The mass transfer models presented for supercritical CO₂ extraction of natural products have great significance in prediction of extraction conditions of industrial scale.The mechanism，classification and characteristics of the dynamic models for extraction of volatile oils using supercritical CO₂ are investigated.Several influential models obtained from the differential mass balance in the extraction bed—two-phase model，shrinking core model，broken and intact cells model and multicomponent logical model are compared.The application ranges of the models are also discussed.

A theoretical model for fluid flow and heat transfer in a heat pipe with axial “Ω”-shaped grooves was developed and solved numerically to propose the maximum heat transport capability. The model included the effects of the liquid-vapor interfacial shear stress, variation of meniscus radius and contact angle. In the present work, the effect of geometry structure on fluid flow characteristics, the effect of heat load on capillary radius at evaporator end cap, and the effect of wick structure and size on heat transfer performance were analyzed and discussed. The axial distribution of capillary radius, fluid pressure and mean velocity was also proposed. In addition, the calculated maximum heat transport capability of heat pipe at different working temperatures was compared with that from the Chi’s model, in which interfacial shear stress was neglected. And the accuracy of the model was also verified by the experiment.

A new apparatus using the transient single hot-wire method was developed to measure the thermal conductivity under high pressure.The experimental system was tested by measuring the thermal conductivity of toluene from 286 K to 350 K, with an absolute average deviation from the recommended values of 0.48%.Measurements were performed with liquid dimethyl carbonate over the temperature range from 290 K to 390 K and pressure range from 0.1 MPa to 30 MPa.The data of thermal conductivity were correlated as a function of temperature and pressure.The maximum deviation and the absolute average deviation between the experiment values and the calculated values were -1.97% and 0.86%, respectively.

Numerical simulation model of steam ejector was established by application of the modified thermal dynamic method.The performance variation under different operating condition was calculated for the steam ejector used in thermal vapor compression desalination system coupling with the subroutine of thermo-dynamics of water and steam.The effects of motive steam pressure，suction pressure and mixed vapor pressure on entrainment ratio were analyzed.The results of the simulation indicated that entrainment ratio decreased with increasing compression pressure when compression pressure exceeded design value，and entrainment ratio maintained at a constant value when compression vapor pressure was lower than design value.The increase of suction pressure could improve the performance of steam ejector.Steam ejector performance would worsen when the pressure of motive steam was different from the design value.The decrease（lower than design point）or increase（higher than design point）of motive steam pressure resulted in worsened performance of steam ejector.

Shock wave absorber is the most important component of thermal separator.This paper focuses on shock wave absorber by way of numerical simulation and experiment.The conclusions are as follows：two discontinuities in oscillating tube，shock wave and contact surface，can be captured very well by numerical simulation.Moreover，the reflected shock wave amplitude is reducing with increasing diameter ratio D/d and increasing length diameter ratio L/d.The paper proposes a new kind of structure，serial shock wave absorber and suggests that the two-stage series absorber is a better choice which can effectively weaken the reflected shock wave at an expansion ratio less than 6，compared with the three-stage one.

According to the flow field of opposed multi-burner gasifier, the gasifier was divided into several regions.The particle residence time distribution (RTD) in the gasifier was investigated with a stochastic model based on discrete time and state Markov chain.The results showed that the calculated results could give a reasonable fit to the experimental data when reflux ratio between jet stream region and impinging region was 0.5, the tube stream region and the downward impinging-stream region were regarded as plug flow reactor (PFR), others were considered as continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR).Mean residence time and dimensionless variance decreased with the increase of flow rate, while mean residence time increased with the increase of reflux ratio.Mean residence time was similar between gaseous phase and solid phase.

An on-line measurement technique, which consisted of electrostatic probe, signal transmitter and data acquisition systems, was developed to study the electrostatic characteristics in gas-solid fluidized beds.By measuring the electrostatic potential at different bed heights, it was found that the electric field inside the bed was non-uniform.The axial profiles of electrostatic potential were Z-shaped, and the voltage polarity would reverse near the interface between dense and dilute phases.The heights where voltage polarity reversal happened would increase with the increase of gas velocity and static bed level.Comparing the fluidization of particles with different sizes, it was discovered that the polarity reversal would change significantly when there was an obvious interface between dense and dilute phases, and the converse was not true.Subsequently, the principle on bipolar charging of different sizes fluidizing particles was presented.Work function, surface structure, selective adsorption of contaminants and surface energy were all dependent on the particle size, which resulted in finer and coarser particles charged reversely, consequently influencing the electrostatic potential profile in fluidized beds.A new method to determine bed level based on the characteristics of electrostatic potential in fluidized beds was proposed.The results showed that bed level could be successfully predicted with the maximum relative error 4.08% and the mean relative error 2.02% with the method in this work.The novel electrostatic approach to measuring the bed level in gas-solid fluidized bed could replace the γ-ray method in the future, and could monitor electrostatic potential in the bed and bed level simultaneously.

Deterministic simulation approach was applied to calculating numerically the micro-macro model describing the dynamics of dilute polymeric fluids，in which the finite volume method（FVM）was used to solve the conservation equations on the macroscopic level and the spectral method was used to solve the Fokker-Planck equation and the polymeric contribution to the extra-stress tensor on the mesoscopic level.This approach was used to simulate plane Couette flows of dilute polymeric fluids by the FENE dumbbell models.The evolution of the velocity profile was obtained and the influences of the moving plate velocity，the dimensionless finite extensibility parameter of dumbbells and Deborah number on the polymeric fluids flows were analyzed.The combination of FVM and the spectral method was effectively used to solve the micro-macro model describing the polymeric fluids flows.

N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-N″- phenylguanidine(PhTMG) was synthesized from tetramethylurea (TMU) and PhNH₂ in the presence of POCl₃, and its structure was determined by means of IR , ¹H NMR and ESI-MS analysis.The catalytic performance of PhTMG was evaluated in the reaction for synthesis of diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) (ADC) via carbon dioxide route and the highest yield of ADC was 95.3 %.The reaction mechanism of ADC synthesis was investigated by means of GC-MS, XRD, IR and experimental verification, which suggested that the reaction for synthesis of ADC proceeded in four steps: the reaction of carbon dioxide with diethylene glycol (DEG) and Na₂CO₃ to form diethylene glycol mono sodium carbonate; the formation of diethylene glycol mono allyl carbonate (DGAC) from the reaction of allyl chloride (ACH) and diethylene glycol mono sodium carbonate; the reaction of DGAC with carbon dioxide and Na₂CO₃ to form diethylene glycol mono (allyl carbonate) mono (sodium carbonate); the formation of ADC by the reaction of diethylene glycol mono (allyl carbonate) mono (sodium carbonate) with ACH.Some important side reactions were also proposed.

4-Nitrophenol was decomposed by Fenton’s reagent in a flow electrochemical reactor, and the effects of Fenton’s reagent dosage, molar ratio of Fe(Ⅱ) to H₂O₂, initial pH, and H₂O₂ feeding time on the removal rate of 4-nitrophenol were investigated.The reaction system was modeled as a plug flow reactor (PFR) in series with a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), and the pseudo-first order rate constant of 4-nitrophenol removal was determined from the model.The pseudo-first order rate constant increased with the increase of Fenton’s reagent dosage at a fixed molar ratio of Fe(Ⅱ) to H₂O₂, but decreased with the increase of H2O2 feeding time at a fixed Fenton’s reagent dosage.There existed an optimal molar ratio of Fe(Ⅱ) to H₂O₂ or initial pH for the pseudo-first order rate constant of 4-nitrophenol removal.

There are three effects in the ceramic membrane filtration process, wall thickness effect, interfering effect, sheltering effect, and these effects are validated by experiments.When mean pore size of membrane is less than 200 nm, flow by volume is increased by enhancing loading density.When mean pore size of membrane is more than 500 nm, the contribution of middle channel to the total pure water flux (PWF) of ceramic membranes can be neglected, and it is no use to enhance loading density.It is assumed that the diameter of membrane module was unchanged, and defined channel diameter a_c,thickness of the wall a_w, and set α as the ratio of a_c and a_w.The relationship between flux, flow, mean pore size and α was acquired by numerical simulation with CFD software.

Eleven different macroporous adsorption resins were studied with respect to the static adsorption capacity and desorption ratio of vinblastine, vindoline and catharanthine.The best resin was AB-8 and the adsorption capacities of vindoline, catharanthine and vinblastine were 365.8, 254.2 and 24.8 mg·ml^-1, respectively.The optimum parameters of separation process by AB-8 resin were as follows: extraction solvent was sulfate dilution; pH value of the extraction was adjusted to 8 by ammonia; elute solvents were 20% alcohol to remove polar components, 50% alcohol (pH=4) to obtain the mono-indole alkaloids (vindoline and catharanthine) at 30℃ and 90% alcohol to obtain the dimeric-indole alkaloid (vinblastine).The results showed that the content of mono-indole alkaloids was above 50% and the purity of vinblastine was above 60%.

The equations of rejection of monovalent electrolyte ion，rejection of neutral molecule and solution permeation flux for multi-solute solution on porous charged membrane，and then expression of molecule concentration ratio were derived based on the equations of solute rejection and solution permeation flux on porous membrane under the zero charged condition.Based on the function properties of equations，the relationships of monovalent electrolyte ion and neutral molecule rejection vs solute concentration and permeation flux vs solute concentration were discussed for multi-solute solution.The minimal and maximal values were predicted on the curves monovalent electrolyte ion rejection and neutral molecule rejection vs solute concentration and permeation flux vs solute concentration.The following conclusions were obtained：（1）As pH value increased，the order of cation and anion rejection was from R _M⁺ > R _X^- > R _H⁺ to R _M⁺ =R _X^- > R _H⁺ again to R _X^- >R _M⁺ > R _H⁺ . The minimal and maximal value of ion rejection could be observed on the curves of ion rejection vs pH value.（2）The equation of total organic acid rejection could explain the physical significance of parameters of the related expressions reported in reference.It could explain the reason for the predicted curve of rejection vs pH value for PABA solution by such expressions in reference was higher than the experimental values.The rejection of PABA in methyl alcohol solution was discussed.（3）The concentration ratio of ion could depend on the ion composition and the concentration ratio of corresponding salt.R M+

An amidase from a strain Bacillus cereus ZJB-07112 was purified to homogeneity by using sonication, anion-exchange chromatography, phenyl-sepharose chromatography.The molecular weight of amidase was estimated to be 60.6×10³ by 12.5% SDS-PAGE. Its N-terminal sequence was ATIRPDDKAI. The optimum pH and temperature of the amidase for acrylamide were pH 7.5 and 35℃, respectively. The enzyme was unstable at a temperature over 50℃ and only 10.8% activity was retained after exposure to 60℃ for 30 min. Most of metal ions and EDTA had no significant effect on the enzyme activity, whereas Hg⁺，Ag⁺ and urea caused obvious inhibition.The K _m and V _max values of the amidase for acrylamide were 2.64 mmol·L^-1 and 0.6 μmol·min^-1·ml^-1, respectively.

A bacterium B2 isolated from the Tianshan glacier of Xinjiang could produce blue pigments.According to 16S rDNA analysis, this isolate belonged to Duganella Genus .Two compounds were separated and purified from the cultivated Duganella B2 , named Blue-Ⅰand Blue-Ⅱ, respectively.From the spectra data of UV, MS and NMR of the compounds, Blue-Ⅰwas confirmed to be deoxyviolacein and Blue-Ⅱ was violacein.Blue-Ⅰand Blue-Ⅱ had the respective molecular weights of 327.2 and 343.2,and showed the characteristic absorption peaks at the respective 560 and 572 nm within the visible light range in ethanol solution.These results will be useful for developing the bioprocess for producing bacterial violacein.

An approach for hierarchical material flow modeling and its formalization description based on multi-resolution modeling(MRM)were introduced to meet the demand of integrated automation for the petrochemical industry.The strategy of model spatial and temporal mapping and the definition of model consistency were also proposed.The process of multi-resolution material flow modeling and the strategy of model mapping and validation in the petrochemical industry were presented in detail by the example of manufacturing execution system(MES).Practical applications indicated that the hierarchical material flow modeling method was quite effective.

A bypass optimal design method was presented, which could decrease the total utility of the heat exchanger networks (HEN), increase the degree of freedom for the HEN control and reduce the overall operating cost obviously.The operating cost was considered as the objective function, and at the same time the effect of the fouling of heat exchangers was included, and then the location and degree of openness of the bypass could be determined by several times of optimal calculations.The minimum bypass degree of openness was selected and the number of bypasses was decided depending on the specific practical state.At last the HEN bypass optimal design was realized.A case study demonstrated the effectiveness and prospect of application of the method proposed in this paper.

The electrochemical behavior of nitromethane was investigated using cyclic voltammetry in the room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophate (BMImPF₆) on a platinum disk microelectrode.The influences of temperature，scan rate and nitromethane concentration on the electrochemical characteristics of nitromethane were also discussed. The results showed that nitromethane was reduced irreversibly by one electron, and the electrode process was controlled by diffusion. According to the Randles-Sevcik equation, the diffusion coefficients of nitromethane were estimated for each temperature in BMImPF₆, which increased with temperature owing to the diminution of BMImPF₆ viscosity. According to the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy of diffusion of nitromethane in BMImPF₆ was also calculated to be 22.28 kJ·mol^-1.

The electrochemical corrosion behavior of chlorinated rubber top coating (single layer), inorganic zinc-rich primer/chlorinated rubber top coating (double layer) and inorganic zinc-rich primer/epoxy middle paste /chlorinated rubber top coating (tri-layer) in 3.5% NaCl solution was studied with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).A series of impedance spectra of three coating systems during immersion were measured, and the protective properties were compared by the spectra.The results showed that the protective properties of the double layer was even worse than that of the single layer and the protective properties of the tri-layer coating was the best among the three coating systems.The epoxy middle paste played a very important role in the protective properties of the composite coating.

The inhibition mechanism of polyaspartic（PASP）on copper electrode in a borax buffer solution was studied by the photocurrent response method. The copper electrode in a borax buffer solution showed p-type photocurrent response which came from Cu₂O layer on its surface. The photocurrent response during cathodic polarization became bigger when inhibitor PASP which could be adsorbed on the Cu electrode and make Cu₂O layer thicker was added. The bigger the photocurrent response，the better the inhibition effect. When adding PASP with a concentration of 3 mg·L^-1，the photocurrent response was the biggest and inhibition of copper corrosion was the best. Cl^- could prevent PASP from being absorbed and make Cu₂O layer unprotected，resulting in worse inhibition.

A new green technology of producing chromic anhydride with an electrochemical synthesis method was studied to solve the pollution problems in the traditional production process of chromic anhydride.The anolyte used was sodium dichromate solution, and the anode used was a self-made combination electrode of titanium matrix with a multiple-unit metal oxides active coating.The electrochemical behavior of sodium dichromate solution on a combination electrode of titanium matrix was studied with cyclic voltammetry as a part of the fundamental researches of this technique.The electrooxidation reaction of 160 cycles indicated that the electrode possessed a very stable electrochemical behavior.The peak currents i _p and peak potentials E _p of the oxidation peaks for sodium dichromate solution of different concentrations, i.e ., water under the existence of sodium dichromate, were experimentally measured at different temperatures and sweep rates v on the electrode. The equations of peak current I _p versus v ^1/2 and peak potential E _p versus ln v were established, indicating that the electrode reaction was an irreversible diffusion-controlled reaction. The kinetic parameters and activation energy of electrode reaction was calculated, and the effects of temperature on the kinetic parameters and activation energy were preliminarily discussed.

A new two-dimensional experimental system was developed，in which capacitance，pressure，and temperature were used to monitor the formation and dissociation of natural gas hydrate（NGH）.The system can simulate the hydrate formation and dissociation process in a 2D reservoir，which included the temperature and pressure field，the advancement of hydrate dissociation front，and the distribution of hydrate.From the results of formation and dissociation，it was observed that temperature was the key factor contributing to the formation of NGH.Annealing process would lengthen the formation and the first experiment was always the most time saving，which suggested that memory effects did not exist widely.Special development curves of pressure showed that nucleation was not always essential for the complete growth of hydrate crystals.Based on the dielectric theory and experimental results，it was found that capacitance method can be used to measure the single-phase development and water was the most important key.In the formation experiment，capacitance became lower as water volume decreased because of formation of NGH.The validity of the capacitance method used in NGH was proved，especially its significance in investigating the flow characteristics of gas and water in formation and dissociation in porous rock.But a lot of further work needs to done for the effective use of capacitance method in NGH.

The effects of temperature and hydrate quantity on the dissociation kinetics of methane hydrate were studied in a 10 L quiescent reactor.A self-preservation phenomenon of methane hydrates was observed at a temperature below 273.15 K，and the dissociation rate was the least at 268.05 K during the experimental runs.The experimental results indicated that the pressure of the storage and transportation system depended on the hydrate quantity in the vessel.When the volume of the vessel was constant，the pressure of the system increased but dissociation percentage of the hydrate decreased with increasing hydrate quantity.The experimental results were useful for gas storage in the form of methane hydrate in large-scale industrial application.

Catalyst is one of the most important factors to determine the cost and life of reforming system in natural gas steam reforming process. Application of low-cost Ni catalyst is limited in the area of reformer with a small & medium scale for distributed power generation，because of its characteristics of sintering and carbon formation at a relatively high reforming temperature. In order to allow Ni catalyst work at a mild temperature with little sintering and carbon formation，the influence of composition of reformer inlet gas on reforming temperature at a certain space velocity and conversion of feed CH₄ was studied. At the same time，a method of changing inlet gas composition by introducing circulating gas into the feed gas was also discussed. Experimental results showed that the working temperature of Ni catalyst with introducing circulating gas into the feed gas decreased greatly comparing to that without introducing circulating gas at the same space velocity and conversion of feed CH₄.According to this study，a new steam reforming process applicable to distributed fuel cell power generation system with a small & medium scale was proposed，in which the fuel cell anode outlet gas was separated into two parts，one part was circulated and introduced into the reformer after mixing with the feed gas，to greatly lower the working temperature of natural gas steam reforming.

Strain DM-1 which was identified as Bacillus sp.was characterized to degrade crude oil and produce extra cellular polysaccharide at a high temperature.At the temperature of 55℃, strain DM^-1 could emulsify and degrade crude oil anaerobically.This strain could unitize crude oil as the sole carbon source and the degradation rate was 61.51%.It also produced extra cellular polysaccharide (EPS) in special medium at a high temperature.High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the EPS revealed that it mainly consisted of mannose (91.87%), glucose (7.95%) and galactose (0.18%).Carbon source and temperature were optimized and EPS yield could reach 1.7 g·L^-1.Manual cores were used to simulate the actual environment in petroleum reservoirs and the results showed that strain DM-1 could increase the pressure in the core from 0.01 MPa to 0.40 MPa and permeability was reduced from 3.856 μm² to 1.589 μm².Oil recovery was increased by 3.9%.Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) technology was used to observe the microcosmic conditions in the cores.Strain DM-1 can be used in microbial enhanced oil recovery（MEOR）.

Most studies about biomass gasification focus on the analysis of synthetic gas.The characteristics of particles are seldom discussed.In this paper, the physical characteristics of rice husk and char particles prepared under different gasification processes were studied by physical adsorption/desorption measurements of N₂ (-196℃), mercury intrusion porosimetry (414 MPa) and true density measurement (He).Chemical structures of parent sample and its char particles were discussed with the help of ultimate analyses and FTIR.Based on the analysis result, it was shown that the pore structure of char particles changed with reaction process.BET surface increased rapidly after reaction ratio reached 0.6.But, macropores in char particles had different evolution characteristics.At the beginning of reaction, most pores were macropores.The percentage of macropore decreased with the gasification process.But the absolute number of macropore increased continuously.The comparison results of true density measurement and mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that true density had an opposite changing trend with bulk density during gasification process.Ultimate analyses showed that O,H, N and S had different evolution characteristics during gasification.OH, CO, CH and Ar—H functional groups on particle surface, which were measured by FTIR, consumed rapidly with the gasification reaction.

The kinetics of esterification and transesterification for biodiesel production in two-step process from waste cooking oil (WCO) was discussed.Using activated carbon loaded with ferric sulfate［Fe₂(SO₄)₃/AC］ as a supported catalyst，the controlling step of esterification kinetics and parameters in the kinetic equation were determined by measuring the conversion rate of free fatty acid (FFA) in WCO under the conditions of different reaction temperatures and different methanol/FFA molar ratios, the esterification kinetic equation was established within the range of experimental temperatures.The macro-kinetic equation of triglycerides (TG) transesterification was obtained based on the transesterification mechanism in the existence of alkaline catalyst and the simplified kinetic model of transesterification.The result showed that the kinetic equations of esterification and transesterification can describe their reaction processes very well respectively within the range of the experimental condition.

Inner structures and components of slag layers formed by gasification of two kinds of oil-slag slurry on the furnace wall were studied in a lab-scale water wall entrained-flow gasifier.A mathematic model of three-dimensional heat transfer and stress was built.Based on the model the change and the distribution of thermal stress for emergency shutdown were calculated.The results indicated that the closer the position to the slag’s surface, the larger the change of thermal stress in the slag layer.The thermal stress of the slag layer close to the water tube and the slag nail was comparatively small.At the same change of temperature, the strain in the slag layer with higher porosity was larger.

Two series of water-in-oil emulsions with different droplet size distributions were prepared by using Bohai SZ36-1 oilfield heavy crude oil and mineral water.The effects of temperature, water volume fraction, shear rate and droplet average diameter on emulsion viscosity were studied.The results showed that temperature had a great impact on apparent viscosity of emulsion, but seemingly little impact on relative viscosity.Water volume fraction, shear rate and droplet average diameter were also important factors affecting viscosity.At a low water volume fraction, shear rate and droplet average diameter’s effect could be ignored, however, when water volume fraction increased, their effects will be greatly enhanced and W/O emulsion showed strong shearing-thin behavior.Some published viscosity prediction models were evaluated by using data from the experiment, and the Brinkman (1952) model was found to be the best.

The combustion characteristics of a 410 t·h^-1 circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler burning the fuels of bituminous coal (BC), 70% BC+30% petroleum coke (PC) and 50% anthracite (AN) +50% PC were studied. The effects of operation parameters, including bed temperature, molar ratio of Ca to S, excess air coefficient, fly ash recirculation rate and limestone microstructure on SO₂ emission were investigated. Test results indicated that all the three kinds of fuels burned adequately in the boiler, and the bed temperature distribution was uniform. For different fuels, SO₂ emission was correspondingly related to fuel sulfur content with the same operation parameters. With increasing bed temperature, SO₂ concentration in the flue gas reduced first and then increased. There was an optimal desulfurization temperature. For burning BC only or 70% BC +30% PC, the optimal desulfurization temperature was about 850℃, while it was between 850－870℃ for burning 50% AN +50% PC, because of the different sulfur contents in the fuel. The SO₂ concentration decreased with increasing Ca/S ratio, excess air coefficient and fly ash recirculation rate. The results also showed that the microstructures of limestones including specific surface area and specific pore volume had distinct impact on their SO₂ retention. Larger specific surface area and higher specific pore volume could enhance their SO₂ capture activities to a certain extent. The optimal temperatures, Ca/S ratios and excess air coefficients for different fuels were recommended for industrial application.

Because wet biomass such as residues from food industry or sewage sludge usually contains plenty of protein，the experiments of glycine gasification in supercritical water were conducted，in which glycine was used as the model compound of protein. The catalytic mechanism of sodium carbonate，product characteristics of glycine gasification were investigated with coupled relation between reaction temperature and reaction time. The results showed that sodium carbonate could increase gasification efficiency of glycine，the yield and volume fraction of hydrogen，and the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand（COD）of liquid products. The catalytic effect of addition amount of 0.1% mass concentration was better than that of 0.2%.And the effect of sodium carbonate on hydrogen yield was greater than that on volume fraction. The catalytic mechanism of sodium carbonate for glycine gasification was different from that of alkali compounds which has been reported before. Sodium carbonate increased the hydrogen yield probably by accelerating the decarboxylation reaction of formic acid，which was a glycine hydrolysate. Glycine could almost be gasified completely. The gas products include H₂，CO₂，N₂，CH₄，C₂—C₃，in which hydrogen volume fraction could be higher than 50%，hydrogen yield could be up to 1.8 L·g^-1，and more than half of hydrogen came from water. The liquid after reaction could be reused not only because it was clear and transparent but also because both the COD and pH values were met the quality standard of domestic water for miscellaneous use.

The polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution was examined in the presence of zirconium oxide supported nickel catalysts (Ni/ZrO₂) in sub- and supercritical water (350—430℃ and 24 MPa) in a continuous reactor with the residence time of 60—300 s. As a result, the main gaseous products were hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and carbon dioxide. When PEG was gasified with 90 g 15% Ni/ZrO₂ at 430℃, 24 MPa, residence time 300 s, 70.14 mol H₂ was produced by gasifying 1 kg PEG, which was 5.1 times of the hydrogen yield produced without catalyst, 2.6 times of the hydrogen yield produced catalyzed with 90 g ZrO₂, the R_TOC(TOC removal efficiency), R_CG(carbon gasification ratio) and R_HG(hydrogen gasification ratio) were 88.84%, 88.50% and 169.40% respectively. The amount of gases increased with an increase in nickel loading on zirconium oxide.When the mass fraction of Ni rose to 15% from 5%,the R_TOC, R_CG and R_HG rose to 58.66%,58.16% and 112.49% from 45.31%,44.55% and 78.25% respectively at 410℃,24 MPa, residence time 180 s. Higher temperature and longer residence time had positive effect on gasification and increase hydrogen yield. The gasification efficiency and H₂ yield decreased with the increase of PEG concentration, but CO₂ yield increased initially and then decreased and CH₄ yield increased because the water-gas shift reaction was restrained and the methanation reaction was accelerated with the increase of PEG concentration.The experiment proved that Ni/ZrO₂ showed good catalytic activity, especially in hydrogen production. For the same reaction efficiency, reaction temperature can be lowered by about 80℃.

The combined action of convection and diffusion leads to the landfill gas (LFG) transport in landfill. Based on the seepage mechanics and solute transport theory of porous media, the governing equation of LFG migration was deduced in the two-dimension scalar coordinate with LFG generation characteristic model. And the computation model of radius of influence for LFG was given. Estimation of radius of influence of gas well and sensitivity analysis of model parameters were presented. The results showed that the gas flux increased with increasing permeability, so as to enlarge the R _i (radius of influence) of LFG. The LFG flow rate was greatly different in the radial direction, caused by the gas diffusion effect, and was the main factor leading to the variation of R _i at different diffusion coefficients. The ratio of flux in outside and hole mouth decreased since the diffusion coefficient of gas in pore increased, leading to smaller R _i. The R _i became larger with decreasing readily biodegradable proportion, but the increasing rate tended to be smaller .Once the landfill height was ≤10 m, the influence on R _i by biodegradable content was not obvious. The determination of LFG R _i will provide the technical data for gas well design and exploitation and evaluation for LFG reuse.

The gel point of crude oil is one of the important parameters for oil and gas field development, oil and gas storage and transportation. The conventional method can only measure the gel point of the crude oil free of gas under atmospheric pressure. A new method for measuring the crude oil with dissolved gas under high pressure based on a new measurement principle was proposed. A new instrument of gel point measurement for crude oil with dissolved gas under high pressure was designed. The result measured by the new instrument was compared with that measured by the conventional method. The effect of pressure and solution gas-oil ratio on the gel point of crude oil was studied. Experiments showed that the results measured by the new instrument coincided with that by the conventional method for crude oil free of gas under atmospheric pressure. Under the same solution gas-oil ratio, the gel point of crude oil with dissolved gas increased with pressure, the gel point increased by 0.7℃ with 2.0 MPa pressure increment in the experimental conditions.The gel point of crude oil with dissolved gas decreased with solution gas-oil ratio under the same pressure, the gel point decreased by 1.0℃ with 10.0 m³·m^-3 solution gas-oil ratio increment in the experimental conditions. The result is of importance to the management of waxy oil production and the design for oil and gas storage and transportation.

Comb-branched water-borne polyurethane/montmorillonite (CWPU/MMT) nanocomposites were prepared using comb-branched polymeric diols and montmorillonite as raw materials by in-situ intercalating polymerization. The effect of the structure of MMT in CWPU matrix on the mechanical properties, heat-resistance and water-resistance of CWPU/MMT nanocomposites was studied. Na⁺ -MMT was aggregated in CWPU matrix, which had no influence on the mechanical properties and heat-resistance of nanocomposites and reduced the water-resistance of nanocomposites.2T-MMT and C₁₈-MMT were distributed uniformly with intercalated and exfoliated layers into the CWPU matrix, which results in obvious improvement of mechanical properties, heat-resistance and water-resistance of nanocomposites.2T-MMT was more effective than C₁₈-MMT for the modification on CWPU.

A bubble inflation method for dispersing nanoparticles in polymers and its application in epoxy/nano-SiO₂ composite preparation were presented.The method injected nanopartciles into polymer melt（solution）by compressed gas in terms of particle-gas jet.Then，the particle-gas jet turned into particle included gas bubbles embedded in the melt（solution）.Nanoparticles were dispersed in polymers with the stretching effect induced by bubble inflation in polymer melt（solution）.Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation were carried out to enhance understanding of the dispersion mechanism.The effects of viscous drag caused by ultrahigh stretch and cohesive force of interaction，which comprised of short-range van der Waals attractive force and Born repulsive force，were considered in the analysis.According to theoretical analysis，when the bubble expands，the stretch rate of the epoxy resin solution on the bubble wall can reach 10⁵ s^-1.The viscous drag caused by ultrahigh stretch can destroy nanoparticles agglomerate and disperse nanoparticles in polymers uniformly.The epoxy/nano-SiO₂ composite prepared by the proposed method was investigated with transmission electron microscopy（TEM）and differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）.The result showed that the size of SiO₂ dispersed in epoxy resin was about 15—30 nm，and glass transition temperature was 18℃ higher than that of the epoxy/SiO₂ composite obtained by high speed stirring.

The blend membranes of regenerated SF (silk fibroin) / polylactic acid (PLLA) with molecular weight 100000 were prepared by using different ratios of SF and polylactic acid, and the effects of polylactic acid on silk fibroin were studied.The structures and properties of these membranes were characterized by a series of tests.Through an electronic mechanical testing system, it was demonstrated that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the blend membrane were improved greatly.When the mass percentage of PLLA reached 5%, tensile strength could reach 27.1 MPa, and elongation at break could reach 4.4%.The hydrophilicity of the blend membrane decreased, and its solubility was reduced evidently, but its water permeability increased.The FTIR measurement indicated that the amount of β-sheet structures of the blend membrane was greater than the pure membrane.

Controlled-release membrane was prepared based on the phase inversion method in which circulated urea particles were coated with polyethylene and olefin dispersed in tetrachloroethylene solution.The effect of atomizing on the membrane structure and nutrients release characteristics was investigated systematically.The results showed that as atomizing diameter changed from 43 μm to 120 μm, the average pore diameter of membrane increased from 25.1 nm to 149.2 nm, thus, the release duration of nitrogen coated-urea dropped from 360 d to 96 d consequently.Atomizing diameter played an important role in the structure and characteristics of the membrane and atomizing influenced the membrane formation during phase inversion, therefore, nitrogen release rate of controlled-release urea was manipulated by the mini-pore structure of membrane.Furthermore, in order to obtain satisfactory release, the atomizing diameter should be optimized around 40—120 μm , and the ideal average diameter of the membrane pores should be in the range of 50—150 nm.

With initiator of ammonium persulfate, acrylic acid was graft polymerized on the chain of carboxymethyl chitosan.After crosslinked with N,N ′-methylenediacrylamide and gas foamed with NaHCO₃, a kind of novel superabsorbent polymer with macroporous structure, CMCTS-g-PAA, was prepared.The Voigt model was used to characterize the swelling kinetics of the polymer.The significance of the parameters in the Voigt model in the process of swelling was explained.By studying the swelling kinetics and characterizing the polymer with SEM, the effects of the amount of NaHCO₃, matching of adding time of NaHCO₃ and gelation time on the swelling properties and surface morphology of the polymer were discussed.

Patchouli is not only a Chinese herb, but also a natural perfume plant. Patchouli concrete and oil can be extracted from the plant.Single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were adopted to investigate the effects of extraction pressure, extraction temperature, carbon dioxide flow rate and extraction time on the yield of the concrete of patchouli stem and leaf with supercritical carbon dioxide fluid.The optimum technical parameters of obtaining the concrete of patchouli stem were extraction pressure 15 MPa, extraction temperature 42℃, carbon dioxide flow rate 37 L·h^-1, extraction time 3.5 h.The yield of the concrete of patchouli stem was 1.28%.The optimum technical parameters of obtaining the concrete of patchouli leaf were extraction pressure 18 MPa, extraction temperature 39℃, carbon dioxide flow rate 37 L·h^-1, extraction time 3.5 h.The yield of the concrete of patchouli leaf was 2.53%.

Simulation analysis of dynamic response of thin-wall cylindrical tank to shock wave was made.The software LS-DYNA was used to calculate the contour of pressure and the relationship between overpressure and time resulting from explosion of a tank filled with 50 m³ liquefied petroleum gas.The result was loaded to the thin-wall cylindrical tank located 50 m away.The simulation results indicated that the material located at the bottom of the thin-wall cylindrical tank facing the shock wave yielded before the peak of shock wave overpressure arrived，and the material located at the top of the thin-wall cylindrical tank back from the shock wave reached the yield point at 0.112 ms after the explosion.The top of the thin-wall cylindrical tank facing the shock wave appeared inflection soon after the peak of overpressure arrived.The top of the thin-wall cylindrical tank facing the shock wave began to unload when the transverse displacement reached 10 mm，and the tank became unstable.So，when there is an explosion in the tank area，the thin-wall cylindrical tank is very likely to become structurally unstable and lose structural strength，and it can be disabled under the effect of shock wave，so the thin-wall cylindrical tank is not reliable.