyaluminium chloride (PAC) dosage of 50 mg•L^-1 and then polyacrylamide (PAM) dosage of 0.5 mg•L^-1 in enhanced flocculation according to the dosage sequence.At the reaction voltage of 10 V, the removal rates of COD and NH₃-N were 95% and 80% respectively after the reaction time of 120 min by enhanced physico-chemical treatment technology of synergistic action of electric field and catalytic activated filler.The combination unit of enhanced coagulation and catalytic electrochemical techniques enabled cold domestic sewage from the Tuotuohe railway station to reach second-grade standards of surface water quality.

The overall performance of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is controlled by CH4 steam reforming reactions and CO, H₂ electrochemical reactions, which take place in the porous anode simultaneously and are influenced by various operation and design parameters when pre-reformed methane/steam mixture is used.The composite duct consisted of a porous anode layer,fuel gas flow duct and solid plate.A fully three dimensional numerical simulation program was developed to analyze the coupling mechanism of reforming and electrochemical reaction.Steam reforming was found mostly at the interface and entrance regions within the porous layer close to the fuel flow duct.Electrochemical reaction occurred on the surface between electrolyte and porous layer.CO, H₂ produced by reforming reaction reached the bottom of porous layer and took part in electrochemical reaction. The heat required to keep internal steam reforming reaction was provided by the electrochemical reaction.The SOFC anode composite duct in this paper operated under proper conditions had good heat and mass transfer properties and good coupling relations between reforming and electrochemical reactions.

Roller vibration milling was used to manufacture zinc quantum dots of 3—5 nm in dry mode and at room temperature，and the product was hydrolyzed with steam at different temperatures to obtain ZnO or hybrid of ZnO and Zn nano-structures.The nano-structures synthesized at 250℃ had the highest dispersivity featuring nano-flakes with nano-rods，that grew along the ［0，1，-1，1］ direction.Among samples produced at different temperatures，the nano-structures had the best photocatalytic performance to degrade methyl orange in water.Exposing the solution of methyl orange with the catalyst to a UV source light of 30 W with a distance of 30 cm for 30 min，a decomposition degree 95% was obtained，and after 1 h the dye was almost totally decomposed.When it was placed in the sun for 15 min and 30 min，the degradation reached 95% and about 100% respectively.The findings provide a new way to enhance the decomposition of dye wastewater by nano-structures.

Flue gas desulfurization with citrate solution is one of the methods to tackle sulfur dioxide pollution.In order to theoretically elucidate the mechanism of absorption and desorption of sulfur dioxide by citrate solution and provide theoretical instruction for experiments and industrial application, the influence of initial pH, distribution coefficient, buffer index and buffer capacity on the properties of the buffer solution were studied in this work.The study was performed through examining the multiple buffer solution system of citric acid - sodium citrate - sulfurous acid formed in the process of desulfurization by applying the theory of multi-buffer solution combined with the method of computer numerical calculation.The results showed that the distribution of various citric acid radical ions in the solution varied with the solution acidity.H₂Ci^-and HCi^2-played the dominant role in the buffer action during the desulfurization process.The transformation of the citric acid radical ions was Ci₃^-－HCi^2-－H₂Ci^-－H₃Ci in the absorption process and H₃Ci－H₂Ci^-－HCi^2-－Ci^3- in the desorption process.When pH＝2.5—6.5，the sulfur dioxide in the absorption solution existed mainly as HSO^-₃ which could maximally reach 99% when pH＝3.5—5.5.When pH=4.5—5.5, the buffer capacity of citrate buffer solution reached its maximum.The optimal pH value of citrate solution should be about 4.5 by considering both the absorption and desorption processes.The experimental results were in good agreement with theoretical analysis.

The method of degradation of 2，4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by ozonation in a cylindrical bubbling tower reactor was proposed.It was revealed that hydrogen peroxide was detected during the ozonation of 2，4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.Hydrogen peroxide is useful to decompose ozone in aqueous solution to form hydroxyl radicals.Therefore，hydrogen peroxide has an effect on the 2，4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation.In order to understand the formation of hydrogen peroxide during ozonation of 2，4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid，the effect of various experimental parameters on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was investigated.The experimental results showed that the formation of hydrogen peroxide depended on 2，4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in aqueous solution.The yield of hydrogen peroxide produced by ozone decomposition was relatively small and could be neglected.The reaction of H₂O₂ decay simultaneously took place in reaction solution with the reaction of H₂O₂ formation.The change of concentration of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution indicated an accumulation phase and a consumption phase.As the pH level decreased，the formation rate of hydrogen peroxide also decreased.On the other hand，with the increase of pH level，the decay rate of hydrogen peroxide increased.It is shown that hydrogen peroxide was mainly formed by the direct oxidation of ozone molecule with 2，4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.The decay of hydrogen peroxide was induced by the excess hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution.

Zinc (Ⅱ) complex (L₁Zn) derived from Schiff base of bis-(salicylaldehyde)-p-phenylenediamine (L₁) and nickel (Ⅱ) complex (L₂Ni) derived from Schiff base bis-(salicylaldehyde)-m-phenylenediamine (L₂) were prepared, and their structures and properties were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, infra-red spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy.The results showed that the fluorescence spectroscopy of two Schiff base bivalent ion complexes indicated blue shift compared with corresponding salicylaldehyde-derived Schiff base.Moreover, thermal excitation experimental results indicated that L₁Zn and L₂Ni were reversible and irreversible thermochromism respectively, and that they were new species of organic thermochromic materials.

Cryogenic grinding has been the development trend for ultrafine grinding of plastics，especially for plastics with low softening temperature.A kind of typical thermoplastic elastomer—ethylene vinyl acetate（EVA) was chosen as the study subject.Based on thorough studies of material properties and grinding mechanism of EVA, the authors used the air turbine cryogenic grinding system and accomplished experiments to grind EVA into fine powders, effectively enhancing the fine grinding efficiency of particles at low costs.And the key issues of the grinding process and effects were discussed in detail.A new way of recycling renewable plastics on a large scale with high quality and low energy consumption was created.An engineering approach to analyzing the core processes of refrigeration and grinding was introduced with the law of energy conservation to guide the improvement of equipment performance during experiments.

A new kind of bonded organic/inorganic composite second-order nonlinear optical(NLO) material containing 4-(4′-nitrophenyl-diazenyl)phenyl-1,3-diamine azobenzene (DAB) was synthesized through the sol-gel process by using 3-glycidoxy -propyltrimethoxysilane (KH-560) as coupler agent.The CdS nanoparticles surface-capped with AOT-SO^-₃［(bis- 2- ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate］ was doped into the above nanocomposites NLO material.After corona polarization at 160℃ and 6000V for 1 h, with CdS content increasing, the polarized film order parameter increased from 0.278 to 0.375 and second-order NLO coefficient increased from 7.784× 10^-9esu to 7.556×10^-7esu.After corona polarization of the film at 150℃ and 7000 V for 1 h, the second-order NLO coefficient could reach 8.638×10^-7esu according to one dimensional rigid oriented gas model (1DROGM).The three-dimensional networks could restrict the dipole alignment relaxation of NLO chromophores.The results showed that this bonded polymer film had a high NLO capability at room temperature.The order parameter could maintain about 95% of its initial value at 100℃ for 400 h.

Silica was prepared by alkali dissolution-precipitation with oil shale as starting material, and the content of SiO₂ in oil shale was reduced.The detailed processing conditions were as follows: molar ratio of NaOH to SiO₂ was 4, mass ratio of water to oil shale was 1, the treating condition was at 100℃ for 6 h, and grain size was more than 0.15 mm.Then acid leaching of oil shale was performed to prepare γ-Al₂O₃, and the content of Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ in oil shale was reduced too.The acid leachate solution was modulated to pH＝12.0 by adding alkali solution, and a mixture of γ-Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ was precipitated and filtered, then γ-Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ were separated completely by adding acid solution to pH＝6.0.Finally, the treated oil shale had a kerogen content of 71.6％ and the kerogen was validated by FT-IR.

Water soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin was prepared from phenol and formaldehyde through a two-step alkaline catalytic reaction, and sodium hydroxide was added as catalyst.Mesoporous carbon was obtained by decomposition of the phenol-formaldehyde resin at a high temperature.Then the product was activated in 2.5 mol•L^-1 HNO₃.Physical properties of the product were characterized by infrared spectrometer (IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity measurements.The results showed that activation resulted in a lower specific surface area and broader pore size distribution.On the other hand, activated carbon treated in HNO3 increased the content of oxygen-containing functional groups, which increased the effective surface area.The activated carbon demonstrated good electrochemical performance in KOH electrolyte.The specific capacitance was approximately 250 F•g^-1.

Sodium hypochlorite is an effective by-product in the chlor-alkali production in chlorine equilibrium and waste gas treatment.When start-up and shut-down are frequent in the chlor-alkali plant, a over bulged hypochlorite stock often appears.If the large quantity of hypochlorite is directly discharged, it will cause heavy pollution and material waste, and it will affect the normal plant running when the bulged hypochlorite stock gets worse.Based on the decomposition of hypochlorite under acidic condition, a reaction unit was designed in recycle use of the hypochlorite solution to produce NaCl useful for electrolysis and chlorine gas for market sale.In this way the over bulged hypochlorite stock problem could be solved.Not only there is no hypochlorite discharged, but also the environment could be protected and economic benefit could be achieved by recycle use of hypochlorite.The investment will be recovered in 2—3.5 years.